Chapter 42: Management of Patients With Musculoskeletal Trauma
dislocation
complete separation of joint surfaces
malunion
healing of a fractured bone in a malaligned position
depressed fracture
Fragments are driven inward
One side of a bone is broken and the other side is bent
Greenstick
A patient sustains an open fracture of the left arm after an accident at the roller skating rink. What does emergency management of this fracture involve? (Select all that apply.) a. Cover the area with a clean dressing if the fracture is open b. Immobilize the affected site c. Splint the injured limb d. Have the patient demonstrate mobility of the arm e. Wrap the arm in a compression bandage
a, b, c
Meniscal Injuries treatment
Initial conservative treatment includes immobilization of the knee, cryotherapy, the use of crutches for support, anti-inflammatory agents, analgesic agents
A muscle tear that is microscopic and due to overuse is called a ________.
strain
a partial dislocation and does not cause as much deformity as a complete dislocation
subluxation
cryotherapy
therapeutic use of cold
Compartment syndrome is managed by maintaining the extremity at the heart level (not above heart level), and opening and bivalving the cast or opening the splint, if one or the other is present.
true
a rip in a tendon that connects one of the rotator muscles to the humeral head.
The rotator cuff - stabilizes the humeral head and is composed of four muscles and their tendons that include the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis muscles
manifestations of rotator cuff tear?
- patient complains of aching pain that is typically insidious in nature (unless related to an acute injury) and worsens with use. - f tenderness to palpation and difficulty sleeping on affected side - will exhibit decreased ROM and decreased strength.
When a meniscus is torn, the synovial membrane secretes additional synovial fluid due to the irritation, and the knee becomes very _____________
edematous.
Rib fracture treatment
local block and epidural catheter pain control so they can breathe
The femur fracture that commonly leads to avascular necrosis or nonunion due to an abundant supply of blood vessels in the area is a fracture of the ________.
neck
A fracture occurs at an angle across the bone
oblique
Patients with open fractures risk three major complications: ________, ________, and ________.
osteomyelitis, tetanus, gas gangrene
subluxation
partial separation of joint surfaces
The most common complication of hip fractures in the older adult patient is________.
deep vein thrombosis
sprain
injury to a ligament
The nurse is caring for a patient after arthroscopic surgery for a rotator cuff tear. The nurse informs the patient that full activity can usually resume after what period of time? a. 3 to 4 weeks b. 8 weeks c. 3 to 4 months d. 6 to 12 months
6 to 12 months
A patient had an above-the-knee amputation of the left leg related to complications from peripheral vascular disease (PVD). The nurse enters the patient's room and observes the dressing and bed covers saturated with blood. What is the first action by the nurse? a. Notify the healthcare provider b. Apply a tourniquet c. Use skin clips to close the wound d. Reinforce the dressing
Apply a tourniquet
A patient sustains a fracture of the arm. When does the nurse anticipate pendulum exercise should begin? a. As soon as tolerated, after a reasonable period of immobilization b. In 2 to 3 weeks, when callus ossification prevents easy movements of bony fragments c. In about 4 to 5 weeks, after new bone is well established d. In 2 to 3 months, after normal activities are resumed
As soon as tolerated, after a reasonable period of immobilization
A fragment of the bone is pulled off by a ligament or tendon
Avulsion
The fractured bone is compressed by another bone
Compressed
Collateral Ligament Injury treatment
Early management includes PRICE. The joint is evaluated for fracture. Hemarthrosis (bleeding into the joint) may develop, contributing to the pain; should this occur, the joint fluid may be aspirated to relieve pressure.
A fracture that occurs through the epiphysis
Epiphyseal
Collateral Ligament Injury
Injury to these ligaments occurs when the foot is firmly planted and the knee is struck—either medially, causing stretching and tearing injury to the lateral collateral ligament, or laterally, causing stretching and tearing injury to the medial collateral ligament.
A patient falls while skiing and sustains a supracondylar fracture of the humerus. What serious complication of this injury should the nurse monitor for? a. Hemarthrosis b. Paresthesia c. Malunion d. Volkmann's ischemic contracture
Volkmann's ischemic contracture
avascular necrosis (AVN)
A disease caused by the temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to bones; bone lacking blood can collapse and die
close fracture
Broken bone that does not break through the skin
Traumatic rupture of the Achilles tendon occurs with the ____________ action of the gait
"pushing off"
open fractures grades
- Type I is a clean wound less than 1 cm long. - Type II is a larger wound without extensive soft tissue damage or avulsions. - Type III is highly contaminated and has extensive soft tissue damage. (MOST SEVERE)
If a dislocation or subluxation is not reduced immediately, ____________ may develop.
- avascular necrosis (AVN) -AVN of bone is caused by ischemia, which leads to necrosis or death of the bone cells.
epicondylitis
- chronic, painful condition that is caused by excessive, repetitive extension, flexion, pronation, and supination motions of the forearm. - These motions result in inflammation (tendonitis) and minor tears in the tendons at the origin of the muscles on the lateral or medial epicondyles.
