Chapter 10

Lexie and Michael listen very patiently to their children. They consistently try to talk out problems as they occur and understand their children's point of view. This aspect of Lexie and Michael's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting? expectations for maturity communication strategies for discipline expressions of warmth

communication

Young children are often _____ about sexual differences. angry clear knowledgeable confused

confused

Jon and Mike are playing together and taking turns; they are engaging in _____ play. solitary cooperative onlooker parallel

cooperative

Keisha and Brennan are playing with blocks. They are working together to see how high they can stack the blocks, taking turns stacking and encouraging each other. They are engaging in what Mildred Parten called _____ play.

cooperative

Two children are taking turns in a simple card game. In Mildred Parten's terms, these children are engaged in _____ play. onlooker cooperative parallel associative

cooperative

Professor Bloom is lecturing about emotional regulation. Professor Bloom will definitely NOT mention that emotional regulation: is one of the most important psychosocial tasks for children ages 2 to 6 to achieve. is the ability to control when and how one's emotions are expressed. is made possible when emotional functions are linked to the prefrontal cortex in the brain. develops automatically and without effort.

develops automatically and without effort.

Children who master _____ have learned when and how to express feelings. emotional regulation emotional development behavioral control behavioral regulation

emotional regulation

Shawn is 5 years old. When he is angry, he can express it appropriately without becoming explosive. When he is sad, he can express it and be consoled. Shawn seems to have mastered: emotional development. behavioral control. behavioral regulation. emotional regulation.

emotional regulation.

Tabitha is crying at the day-care center as her mother is leaving. Stephen goes up to his teacher and says in a worried voice, "Tabitha is sad because her mommy went to work." Stephen is displaying: antipathy. sympathy. empathy. prosocial behavior.

empathy

A parent might ask a child, "How would you feel if someone did that to you?" in order to: model reactive aggression. encourage independence. encourage empathy. foster antipathy.

encourage empathy.

Which theory of gender differences focuses primarily on our biological need to reproduce to explain gender differences and behaviors? sociocultural psychoanalytic evolutionary cognitive

evolutionary

Billy and Tish do not believe that it is right to expect their children to exhibit self-control or take responsibility for most of their behaviors. This aspect of Billy and Tish's parenting would fall into which of Diana Baumrind's dimensions of parenting? expressions of warmth expectations for maturity strategies for discipline communication

expectations for maturity

A student who works hard to achieve good grades for the sole purpose of pleasing his parents is said to have _____ motivation.

extrinsic

Money is an _____ motivator. intrinsic external extrinsic internal

extrinsic

Rianne has to choose between returning to graduate school to pursue her love of philosophy or working for a bank in town. Although she does not enjoy banking, she knows that she will receive a good salary and benefits there. If Rianne decides to take the position at the bank, she is exhibiting _____ motivation. external extrinsic intrinsic internal

extrinsic

A drive that arises from the need to have one's achievements rewarded from the outside is called: extrinsic motivation. intrinsic motivation. an outer drive. an audience drive.

extrinsic motivation.

Rough-and-tumble play does NOT: teach children how to enter a relationship. facilitate the development of academic skills. enhance emotional regulation. stimulate development of the prefrontal cortex.

facilitate the development of academic skills.

Thad is 4 years old. He is most likely to model his sex role after his: father. brother. favorite TV characters. friends.

father

Elizabeth is 5 years old, and she likes to help her mother when it is time for supper. However, her mother is often quick-tempered at the end of the day, scolding Elizabeth when she tries to help. Her mother finds that she can get things done more quickly if Elizabeth stays out of the way. Based on Erikson's theory, Elizabeth may develop: feelings of guilt. a sense of inferiority. a general sense of mistrust. feelings of shame.

feelings of guilt.

Suzy is 4 years old. She likes to play with dolls, wear dresses, and pretend she is a princess. These preferences are reflective of her: genitalia. sexuality. gender. sex.

gender

"It's not nice to take your friends' toys without asking. You would feel angry if Lionel took your games without telling you," Talia tells her son. Talia is using a discipline technique called _____.

induction

Tawanna is 5 years old, and she likes to help her mother prepare dinner. Although Tawanna's mother is often tired by late afternoon, she never fails to reinforce Tawanna's attempts to gather and measure ingredients with a hearty "Good job!" Based on Erikson's theory, Tawanna is MOST likely to develop _____.

initiative

A bystander is shot during a convenience store holdup. The bystander's shooting reflects the thieves' _____ aggression.

instrumental

Of the four types of aggression described in the text, _____ aggression is probably the LEAST "personal." relational bullying instrumental reactive

instrumental

The cliché that the journey is more fulfilling than reaching the destination highlights the value of _____ motivation. extrinsic intrinsic internal external

intrinsic

A musician who plays for the delight of making music even if no one else hears it has: extrinsic motivation. intrinsic motivation. an inner drive. a need for attention.

intrinsic motivation.

