chapter 12 Adolescence

Which of the following is the best example of cultural capital?

A) Art's father takes him to museums during the summer

Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful performance is called:

A) extrinsic motivation.

Which work values decline most dramatically with age?

A) extrinsic, altruistic, and social rewards

Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school performance are ______ and ______.

A) healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling

According to the textbook, which of the following is not an effective form of parental involvement:

A) helping with homework

Bill approaches new tasks with the attitude that he can master them, and he tries to do so because he wants to gain new skills. Bill is motivated by:

A) intrinsic forces

Leroy plays video games not because he will win anything by doing well, or because anyone approves of his increasing skill, but because he enjoys getting better at the games. His behavior is an example of:

A) intrinsic motivation

The internal desire to perform well is called:

A) intrinsic motivation

As Carrie was growing up, her parents discussed politics with her, went on family vacations to historical sites and national parks, and attended cultural events together. Carrie took clarinet lessons and spent a lot of time in the library reading books she chose for herself. It is likely that Carrie will be:

A) intrinsically motivated.

The most effective strategy for keeping students from dropping out of high school has been:

A) involving at-risk students in service learning and guided discussions of their life options

Shawn is told by his teacher that the task he is working on is too difficult for him. Therefore, Shawn believes that failure is inevitable. He is likely to develop:

A) learned helplessness

Black students in the inner city who do well in school are:

A) likely to be criticized by their peers who say they are "acting white."

The text suggests that one set of factors that may differentiate the "rich" from the "poor" early in the educational setting is _________ and _________.

A) motivation to succeed; beliefs about the causes of success and failure

Which of the following is most likely to influence (both directly and indirectly) a teenager's occupational choice?

A) parents

Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that relate to ______________ in evaluative situations

A) performance

Tory is extrinsically motivated and believes that intelligence is a fixed trait. Based on this combination, Tory probably focuses on:

A) performance goals

Mary comes from an economically disadvantaged household. Her mother went to the school counselor to find out what could be done to help Mary overcome her disadvantage. What did the counselor suggest would help?

A) positive relations at home

Levels of educational attainment in America have _____ over the past 6 decades

A) risen

To the extent individuals believe widely held stereotypes about ethnic or sex differences in ability, the ________ suggests that their performance will be affected, depending on how they expect to perform.

A) stereotype threat effect

The impact of friends on adolescents' school performance depends on:

A) the academic orientation of the peer group.

Which of the following is not likely to predict students' achievement-related behavior?

A) whether the student has experienced a failure

Which ethnic group, on average, has the highest level of educational achievement?

B) Asian Americans

High school dropout rates are highest among _____ adolescents.

B) Hispanic

Which of the following is an example of academic achievement?

B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs

The ________ is a national assessment of students' achievement conducted by the federal government to track changes in educational achievement over time.

B) National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)

Professor Stein wants to test the stereotype threat effect. What is the most likely scenario if this effect does, in fact, occur?

B) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group.

Adolescents who come from family environments in which parents have set unrealistically high standards for their children's achievement and react very negatively to failure are most likely to develop:

B) a fear of failure

Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al came home with a B+ on his report card, his parents grounded him for a month. Al probably will develop:

B) a fear of failure.

In the United States today, the peer group is most likely to have _______ influence on an adolescent's academic achievement

B) a negative

The transition from school to work is _________ defined transition

B) a socially

Peter, who does exceptionally well in school, is likely to attribute his academic successes and failures to causes such as:

B) ability and effort.

Jason is an intelligent youngster who avoids challenging situations because of his intense fear of failure. Despite his innate ability, he gets low grades and has trouble persisting even with easy tasks. Jason is:

B) an underachiever

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with adolescents' development of intrinsic motivation and academic achievement?

B) authoritative

Which type of parenting is linked to school success during adolescence?

B) authoritative

Based on the definition used by the U.S. department of Education (the proportion of individuals aged 16 to 24 who are not enrolled in school and who have not earned a high school diploma or GED), the dropout rate has _____ steadily over the past half-century, to about _____.

B) declined; 9%

Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success?

B) educational attainment

John and Mary want their children to develop a strong need for achievement. In addition to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should:

B) encourage their children's successes

Marty's main concern in playing soccer is whether his performance will be good enough to win his father's attention and approval. Marty's behavior is being motivated by:

B) extrinsic forces.

