Chapter 12: An Age of Reform, 1820—1840

The creation of the American Colonization Society galvanized free blacks to claim their rights as Americans and demand that they receive the same freedoms as white citizens of the country.

true

On the map of utopian communities in the mid-nineteenth century, identify the state in which both the community of Oneida and the very first Shaker community were established.

New York

Like abolitionism, temperance, and other reforms, feminism was an international movement, as it reinforced the idea that women should remain in the home, which resonated in industrial Europe.

false

Match the individuals to their contributions to the abolitionist cause.

publisher of The Liberator, which promoted militant abolitionism -William Lloyd Garrison brilliant orator whose rallies helped create a mass constituency in the heart of the North, in both rural areas and small towns -Theodore Weld author of An Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, which called on blacks to mobilize and warned whites they would be punished for their sinful ways -David Walker

According to Alexis de Tocqueville, how were Americans' political and social activities organized in the absence of a powerful government?

they were organized through voluntary associations such as churches, fraternal orders, political clubs, and the like.

The Shakers were the most successful of the religious "utopian" communities. In addition to their progressive beliefs on the traditional roles of women and men, they found commercial success through furniture manufacturing and the sale of seeds.

true

The public sphere was open to women in ways that government and party politics were not. How did women participate in the public political activity before they could vote?

-They marched in political parades. -They circulated petitions.

Identify the statements that describe Margaret Fuller by dragging them to her image.

-literary editor of the New York Tribune, the first woman to ever achieve so important a position in American journalism -editor of the Transcendentalist magazine The Dial from 1840 to 1842

The image below comes from a nineteenth-century book for children aimed to teach the righteousness of the abolitionists' cause. Drag each description below to the rhyming verse in the image it best describes.

A: This verse relates the abolitionist cause to the notion of liberty for every citizen, black and white B: This verse creates empathy for slave's day-to-day life and work. C: This verse places the abolitionist's cause in religious context. D: This verse illustrates a commonenemy for slaves and abolitionists.

Match each of the following individuals to her contribution to the abolitionist cause.

Abby Kelly: -A Quaker and prolific abolitionist speaker, this individual spoke almost daily for two decades on "the holy cause of human rights." Harriet Beecher Stowe: -This individual authored the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, the most widely read of all antislavery writings during this period. Angelina Grimké: -Growing up the daughter of a South Carolina slaveholder, this individual was among the first to apply the abolitionist doctrine of universal equality to the status of women.

Around 100 reform communities were established in the decades before the Civil War. Match each statement to the community it correctly describes.

Brook Farm: -In this Massachusetts community, transcendentalists sought to prove that manual and intellectual labor could coexist. New Harmony: -This community lasted only a few years, but was highly influential to the labor movement, educational reformers, and women's rights advocates. The Shakers: -Members of this community cultivated "virgin purity" and believed that the sexes were spiritually equal because God had a dual, male-female personality. Oneida: -Members of this community believed in "complex marriage," or that all of the men and women in the community were united as a "holy family" of equals.

Match the following individuals to their accomplishments.

Dorothea Dix: -a Massachusetts schoolteacher and advocate for the humane treatment of the insane Lucy Colman: -abolitionist lecturer and teacher at a school for blacks, in addition to being a women's rights advocate Harriet Beecher Stowe: -author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, which generated awareness of the abolitionist cause

The Liberty Party was created in 1840 and nominated James G. Birney as its candidate for president. Identify the statements that describe Birney and the Liberty Party.

The creation of the Liberty Party was partly due to some abolitionists' dislike of women playing prominent roles in politics.

What argument did Josiah C. Nott and George R. Gliddon make in their book Types of Mankind?

blacks formed a separate species that fell midway between whites and chimpanzees

Abolitionists pioneered the use of modern methods and technology to gain support and finance their cause. Which of the following are examples of their revolutionary approaches to fighting slavery?

correct: -Abolitionists seized upon the recently developed steam printing press to produce millions of copies of pamphlets, newspapers, petitions, novels, and broadsides. -They developed charity fairs or "bazaars," where women sold clothing and embroidery, luxury goods, and works of art to raise funds.

Analyze the photograph and painting below, both of which depict abolitionist gatherings in the 1840s or 1850s. What do these images reveal about the abolitionist movement by the 1850s?

correct: -Although free society was deeply segregated, blacks and whites worked together to further the abolitionist cause. -Both men and women engaged in abolitionist efforts.

Identify the abolitionist ideas Lydia Maria Child advocated in her An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans (1833).

correct: -Blacks should not be considered Africans any more than every white man be considered an Englishman. -The modern idea of human rights takes precedence over national sovereignty.

How does Grimké explain that the discussion of wrongs of slavery opened the way for the discussion of other rights?

correct: -By studying slavery, she realized women lacked basic freedoms as well.

Identify the statements that are true about the American Colonization Society, both its creation and its impact.

correct: -Its goal was the resettlement of black Americans in Africa after gradual emancipation. -The Colonization Society inspired free black persons to fight for their rights as Americans.

Horace Mann was the era's leading education reformer. Identify the statements that describe Mann's contributions and ideas on education.

correct: -Mann hoped that universal public education would restore equality to a fractured society. -Mann argued that schools could reinforce social stability.

Analyze the engraving below, created by abolitionists in the 1830s. What does this image reveal about the antislavery movement in the United States?

correct: -Quotations from the Bible were used to support abolitionists' claims that slavery was a sin. -Abolitionists highlighted the hypocrisy of the "Land of the Free" having slaves in its capital.

Which of the following statements describe Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin?

correct: -Stowe portrayed slaves as sympathetic men and women and as Christians at the mercy of slaveholders who split up families. -Uncle Tom's Cabin sold more than a million copies by 1854.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott organized the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. Identify the key issues discussed at the Seneca Falls Convention.

correct: -The convention marked the beginning of the struggle for women's suffrage. -Stanton and Mott argued for social equality for women, including fair pay and equal opportunities.

Identify the statements that describe the Oneida community.

correct: -The founder, John Humphrey Noyes, ruled like a dictator over the community. -Members wanted to create a "holy family" of equals by doing away with private property and traditional marriage.

Identify the statements that describe the militant abolitionism movement in the United States.

correct: -The new generation of abolitionists rejected the traditional approach of gradual emancipation and demanded immediate abolition. -Nearly all abolitionists insisted that economic, civil, and political rights should be enjoyed equally by all people in the United States, without regard to race.

How have religious reformers made a difference in American society?

correct: -They amplified the debate for abolition, using Christian principles to attack slavery. -They spearheaded the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. -They created the Social Gospel that sought to improve the lives of working people and immigrants.

Which of the following statements describe the abolitionist use of moral suasion?

correct: -They used the public sphere as their arena to spread ideas of the sinful nature of slavery. -They would stand outside established institutions and critique the institution of slavery.

Identify the statements that describe the goals and activities of the "utopian communities" established in the decades before the Civil War.

correct: -tried to find substitutes for conventional gender relations and marriage patterns -wanted to narrow the gap between the rich and poor, as well as organize society on a cooperative basis

Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was modeled to some extent on the autobiography of Frederick Douglass.

false

In 1836, when abolitionists began to flood Washington with petitions calling for emancipation in the nation's capital, the House of Representatives adopted the gag rule, which prohibited southern congressmen from speaking out against the petitions.

false