The existence of imaginary friends, which are common in 3- to 8-year-olds, reflects: extrinsic motivation. an audience drive. an outer drive. intrinsic motivation.

intrinsic motivation.

yuko is 5. She has an imaginary friend she calls Liza. Yuko's friend is a result of Yuko's: extrinsic motivation. audience drive. effortful control. intrinsic motivation.

intrinsic motivation.

Marcus is taking advanced placement chemistry in high school because he enjoys science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he needed it if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Marcus is motivated by _____ motivation, whereas Wade is motivated by _____ motivation. internal; external extrinsic; intrinsic external; internal intrinsic; extrinsic

intrinsic; extrinsic

Dr. Perkins is a college professor. He is frustrated when students ask whether text or lecture material will be covered on the next test. Dr. Perkins would prefer students to be interested in learning the material for its own sake. In other words, Dr. Perkins prefers his students to be _____ motivated. internally extrinsically intrinsically externally

intrinsically

Mira is uninvolved in the lives of her children. She does not seem to know or care what they are doing. Her parenting style might be BEST described as: permissive. authoritarian. authoritative. neglectful.

neglectful.

Ginger watches Hayley and Iris play with dolls. This exemplifies Parten's _____ play. solitary onlooker associative parallel

onlooker

Both Emma and Gabriella are playing with the playhouse at the daycare; they are using similar objects in a similar way, but are not using the toys together; they are engaged in _____ play. solitary parallel cooperative onlooker

parallel

Cara and Deanna are sitting side by side playing with dolls. Each girl is talking to herself. Cara and Deanna are engaged in Parten's _____ play. onlooker solitary associative parallel

parallel

Maya and Isla are playing with dolls. Each girl manipulates her doll's limbs and arranges the doll in different poses. Neither girl interacts with the other even though they are sitting next to each other. Maya and Isla are demonstrating Parten's _____ play. parallel onlooker cooperative solitary

parallel

Parker and Shawn are both playing with similar objects in a similar way but not together; they are engaged in _____ play. cooperative parallel onlooker solitary

parallel

Diana Baumrind's _____ parenting style tends to result in children who become unhappy and lack self-control. expressive permissive authoritarian authoritative

permissive

Johanna believes that her children can do no wrong and that they should be allowed to develop without interference. Accordingly, she accepts whatever they do without control or discipline. According to Diana Baumrind, her parenting style is BEST described as: permissive. authoritative. neglectful. authoritarian.

permssive

Erik Erikson's initiative-versus-guilt crisis takes place during Sigmund Freud's _____ stage. genital oral anal phallic

phallic

Intrinsic motivation is _____ associated with achievement in math and early literacy. perfectly not positively negatively

positively

Five-year-old Edward approaches a new student in his school and invites him to join in a game that he is playing with other children. Edward is displaying: antisocial behavior. prosocial behavior. antipathy. instrumental aggression.

prosocial behavior.

Darma is a preschooler and predicts that she can solve a very difficult puzzle. This naive prediction reflects: protective optimism. self-esteem. self-concept. initiative.

protective optimism

Five-year-old Emmy is convinced that she would have no problem climbing to the top of an extremely tall tree at her cousin's house. This unrealistic estimate of her abilities reflects: protective optimism. initiative. self-esteem. self-concept.

protective optimism.

Between ages 2 and 6, instrumental aggression increases in frequency. Over this period, _____ aggression decreases in frequency.

reactive

Both _____ aggression and bullying aggression directly reflect poor emotional regulation.

reactive

Lamont and Alan normally get along, but one day, Lamont punches Alan after Alan accidentally trips him on the playground. Lamont's aggression is described as: instrumental. reactive. relational. bullying.

reactive.