According to the text, Asian children tend to attribute success to:

B) hard work

Mrs. Kumin wants to help her lower-achieving students. She should:

B) help them learn to attribute their performance to factors that are under their control

High school dropout rates would be expected to be highest:

B) in large schools that group students according to ability

Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task is called:

B) intrinsic motivation

Margie sees herself as competent. Manny experiences a great deal of anxiety and hesitation when facing a challenge because he doubts his abilities. Both are A students. Margie is most likely ________ motivated and Manny is most likely ________ motivated.

B) intrinsically; extrinsically

Ivan, who believes that intelligence is a malleable trait, is enrolled in several advanced placement classes. Mastering the subject material is more important to him than getting good grades. Ivan probably emphasizes:

B) learning goals

Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. She has a very strong:

B) need for achievement

The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as:

B) need for achievement

The modest gains in achievement that have occurred during the past decade or so have been in the area of:

B) relatively simple skills

Antonio is very confident about his abilities; he has a strong sense of:

B) self-efficacy

Jane's community does a lot to support and encourage adolescents' success in school. This community has a large amount of:

B) social capital

What is the main reason that many achievement-related issues take on new significance during adolescence:

B) social transitions

Akira wants to be an occupational therapist specializing in the rehabilitation of the hand. Based on Super's stages of occupational development, Akira has reached the:

B) specification stage.

An explanation of why students' motivation and school achievement drop as they transition into secondary school is that:

B) teachers focus on grades rather than mastery of the material

Alicia has trouble persisting at tasks and fears failure. Her grades are far lower than one would expect based on her intellectual ability. She is a(n):

B) underachiever

Current research addressing sex differences in achievement suggests that:

B) when differences in math and science are found today, they are very slight.

Who is most likely to attain occupational success?

C) Karen, who has a Master's degree

Which of the following Hispanic young adults is most likely to graduate from college?

C) Rogelio, who is Cuban American

Which of the following statements regarding work values is not true for adolescents?

C) adolescents are able to focus on what they want from a job and identify a few rewards that are most important to them

High school dropouts are more likely than high school graduates to do all of the following, except:

C) begin working earlier

Lydia's family is always going to art shows, concerts, and poetry readings. They have a large amount of:

C) cultural capital

Which of the following is not one of the factors researchers study in connection with how home environment influences adolescents' level of achievement?

C) cultural factors

Students' motivation and school performance _______ when they enter into secondary school.

C) decrease

Which type of educational achievement has important implications for subsequent earnings?

C) educational attainment

Every time that Frank receives an A on his report card, his grandmother gives him $50. However, if Frank receives a C, he is grounded for 2 weeks. Frank will probably develop:

C) extrinsic motivation

Amy gets extremely nervous during exams and never does as well as she should because of these anxious feelings. She has a very strong:

C) fear of failure

Which work values are most likely to remain strong over the course of young adulthood, as other work values decline?

C) intrinsic

All of the following are noted in the text as reasons why achievement during the adolescent years merits special attention, except:

C) it is during this period that adolescents make serious long-term decisions concerning life partners.

Paul won't even try to learn how to swim because when he has tried before, he has not done very well and he is now convinced that no matter what he does, he will never learn to swim. Paul's situation is an example of:

C) learned helplessness

The belief or expectation that one cannot control the forces in one's environment is called:

C) learned helplessness

Work values, the different types of rewards that individuals expect to receive from their chosen occupation, can include all but which of the following values?

C) leverage

Compared with students in other countries, U.S. elementary school students_______ students in other countries, and high school students in the United States _______ than their peers in other countries.

C) perform as well as; perform more poorly

The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather than their successful completion of the grade level is known as:

C) social promotion.

Asian American students are likely to have higher academic achievement than White or ethnic minority youth because:

D) All of the above

Studies show that disadvantaged youth perform more poorly in school than their advantaged counterparts. Which of the following reasons best accounts for this disparity?

D) All of the above

Who is probably most likely to drop out of high school?

D) Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive

Sonya has scored in the top 1 percentile on an IQ test, yet she gets below average grades in school. What is true about Sonya?

D) She is an underachiever.

According to Mischel's classic study conducted nearly 50 years ago, what would you predict about Evelyn, who, in elementary and high school always scored at the top of her class, and now, as an adult, is a successful executive?

D) When Evelyn was a preschooler, it is likely that, when given the choice between eating one marshmallow now or waiting 15 minutes to get two of them, she was able to wait.