A patient has stepped in a hole in the yard, causing an ankle injury. The ankle is edematous and painful to palpation. How long should the nurse inform the patient that the acute inflammatory stage will last? a. Less than 24 hours b. Between 24 and 48 hours c. About 72 hours d. At least 1 week
Between 24 and 48 hours
________ is the most common fracture of the distal radius.
Colles' fracture
Bone is splintered into several fragments
Comminuted
List three early and serious complications associated with bed rest and reduced skeletal muscle contractions for a patient with an open fracture.
Deep vein thrombosis, thromboembolism, and pulmonary embolus.
The nurse is monitoring a patient who sustained an open fracture of the left hip. What type of shock should the nurse recognize can occur with this type of injury? a. Cardiogenic b. Hypovolemic c. Neurogenic d. Septicemic
Hypovolemic
A patient has suffered a femoral shaft fracture in an industrial accident. What is an immediate nursing concern for this patient? a. Hypovolemic shock b. Infection c. Knee and hip dislocation d. Pain resulting from muscle spasm
Hypovolemic shock
_______ epicondylitis (i.e., golfer's elbow) is consistent with repetitive wrist flexion and pronation of the forearm. Extreme tenderness occurs at the medial epicondyle
Medial
_________ epicondylitis (i.e., tennis elbow) is frequently identified in someone who repeatedly extends the wrist with supination of the forearm. Pain develops over the lateral epicondyle and in the extensor muscles.
Lateral
meniscus function
Lubrication and nourishment of the knee joint, weight distribution, and assistance with joint biomechanics
The nurse is caring for a patient with a pelvic fracture. What nursing assessment for a pelvic fracture should be included? a. Checking the urine for hematuria b. Palpating peripheral pulses in both lower extremities c. Testing the stool for occult blood d. Assessing level of consciousness e. Assessing pupillary response
a. Checking the urine for hematuria b. Palpating peripheral pulses in both lower extremities c. Testing the stool for occult blood
The nurse is caring for a patient who sustained an open fracture of the right femur in an automobile crash. What does the nurse recognize is the most serious complication of an open fracture? a. Infection b. Muscle atrophy caused by loss of supporting bone structure c. Necrosis of adjacent soft tissue caused by blood loss d. Nerve damage
a. Infection
Three range-of-motion activities are avoided for a patient with a lower extremity amputation: ________, ________, and ________.
abduction, external rotation, flexion
a patient experiences sudden posterior ankle pain with an audible "pop," difficulty in plantar flexion, and inability to fully bear weight on the affected leg
achilles tendon rupture
disarticulation
amputation through a joint
most accurate diagnostic modality for rotator cuff tear?
arthroscopic
Common pulmonary complications for the older adult patient following a hip fracture include ________ and ________.
atelectasis, pneumonia
is a soft tissue injury produced by blunt force, such as a blow, kick, or fall, causing small blood vessels to rupture and bleed into soft tissues (ecchymosis or bruising).
contusion
Traumatic dislocations are orthopedic emergencies. Why?
because the associated joint structures, blood supply, and nerves are displaced and may be entrapped with extensive pressure on them.
Unintentional injuries are commonly called accidents; however, this term is considered inaccurate by trauma professionals. Why?
because the term accident infers that there is no potential for prevention; yet, health care professionals understand that prevention plays a major role in decreasing the rate of unintentional injuries.
A patient was climbing a ladder, slipped on a rung, and fell on the right side of the chest. X-ray studies reveal three rib fractures, and the patient reports pain with inspiration. What is the anticipated treatment for this patient? a. Chest strapping b. Mechanical ventilation c. Coughing and deep breathing with pillow splinting d. Thoracentesis
c. Coughing and deep breathing with pillow splinting
patient with a joint dislocation is educated regarding proper exercises and activities as well as danger signs and symptoms to look for, such as increasing pain (even with analgesic agents), numbness or tingling, and increased edema in the extremity.These signs and symptoms may indicate __________________
compartment syndrome
The residual limb should never be placed on a pillow to avoid ________.
flexion contracture of the hip
injury to a ligament
sprain
Lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the knee provide _______ to the knee
stability
A condition resulting from damaging a muscle or tendon
strain
strain vs sprain
strain: musculo-tendon sprain: ligamentous
A rehabilitation nurse is working with a patient who has had a below-the-knee amputation. The nurse knows the importance of the patient's active participation in self-care. In order to determine the patient's ability to be an active participant in self-care, the nurse should prioritize assessment of what variable? A) The patient's attitude B) The patient's learning style C) The patient's nutritional status D) The patient's presurgical level of function
Ans: A Feedback: Amputation of an extremity affects the patient's ability to provide adequate self-care. The patient is encouraged to be an active participant in self-care. The patient and the nurse need to maintain positive attitudes and to minimize fatigue and frustration during the learning process. Balanced nutrition and the patient's learning style are important variables in the rehabilitation process but the patient's attitude is among the most salient variables. The patient's presurgical level of function may or may not affect participation in rehabilitation.