A high school athlete attempts to "psych out" his counterpart on a rival team by spreading a vicious social media rumor before an important game. This example illustrates _____ aggression. bullying instrumental reactive relational

relational

Six-year-old Genevieve gets angry at her classmate Ava, and she tells Ava that she is not going to be invited to anyone's birthday parties. Genevieve is engaged in _____ aggression. instrumental reactive relational bullying

relational

In response to the prompt "Who Am I?", James writes that he is an African American man; that he is outgoing and fun-loving; and that he is gay. These responses are aspects of James's: self-concept. self-confidence. self-esteem. self-knowledge.

self-concept.

Lucio believes that he is introverted and conscientious. These are elements of Lucio's: self-knowledge. self-esteem. self-concept. self-confidence.

self-concept.

Leo is 4 years old. He knows that he has a penis and that his dad does, too. The biology of Leo and his father is reflective of their: Oedipus complex. sex. gender. sexuality.

sex

EJ and Matt are playing alone and are unaware of each other; they are involved in _____ play. solitary cooperative onlooker parallel

solitary

Jeremy is playing with building blocks. He is alone and talking quietly to himself. He seems unaware of the other children in the room. Jeremy is engaged in Parten's _____ play. associative solitary onlooker parallel

solitary

Professor MacBride is lecturing on emotional regulation in children. She is speaking about: a person's understanding of his or her identity. the ability to control when and how one's emotions are expressed. the ability to feel what someone else is feeling. feelings and actions that are helpful and kind and of no obvious benefit to oneself.

the ability to control when and how one's emotions are expressed.

Professor MacBride is lecturing on emotional regulation in children. She is speaking about: the ability to feel what someone else is feeling. feelings and actions that are helpful and kind and of no obvious benefit to oneself. the ability to control when and how one's emotions are expressed. a person's understanding of his or her identity.

the ability to control when and how one's emotions are expressed.

Emotional regulation refers to: the ability to control when and how one's feelings are expressed. feelings and actions that are helpful and kind and of no obvious benefit to oneself. a person's understanding of who they are. the ability to feel what someone else is feeling.

the ability to control when and how one's feelings are expressed.

Aiden is 6 years old and has an imaginary friend named Peanut. Aiden MOST likely developed Peanut: to have someone to play with. because he is delusional and does not understand the difference between reality and imagination. because his teacher told him to do so. in order to please his parents.

to have someone to play with.

What did Diana Baumrind describe as the permissive parenting style? when parents set limits, enforce rules, and have realistic expectations about their children's maturity when parents have high expectations for maturity and employ strict discipline when parents are indifferent to their children when parents have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children

when parents have low expectations for maturity and rarely discipline their children

An international study found that approximately _____ percent of 3- to 8-year-olds have imaginary friends; there is _____ variation across cultures in the proportion. 50; little 20; substantial 20; little 50; substantial

20; substantial

Gender-role stereotypes become apparent around the age of _____ years. 6 5 2 4

4

According to Diana Baumrind, _____ parents set limits for their children, but they are flexible. authoritative permissive neglectful authoritarian

authoritative

According to the text, _____ is recommended to internalize standards of right and wrong in children, but it takes time and patience. a time-out induction psychological control physical punishment

induction

Child-welfare professionals in North America recommend a maximum of _____ hour(s) a day of total screen time for children between ages 2 and 6. 0 3 1 2

1

Children use gender labels such as "lady," "Mrs.," and "man" consistently when they are about _____ year(s) old. 4 3 2 1

2

Helena prefers pink toys and clothes over other colors. She also plays with dolls instead of trucks. She tells her mother that only boys can play with trucks. Helena is about _____ year(s) old. 4 1 3 2

4

By about age _____, children can usually be angry but not explosive, frightened but not terrified, and sad but not inconsolable. 4 8 2 6

6

Five-year-old Damon often brags about what he has learned and what he can do. By about _____, Damon will begin to appreciate modesty rather than boasting. 6 7 10 9

7

_____ behavior is/are innate and universal. Antisocial but not prosocial Neither antisocial nor prosocial Prosocial but not antisocial Both antisocial and prosocial

Both antisocial and prosocial

Which is an example of Parten's cooperative play? Children play together and take turns. Children play with similar toys but not together. A child watches another child play. A child plays alone.

Children play together and take turns.

Which statement is true with respect to contemporary scientific approaches to gender development? -Developmentalists are increasingly taking a "nurture" perspective on gender development. -Developmentalists are beginning to focus on gender similarities rather than gender differences. -Developmentalists are moving away from an interactionist perspective on gender development. -Developmentalists are increasingly taking a "nature" perspective on gender development.