Professor Umbridge takes pleasure in making her students look foolish. She stresses the importance of grades more than mastery of the course material. Her students are likely to demonstrate all of the following, except:

D) a need to outperform their classmates

The textbook states that peers are important for all of the following reasons, except:

D) adolescents with an extremely high orientation toward peers tend to perform better in school

According to the textbook, which of the following is not a limitation to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence?

D) all of the above are important limitations to theories of career choice that are based solely on reward preference assessed in adolescence.

According to the textbook, in classrooms in which teachers are very performance-oriented, students:

D) all of the above are likely in classrooms where the teachers are very performance-oriented

Which of the following statements about authoritative parenting is true?

D) authoritative parenting is probably the most important contributor to strong need for achievement

According to the textbook, how is puberty connected to achievement?

D) both A and B are correct

During the school year, Titus's parents took him to the theater and the opera. In addition, they bought him an encyclopedia for his birthday. The treatment Titus is receiving is an example of:

D) cultural capital

The resources provided within a family allowing the exposure of the adolescent to art, music, and literature are called:

D) cultural capital.

Which of the following statements regarding social roles and achievement is not true?

D) during adolescence, most individuals solidify career choices

Whitney's present goal is to get good enough at spelling to earn the school's spelling trophy. Whitney's ambition is an example of:

D) extrinsic motivation

Which of the following has not been identified as a factor in determining the likelihood of dropping out of high school?

D) gender

Which of the following is not a finding of Witkow's recent study that investigated the ways in which adolescents use their time:

D) high achieving students spend equal time with their friends than do low-achieving students on weekdays

Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's adolescents have __________levels of educational attainment and ___________ levels of academic achievement.

D) higher; lower

According to the textbook, all of the following are reasons that adolescents' ambitions are consonant with the socioeconomic status of those around them, except:

D) many employers won't higher people from certain SES groups

Dr. Worthy studies achievement attributions. According to the textbook, she would be assessing the ways in which individuals attribute their performance to a combination of all of the following factors, except:

D) motivation

Research on the interaction of the influence of parents and peers suggests all of the following, except:

D) peers have more influence on adolescents than families in countries where students are placed on separate educational tracks.

Harry has failed 9th grade this year and has not learned the material he needs to go on to higher grade levels. However, his teachers are debating letting him go on to 10th grade next year so that he does not feel left behind or lose touch with his same-age friends. This practice is called:

D) social promotion.

Donald is 19. He is beginning to seek appropriate information about which mental health career he wishes to pursue so he can narrow the possibilities and make his choice. According to Super, he is in which stage of occupational development?

D) specification

All of the following have been cited as possible explanations for low achievement scores among American students, except:

D) students spend too much time involved in extracurricular activities

Connie believes that intelligence is fixed. Which of the following is most likely true for Connie?

A) Connie is likely to be performance-oriented.

Raul, a foreign-born Hispanic youth, has decided to drop out of high school. According to the studies, what is likely to be the reason for his desire to drop out?

A) He is not proficient in English.

Which of the following is an example of school performance?

A) Kelly received a C on her report card

Which statement about underachievement is false?

A) Most underachievers are highly intelligent yet afraid of failure

Jacob and Stephen just got a project back from their teacher that they had worked on together. They received a D on the project. Jacob said that it was because the project was too hard. Stephen said it was because they hadn't worked hard enough on the project. Which adolescent is most likely to try harder on future projects?

A) Stephen

Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on all of the following, except:

A) cooperation.

The stage during which individuals first begin to formulate their ideas about appropriate occupations (typically between the ages of 14 and 18) is called:

A) crystallization

According to the textbook, which of the following is a reason that career counselors (especially on college campuses) have come to play an increasingly important role individuals' career decision-making?

A) the labor market is changing so quickly that it is difficult for adolescents to obtain accurate information about careers from their families

In a study on the effect of early intensive education on later school performance among children in poverty, which intervention had the greatest impact on performance in high school?

A) the preschool intervention

The gap between American students' performance and that of students from other countries _____ as they move from elementary to middle to high school.

A) widens

Which adolescent is least likely to exhibit high academic achievement?

C) Benny, whose parents do not want to pressure him, but argue with his teachers about his grades

Which statement represents an important goal of career educators helping adolescents with their future plans?

C) Help adolescents make informed choices about their career and free them from stereotypes that constrain their choices

Across all ethnic groups, studies indicate that which of the following measures helps students to achieve?

D) All of the above