The nurse is providing care for a patient who has had a below-the-knee amputation. The nurse enters the patient's room and finds him resting in bed with his residual limb supported on pillow. What is the nurse's most appropriate action? A) Inform the surgeon of this finding. B) Explain the risks of flexion contracture to the patient. C) Transfer the patient to a sitting position. D) Encourage the patient to perform active ROM exercises with the residual limb.
Ans: B Feedback: The residual limb should not be placed on a pillow, because a flexion contracture of the hip may result. There is no acute need to contact the patient's surgeon. Encouraging exercise or transferring the patient does not address the risk of flexion contracture.
a condition in which the articular surfaces of the distal and proximal bones that form the joint are no longer in anatomic alignment.
Dislocations
A patient sustained an open fracture of the femur 24 hours ago. While assessing the patient, the nurse observes the patient is having difficulty breathing, and oxygen saturation decreases to 88% from a previous 99%. What does the nurse determine is likely occurring with this patient? a. Spontaneous pneumothorax b. Cardiac tamponade c. Pneumonia d. Fat emboli
Fat emboli
While riding a bicycle on a narrow road, the patient was hit from behind and thrown into a ditch, sustaining a pelvic fracture. What complications does the nurse monitor for that are common to pelvic fractures? a. Paresthesia and ischemia b. Hemorrhage and shock c. Paralytic ileus and a lacerated urethra d. Thrombophlebitis and infection
Hemorrhage and shock
Patients who experience a fracture of the humeral neck are advised that healing will take an average of ________ weeks, with restricted vigorous activity for an additional ________ weeks.
10, 4
pathologic fracture
A fracture occurring through an area of diseased
A 25-year-old man is involved in a motorcycle accident and injures his arm. The physician diagnoses the man with an intra-articular fracture and splints the injury. The nurse implements the teaching plan developed for this patient. What sequela of intra-articular fractures should the nurse describe regarding this patient? A) Post-traumatic arthritis B) Fat embolism syndrome (FES) C) Osteomyelitis D) Compartment syndrome
Ans: A Feedback: Intra-articular fractures often lead to post-traumatic arthritis. Research does not indicate a correlation between intra-articular fractures and FES, osteomyelitis, or compartment syndrome.
A nurse admits a patient who has a fracture of the nose that has resulted in a skin tear and involvement of the mucous membranes of the nasal passages. The orthopedic nurse is aware that this description likely indicates which type of fracture? A) Compression B) Compound C) Impacted D) Transverse
Ans: B Feedback: A compound fracture involves damage to the skin or mucous membranes and is also called an open fracture. A compression fracture involves compression of bone and is seen in vertebral fractures. An impacted fracture occurs when a bone fragment is driven into another bone fragment. A transverse fracture occurs straight across the bone shaft.
A nurse is planning the care of a patient with osteomyelitis that resulted from a diabetic foot ulcer. The patient requires a transmetatarsal amputation. When planning the patient's postoperative care, which of the following nursing diagnoses should the nurse most likely include in the plan of care? A) Ineffective Thermoregulation B) Risk-Prone Health Behavior C) Disturbed Body Image D) Deficient Diversion Activity
Ans: C Feedback: Amputations present a serious threat to any patient's body image. None of the other listed diagnoses is specifically associated with amputation.
A patient sustains an open fracture with extensive soft tissue damage. The nurse determines that this fracture would be classified as what grade? a. I b. II c. III d. IV
III
-These injuries leave loose cartilage in the knee joint that may slip between the femur and the tibia, preventing full extension of the leg. -If this happens during walking or running, the patient often describes the leg as "giving way."
Meniscal Injuries
strain
a musculotendinous stress injury
Volkmann's ischemic contracture
a permanent shortening (contracture) of forearm muscles, usually resulting from injury, that gives rise to a clawlike deformity of the hand, fingers, and wrist.
open fracture
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
débridement
removal of contaminated or dead tissue and foreign matter from an open wound
fracture reduction
restoration of fracture fragments into anatomic alignment
The longest immobilization time necessary for fracture union occurs with a fracture of the ________.
tibial shaft
With an open fracture, the wound is covered with a sterile dressing to prevent contamination of deeper tissues. No attempt is made to reduce the fracture, even if one of the bone fragments is protruding through the wound. Splints are applied for immobilization
true
Cruciate Ligament injury treatment
- Immediate postinjury management includes PRICE and stabilization of the joint until it is evaluated for a fracture - early treatment involves application of a brace and physical therapy
Meniscal Injuries
- Normally, little twisting movement is permitted in the knee joint. - Twisting of the knee or repetitive squatting and impact may result in either tearing or detachment of the cartilage from its attachment to the head of the tibia.
What immediate nursing and medical management techniques are used for an open fracture?