Developmentalists are beginning to focus on gender similarities rather than gender differences.

_____ is the understanding of the feelings and concerns of others, and _____ is dislike or even hatred for another person. Empathy; prosocial behavior Empathy; antipathy Sympathy; antisocial behavior Antipathy; empathy

Empathy; antipathy

How does evolutionary theory explain gender differences and sex-role development? Gender roles are the result of children's understanding of sex differences. Gender roles develop as a result of males and females attempting to attract each other in order to reproduce. Children learn appropriate sex roles through modeling, rewards, and punishment. Unconscious drives and conflicts lead to gender differences.

Gender roles develop as a result of males and females attempting to attract each other in order to reproduce.

Erik Erikson's third developmental stage is called initiative versus _____.

Guilt.

Which statement is true about imaginary friends? Most parents encourage their children to develop imaginary friends. Children do not understand that imaginary friends are not real. Imaginary friends reflect children's developing intrinsic motivation. Imaginary friends seem to increase loneliness in children.

Imaginary friends reflect children's developing intrinsic motivation.

Cara and Deanna are sitting side by side playing with dolls. Each girl is talking to herself. Cara and Deanna are engaged in Parten's _____ play. onlooker solitary associative parallel

Parallel

_____ play allows children to take on any identity, role, or activity that they choose. Rough-and-tumble Parallel Sociodramatic Onlooker

Sociodramatic

In the zone of proximal development, children learn from mentors, who offer tactics for delaying gratification. This statement should remind you of the theorist: Vygotsky. Erikson. Freud. Piaget

Vygotsky.

Alex is 5 years old, and he likes to help his father work in the garden. Alex's father always praises Alex's efforts to rake leaves into a tidy pile. Based on Erikson's theory, Alex is likely to develop: a tendency toward initiative. a general sense of trust. a sense of autonomy. an industrious work ethic.

a tendency toward initiative.

In Mildred Parten's theory, the stage of play that involves children interacting and sharing without their play being mutual or reciprocal is _____ play. cooperative associative parallel solitary

associative

Hailey's parents demand her strict obedience; "back talk" is not tolerated. Isabella's parents are firm as well, but they are more likely to reason with her and explain the consequences of her behavior. With respect to the parenting styles discussed in the textbook, Hailey's parents are _____; Isabella's are _____. authoritarian; authoritative permissive; authoritative authoritarian; permissive authoritative; authoritarian

authoritarian; authoritative

According to some longitudinal studies, children who become successful, happy, and generous adults generally have parents who were: neglectful. permissive. authoritarian. authoritative.

authoritative.

Jonah's parents are firm but likely to reason with him and explain the consequences of his behavior. With respect to the parenting styles discussed in the textbook, Jonah's parents are: neglectful. authoritative. authoritarian. permissive.

authoritative.

Tina is an eighth-grader who has been caught smoking at school. Tina's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern. In addition, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking; Tina is expected to discuss her findings with her parents each night at dinner. With respect to the parenting styles discussed in the textbook, Tina's parents are: authoritarian. neglectful. permissive. authoritative.

authoritative.

Kyle is 3 years old. Anytime he attempts to play with his sister's dolls or in her play kitchen, he is scolded by his parents and given toy trucks and sports equipment instead. This example of punishment and rewards meant to instill gender roles is reflective of _____ theory. behavioral cognitive evolutionary psychoanalytic

behavioral

The textbook notes that maturation, learning, and culture all influence emotional regulation. This suggests that emotional regulation is BEST understood using a(n) _____ model. psychodynamic biopsychosocial experimental psychoneurological

biopsychosocial

The textbook notes that maturation, learning, and culture all influence emotional regulation. This suggests that emotional regulation is BEST understood using a(n) _____ model. psychoneurological biopsychosocial experimental psychodynamic

biopsychosocial

The amount of time 2- to 10-year olds spend each week on screen-based play exceeds the amount of time they spend in: outdoor play but not screen-free indoor play. screen-free indoor play but not outdoor play. neither outdoor play nor screen-free indoor play. both outdoor play and screen-free indoor play.

both outdoor play and screen-free indoor play.

Niall repeatedly slams a smaller, younger boy into a locker at his school. Niall is engaging in _____ aggression. relational bullying reactive instrumental

bullying