- wound is covered with a sterile dressing to prevent contamination of deeper tissues. - No attempt is made to reduce the fracture,even if one of the bone fragments is protruding through the wound. - Splints are applied for immobilization
name three early and three delayed complications of fractures.
-Early: shock, fat embolism,compartment syndrome, deep vein thrombosis, thromboembolism, DIC, andinfection. - Delayed: delayed union and nonunion, avascular necrosis of bone, reaction to internal fixationdevices, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), and heterotrophicossification.
Joint dislocation can lead to avascular necrosis if it is not treated. What rationale should be provided to the patient with the potential for developing avascular necrosis?
AVN is tissue death due to anoxia and diminished blood supply.
A patient who has undergone a lower limb amputation is preparing to be discharged home. What outcome is necessary prior to discharge? A) Patient can demonstrate safe use of assistive devices. B) Patient has a healed, nontender, nonadherent scar. C) Patient can perform activities of daily living independently. D) Patientis free of pain.
Ans: A Feedback: A patient should be able to use assistive devices appropriately and safely prior to discharge. Scar formation will not be complete at the time of hospital discharge. It is anticipated that the patient will require some assistance with ADLs postdischarge. Pain should be well managed, but may or may not be wholly absent.
A patient was fitted with an arm cast after fracturing her humerus. Twelve hours after the application of the cast, the patient tells the nurse that her arm hurts. Analgesics do not relieve the pain. What would be the most appropriate nursing action? A) Prepare the patient for opening or bivalving of the cast. B) Obtain an order for a different analgesic. C) Encourage the patient to wiggle and move the fingers. D) Petal the edges of the patient's cast.
Ans: A Feedback: Acute compartment syndrome involves a sudden and severe decrease in blood flow to the tissues distal to an area of injury that results in ischemic necrosis if prompt, decisive intervention does not occur. Removing or bivalving the cast is necessary to relieve pressure. Ordering different analgesics does not address the underlying problem. Encouraging the patient to move the fingers or perform range-of-motion exercises will not treat or prevent compartment syndrome. Petaling the edges of a cast with tape prevents abrasions and skin breakdown, not compartment syndrome.
A patient has sustained a long bone fracture and the nurse is preparing the patient's care plan. Which of the following should the nurse include in the care plan? A) Administer vitamin D and calcium supplements as ordered. B) Monitor temperature and pulses of the affected extremity. C) Perform passive range of motion exercises as tolerated. D) Administer corticosteroids as ordered.
Ans: B Feedback: The nurse should include monitoring for sufficient blood supply by assessing the color, temperature, and pulses of the affected extremity. Weight-bearing exercises are encouraged, but passive ROM exercises have the potential to cause pain and inhibit healing. Corticosteroids, vitamin D, and calcium are not normally administered.
A patient who has had an amputation is being cared for by a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team. What is the primary goal of this multidisciplinary team? A) Maximize the efficiency of care B) Ensure that the patient's health care is holistic C) Facilitate the patient's adjustment to a new body image D) Promote the patient's highest possible level of function
Ans: D Feedback: The multidisciplinary rehabilitation team helps the patient achieve the highest possible level of function and participation in life activities. The team is not primarily motivated by efficiency, the need for holistic care, or the need to foster the patient's body image, despite the fact that each of these are valid goals.
Meniscal Injuries surgical treatment
Damaged cartilage is surgically removed (meniscectomy) arthroscopically
A patient is in early shock from a fracture. What five activities are involved in the treatment?
Stabilizing the fracture to prevent further hemorrhage, restoring blood volume and circulation, relieving the patient's pain, providing proper immobilization,and protecting against further injury
The nurse feels a grating sensation in a patient's extremity. What is this sensation caused by? How would the nurse document this sensation?
The sensation is caused by the rubbing of bone fragments against each other;the nurse would document it as crepitus.
Cruciate Ligament Injury
These ligaments cross each other in the center of the knee. Injury occurs when the foot is firmly planted and the leg sustains direct force, either forward or backward. *The injured person may report feeling and hearing a "pop" in the knee with this injury.
A nurse is caring for a patient who has had an amputation. What interventions can the nurse provide to foster a positive self-image? (Select all that apply.) a. Encouraging the patient to care for the residual limb b. Allowing the expression of grief c. Encourage the patient to have family and friends view the residual limb to decrease self-consciousness d. Encouraging family and friends to refrain from visiting temporarily because this may increase the patient's embarrassment e. Introducing the patient to local amputee support groups
a. Encouraging the patient to care for the residual limb b. Allowing the expression of grief e. Introducing the patient to local amputee support groups
The surgical nurse is admitting a patient from postanesthetic recovery following the patient's below-the-knee amputation. The nurse recognizes the patient's high risk for postoperative hemorrhage and should keep which of the following at the bedside? A) A tourniquet B) A syringe preloaded with vitamin K C) A unit of packed red blood cells, placed on ice D) A dose of protamine sulfate
Ans: A Feedback: Immediate postoperative bleeding may develop slowly or may take the form of massive hemorrhage resulting from a loosened suture. A large tourniquet should be in plain sight at the patient's bedside so that, if severe bleeding occurs, it can be applied to the residual limb to control the hemorrhage. PRBCs cannot be kept at the bedside. Vitamin K and protamine sulfate are antidotes to warfarin and heparin, but are not administered to treat active postsurgical bleeding.
The orthopedic nurse should assess for signs and symptoms of Volkmann's contracture if a patient has fractured which of the following bones? A) Femur B) Humerus C) Radial head D) Clavicle
Ans: B Feedback: The most serious complication of a supracondylar fracture of the humerus is Volkmann's ischemic contracture, which results from antecubital swelling or damage to the brachial artery. This complication is specific to humeral fractures.
An emergency department patient is diagnosed with a hip dislocation. The patient's family is relieved that the patient has not suffered a hip fracture, but the nurse explains that this is still considered to be a medical emergency. What is the rationale for the nurse's statement? A) The longer the joint is displaced, the more difficult it is to get it back in place. B) The patient's pain will increase until the joint is realigned. C) Dislocation can become permanent if the process of bone remodeling begins. D) Avascular necrosis may develop at the site of the dislocation if it is not promptly resolved.
Ans: D Feedback: If a dislocation or subluxation is not reduced immediately, avascular necrosis (AVN) may develop. Bone remodeling does not take place because a fracture has not occurred. Realignment does not become more difficult with time and pain would subside with time, not become worse.
delayed union
prolongation of expected healing time for a fracture
A nurse is planning the care of an older adult patient who will soon be discharged home after treatment for a fractured hip. In an effort to prevent future fractures, the nurse should encourage which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Regular bone density testing B) A high-calcium diet C) Use of falls prevention precautions D) Use of corticosteroids as ordered E) Weight-bearing exercise
Ans: A, B, C, E Feedback: Health promotion measures after an older adult's hip fracture include weight-bearing exercise, promotion of a healthy diet, falls prevention, and bone density testing. Corticosteroids have the potential to reduce bone density and increase the risk for fractures.
A nurse is caring for a patient who has suffered an unstable thoracolumbar fracture. Which of the following is the priority during nursing care? A) Preventing infection B) Maintaining spinal alignment C) Maximizing function D) Preventing increased intracranial pressure
Ans: B Feedback: Patients with an unstable fracture must have their spine in alignment at all times in order to prevent neurologic damage. This is a greater threat, and higher priority, than promoting function and preventing infection, even though these are both valid considerations. Increased ICP is not a high risk.
A 20 year-old is brought in by ambulance to the emergency department after being involved in a motorcycle accident. The patient has an open fracture of his tibia. The wound is highly contaminated and there is extensive soft-tissue damage. How would this patient's fracture likely be graded? A) Grade I B) Grade II C) Grade III D) Grade IV
Ans: C Feedback: Open fractures are graded according to the following criteria. Grade I is a clean wound less than 1 cm long. Grade II is a larger wound without extensive soft-tissue damage. Grade III is highly contaminated, has extensive soft-tissue damage, and is the most severe. There is no grade IV fracture.
A patient has come to the orthopedic clinic for a follow-up appointment 6 weeks after fracturing his ankle. Diagnostic imaging reveals that bone union is not taking place. What factor may have contributed to this complication? A) Inadequate vitamin D intake B) Bleeding at the injury site C) Inadequate immobilization D) Venous thromboembolism (VTE)
Ans: C Feedback: Inadequate fracture immobilization can delay or prevent union. A short-term vitamin D deficiency would not likely prevent bone union. VTE is a serious complication but would not be a cause of nonunion. Similarly, bleeding would not likely delay union.
An emergency department nurse is assessing a 17-year-old soccer player who presented with a knee injury. The patient's description of the injury indicates that his knee was struck medially while his foot was on the ground. The nurse knows that the patient likely has experienced what injury? A) Lateral collateral ligament injury B) Medial collateral ligament injury C) Anterior cruciate ligament injury D) Posterior cruciate ligament injury
Ans: A Feedback: When the knee is struck medially, damage may occur to the lateral collateral ligament. If the knee is struck laterally, damage may occur to the medial collateral ligament. The ACL and PCL are not typically injured in this way.
A nurse's assessment of a patient's knee reveals edema, tenderness, muscle spasms, and ecchymosis. The patient states that 2 days ago he ran 10 miles and now it "really hurts to stand up." The nurse should plan care based on the belief that the patient has experienced what? A) A first-degree strain B) A second-degree strain C) A first-degree sprain D) A second-degree sprain
Ans: B Feedback: A second-degree strain involves tearing of muscle fibers and is manifested by notable loss of load-bearing strength with accompanying edema, tenderness, muscle spasm, and ecchymosis. A first-degree strain reflects tearing of a few muscle fibers and is accompanied by minor edema, tenderness, and mild muscle spasm, without noticeable loss of function. However, this patient states a loss of function. A sprain normally involves twisting, which is inconsistent with the patient's overuse injury.
The patient scheduled for a Syme amputation is concerned about the ability to eventually stand on the amputated extremity. How should the nurse best respond to the patient's concern? A) "You will eventually be able to withstand full weight-bearing after the amputation." B) "You will have minimal weight-bearing on this extremity but you'll be taught how to use an assistive device." C) "You likely will not be able to use this extremity but you will receive teaching on use of a wheelchair." D) "You will be fitted for a prosthesis which may or may not allow you to walk."
Ans: A Feedback: Syme amputation (modified ankle disarticulation amputation) is performed most frequently for extensive foot trauma and produces a painless, durable extremity end that can withstand full weight-bearing. Therefore, each of the other teaching statements is incorrect.
A nurse is caring for a patient who had a right below-the-knee amputation (BKA). The nurse recognizes the importance of implementing measures that focus on preventing flexion contracture of the hip and maintaining proper positioning. Which of the following measures will best achieve these goals? A) Encouraging the patient to turn from side to side and to assume a prone position B) Initiating ROM exercises of the hip and knee 10 to 12 weeks after the amputation C) Minimizing movement of the flexor muscles of the hip D) Encouraging the patient to sit in a chair for at least 8 hours a day
Ans: A Feedback: The nurse encourages the patient to turn from side to side and to assume a prone position, if possible, to stretch the flexor muscles and to prevent flexion contracture of the hip. Postoperative ROM exercises are started early, because contracture deformities develop rapidly. ROM exercises include hip and knee exercises for patients with BKAs. The nurse also discourages sitting for prolonged periods of time.
A patient has returned to the postsurgical unit from the PACU after an above-the-knee amputation of the right leg. Results of the nurse's initial postsurgical assessment were unremarkable but the patient has called out. The nurse enters the room and observes copious quantities of blood at the surgical site. What should be the nurse's initial action? A) Apply a tourniquet. B) Elevate the residual limb. C) Apply sterile gauze. D) Call the surgeon.
Ans: A Feedback: The nurse should apply a tourniquet in the event of postsurgical hemorrhage. Elevating the limb and applying sterile gauze are likely insufficient to stop the hemorrhage. The nurse should attempt to control the immediate bleeding before contacting the surgeon.
A nurse is writing a care plan for a patient admitted to the emergency department (ED) with an open fracture. The nurse will assign priority to what nursing diagnosis for a patient with an open fracture of the radius? A) Risk for Infection B) Risk for Ineffective Role Performance C) Risk for Perioperative Positioning Injury D) Risk for Powerlessness
Ans: A Feedback: The patient has a significant risk for osteomyelitis and tetanus due to the fact that the fracture is open. Powerlessness and ineffective role performance are psychosocial diagnoses that may or may not apply, and which would be superseded by immediate physiologic threats such as infection. Surgical positioning injury is not plausible, since surgery is not likely indicated.
An older adult patient experienced a fall and required treatment for a fractured hip on the orthopedic unit. Which of the following are contributory factors to the incidence of falls and fractured hips among the older adult population? Select all that apply. A) Loss of visual acuity B) Adverse medication effects C) Slowed reflexes D) Hearing loss E) Muscle weakness
Ans: A, B, C, E Feedback: Older adults are generally vulnerable to falls and have a high incidence of hip fracture. Weak quadriceps muscles, medication effects, vision loss, and slowed reflexes are among the factors that contribute to the incidence of falls. Decreased hearing is not noted to contribute to the incidence of falls.
An older adult patient has fallen in her home and is brought to the emergency department by ambulance with a suspected fractured hip. X-rays confirm a fracture of the left femoral neck. When planning assessments during the patient's presurgical care, the nurse should be aware of the patient's heightened risk of what complication? A) Osteomyelitis B) Avascular necrosis C) Phantom pain D) Septicemia
Ans: B Feedback: Fractures of the neck of the femur may damage the vascular system that supplies blood to the head and the neck of the femur, and the bone may become ischemic. For this reason, AVN is common in patients with femoral neck fractures. Infections are not immediate complications and phantom pain applies to patients with amputations, not hip fractures.
An elite high school football player has been diagnosed with a shoulder dislocation. The patient has been treated and is eager to resume his role on his team, stating that he is not experiencing pain. What should the nurse emphasize during health education? A) The need to take analgesia regardless of the short-term absence of pain B) The importance of adhering to the prescribed treatment and rehabilitation regimen C) The fact that he has a permanently increased risk of future shoulder dislocations D) The importance of monitoring for intracapsular bleeding once he resumes playing
Ans: B Feedback: Patients who have experienced sports-related injuries are often highly motivated to return to their previous level of activity. Adherence to restriction of activities and gradual resumption of activities needs to be reinforced. Appropriate analgesia use must be encouraged, but analgesia does not necessarily have to be taken in the absence of pain. If healing is complete, the patient does not likely have a greatly increased risk of reinjury. Dislocations rarely cause bleeding after the healing process.
Which of the following is the most appropriate nursing intervention to facilitate healing in a patient who has suffered a hip fracture? A) Administer analgesics as required. B) Place a pillow between the patient's legs when turning. C) Maintain prone positioning at all times. D) Encourage internal and external rotation of the affected leg.
Ans: B Feedback: Placing a pillow between the patient's legs when turning prevents adduction and supports the patient's legs. Administering analgesics addresses pain but does not directly protect bone remodeling and promote healing. Rotation of the affected leg can cause dislocation and must be avoided. Prone positioning does not need to be maintained at all times.
A patient with a simple arm fracture is receiving discharge education from the nurse. What would the nurse instruct the patient to do? A) Elevate the affected extremity to shoulder level when at rest. B) Engage in exercises that strengthen the unaffected muscles. C) Apply topical anesthetics to accessible skin surfaces as needed. D) Avoid using analgesics so that further damage is not masked.
Ans: B Feedback: The nurse will encourage the patient to engage in exercises that strengthen the unaffected muscles. Comfort measures may include appropriate use of analgesics and elevation of the affected extremity to the heart level. Topical anesthetics are not typically used.
A nurse in a busy emergency department provides care for many patients who present with contusions, strains, or sprains. Treatment modalities that are common to all of these musculoskeletal injuries include which of the following? Select all that apply. A) Massage B) Applying ice C) Compression dressings D) Resting the affected extremity E) Corticosteroids F) Elevating the injured limb
Ans: B, C, D, F Feedback: Treatment of contusions, strains, and sprains consists of resting and elevating the affected part, applying cold, and using a compression bandage. Massage and corticosteroids are not used to treat these injuries.
A school nurse is assessing a student who was kicked in the shin during a soccer game. The area of the injury has become swollen and discolored. The triage nurse recognizes that the patient has likely sustained what? A) Sprain B) Strain C) Contusion D) Dislocation
Ans: C Feedback: A contusion is a soft-tissue injury that results in bleeding into soft tissues, creating a hematoma and ecchymosis. A sprain is an injury to ligaments caused by wrenching or twisting. A strain is a "muscle pull" from overuse, overstretching, or excessive stress. A dislocation is a condition in which the articular surfaces of the bones forming a joint are no longer in anatomic contact. Because the injury is not at the site of a joint, the patient has not experienced a sprain, strain, or dislocation.
A patient has presented to the emergency department with an injury to the wrist. The patient is diagnosed with a third-degree strain. Why would the physician order an x-ray of the wrist? A) Nerve damage is associated with third-degree strains. B) Compartment syndrome is associated with third-degree strains. C) Avulsion fractures are associated with third-degree strains. D) Greenstick fractures are associated with third-degree strains.
Ans: C Feedback: An x-ray should be obtained to rule out bone injury, because an avulsion fracture (in which a bone fragment is pulled away from the bone by a tendon) may be associated with a third-degree strain. Nerve damage, compartment syndrome, and greenstick fractures are not associated with third-degree strains.
A nurse is caring for a patient who has suffered a hip fracture and who will require an extended hospital stay. The nurse should ensure that the patient does which of the following in order to prevent common complications associated with a hip fracture? A) Avoid requesting analgesia unless pain becomes unbearable. B) Use supplementary oxygen when transferring or mobilizing. C) Increase fluid intake and perform prescribed foot exercises. D) Remain on bed rest for 14 days or until instructed by the orthopedic surgeon.
Ans: C Feedback: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is among the most common complications related to a hip fracture. To prevent DVT, the nurse encourages intake of fluids and ankle and foot exercises. The patient should not be told to endure pain; a proactive approach to pain control should be adopted. While respiratory complications commonly include atelectasis and pneumonia, the use of deep-breathing exercises, changes in position at least every 2 hours, and the use of incentive spirometry help prevent the respiratory complications more than using supplementary oxygen. Bed rest may be indicated in the short term, but is not normally required for 14 days.
A nurse is performing a shift assessment on an elderly patient who is recovering after surgery for a hip fracture. The nurse notes that the patient is complaining of chest pain, has an increased heart rate, and increased respiratory rate. The nurse further notes that the patient is febrile and hypoxic, coughing, and producing large amounts of thick, white sputum. The nurse recognizes that this is a medical emergency and calls for assistance, recognizing that this patient is likely demonstrating symptoms of what complication? A) Avascular necrosis of bone B) Compartment syndrome C) Fat embolism syndrome D) Complex regional pain syndrome
Ans: C Feedback: Fat embolism syndrome occurs most frequently in young adults and elderly patients who experience fractures of the proximal femur (i.e., hip fracture). Presenting features of fat embolism syndrome include hypoxia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and pyrexia. The respiratory distress response includes tachypnea, dyspnea, wheezes, precordial chest pain, cough, large amounts of thick, white sputum, and tachycardia. Avascular necrosis (AVN) occurs when the bone loses its blood supply and dies. This does not cause coughing. Complex regional pain syndrome does not have cardiopulmonary involvement.
Six weeks after an above-the-knee amputation (AKA), a patient returns to the outpatient office for a routine postoperative checkup. During the nurse's assessment, the patient reports symptoms of phantom pain. What should the nurse tell the patient to do to reduce the discomfort of the phantom pain? A) Apply intermittent hot compresses to the area of the amputation. B) Avoid activity until the pain subsides. C) Take opioid analgesics as ordered. D) Elevate the level of the amputation site.
Ans: C Feedback: Opioid analgesics may be effective in relieving phantom pain. Heat, immobility, and elevation are not noted to relieve this form of pain.
A young patient is being treated for a femoral fracture suffered in a snowboarding accident. The nurse's most recent assessment reveals that the patient is uncharacteristically confused. What diagnostic test should be performed on this patient? A) Electrolyte assessment B) Electrocardiogram C) Arterial blood gases D) Abdominal ultrasound
Ans: C Feedback: Subtle personality changes, restlessness, irritability, or confusion in a patient who has sustained a fracture are indications for immediate arterial blood gas studies due to the possibility of fat embolism syndrome. This assessment finding does not indicate an immediate need for electrolyte levels, an ECG, or abdominal ultrasound.
A patient is being treated for a fractured hip and the nurse is aware of the need to implement interventions to prevent muscle wasting and other complications of immobility. What intervention best addresses the patient's need for exercise? A) Performing gentle leg lifts with both legs B) Performing massage to stimulate circulation C) Encouraging frequent use of the overbed trapeze D) Encouraging the patient to log roll side to side once per hour
Ans: C Feedback: The patient is encouraged to exercise as much as possible by means of the overbed trapeze. This device helps strengthen the arms and shoulders in preparation for protected ambulation. Independent logrolling may result in injury due to the location of the fracture. Leg lifts would be contraindicated for the same reason. Massage by the nurse is not a substitute for exercise.
A patient is admitted to the orthopedic unit with a fractured femur after a motorcycle accident. The patient has been placed in traction until his femur can be rodded in surgery. For what early complications should the nurse monitor this patient? Select all that apply. A) Systemic infection B) Complex regional pain syndrome C) Deep vein thrombosis D) Compartment syndrome E) Fat embolism
Ans: C, D, E Feedback: Early complications include shock, fat embolism, compartment syndrome, and venous thromboemboli (deep vein thrombosis [DVT], pulmonary embolism [PE]). Infection and CRPS are later complications of fractures.
A nurse is preparing to discharge an emergency department patient who has been fitted with a sling to support her arm after a clavicle fracture. What should the nurse instruct the patient to do? A) Elevate the arm above the shoulder 3 to 4 times daily. B) Avoid moving the elbow, wrist, and fingers until bone remodeling is complete. C) Engage in active range of motion using the affected arm. D) Use the arm for light activities within the range of motion.
Ans: D Feedback: A patient with a clavicle fracture may use a sling to support the arm and relieve the pain. The patient may be permitted to use the arm for light activities within the range of comfort. The patient should not elevate the arm above the shoulder level until the ends of the bones have united, but the nurse should encourage the patient to exercise the elbow, wrist, and fingers.
Radiographs of a boy's upper arm show that the humerus appears to be fractured on one side and slightly bent on the other. This diagnostic result suggests what type of fracture? A) Impacted B) Compound C) Compression D) Greenstick
Ans: D Feedback: Greenstick fractures are an incomplete fracture that results in the bone being broken on one side, while the other side is bent. This is not characteristic of an impacted, compound, or compression fracture.
A patient is brought to the emergency department by ambulance after stepping in a hole and falling. While assessing him the nurse notes that his right leg is shorter than his left leg; his right hip is noticeably deformed and he is in acute pain. Imaging does not reveal a fracture. Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for this patient's signs and symptoms? A) Subluxated right hip B) Right hip contusion C) Hip strain D) Traumatic hip dislocation
Ans: D Feedback: Signs and symptoms of a traumatic dislocation include acute pain, change in positioning of the joint, shortening of the extremity, deformity, and decreased mobility. A subluxation would cause moderate deformity, or possibly no deformity. A contusion or strain would not cause obvious deformities.
A nurse is preparing to discharge a patient from the emergency department after receiving treatment for an ankle sprain. While providing discharge education, the nurse should encourage which of the following? A) Apply heat for the first 24 to 48 hours after the injury. B) Maintain the ankle in a dependent position. C) Exercise hourly by performing rotation exercises of the ankle. D) Keep an elastic compression bandage on the ankle.
Ans: D Feedback: Treatment of a sprain consists of resting and elevating the affected part, applying cold, and using a compression bandage. After the acute inflammatory stage (usually 24 to 48 hours after injury), heat may be applied intermittently. Rotation exercises would likely be painful.
Contusions are managed with PRICE an acronym that refers to:
protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation
PRICE acronym
protection, rest, ice, compression, elevation