Chapter 12: Social Psychology
what is the ingroup?
"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.
what is the outgroup?
"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup
Tom is attending college in a city far away from home where he does not know anybody. According to the principle of proximity, Tom will be MOST likely to make friends with
Bill, roomate
How does psychology's definition of aggression differ from everyday usage? What biological factors make us more prone to hurt one another?
Frustration (the frustration-aggression principle), previous reinforcement for aggressive behavior, observing aggressive role models, and poor self-control all contribute to aggression. Media violence provides social scripts that children learn to follow. Viewing sexual violence contributes to greater aggression toward women. Playing violent video games can increase aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
What is cognitive dissonance theory?
Leon Festinger: the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.
what Fritz Heider propose?
attribution theory
An ad agency creates two ads for a particular car. One stresses the car's safety and gas mileage; the other simply shows how fun it is to drive. The first ad relies on _____ route persuasion; the second, on _____ route persuasion.
central; peripheral
When people act in a way that is not in keeping with their attitudes, and then change their attitudes to match those actions, ________________ theory attempts to explain why.
cognitive dissonance
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to passionate love as deep affectionate attachment is to _____ love.
companionate
Marsha and Luke have been married for over 50 years and have 4 children and 8 grandchildren. They are currently MOST likely to be experiencing:
companionate love
what are social scripts?
culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
what factors affect our attributions?
culture; whose behavior; there are two exceptions: deliberate and admirable actions -> often attribute to our own good reasons, not to the situation
what is companionate love?
deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives intertwined.
In a group situation that fosters arousal and anonymity, a person sometimes loses self-consciousness and self-control. This phenomenon is called __________ .
deindividuation
When reading the comments posted on the internet about a current news article, Cheryl notices that many of them are racist in nature. What might account for this?
deindividuation
The aspect of pornographic films that most directly influences men's aggression toward women seems to be the
depictions of sexual violence
what does the two-factor of emotions explains the intense positive absorption of passionate love ?
emotions has two ingredients-(physical arousal plus cognitive appraisal) arousal from any source can enhance one emotion or another, depending on how we interpret and label the arousal.
What is ingroup bias?
favoring of our own group
We tend to agree to a larger request more readily if we have already agreed to a small request. This tendency is called ________________-______________-___________-_________ phenomenon.
foot-in-the-door
When those who feel frustrated become angry and aggressive, this is referred to as the ___________- __________.
frustration-aggression principle
A group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues. During the conversation, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This BEST illustrates:
group polarization
what is social facilitation?
improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
what is normative social influence?
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
What is informational social influence?
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
A conference of social scientists studying the effects of pornography unanimously agreed that violent pornography
leads viewers to be more accepting of coercion in sexual relations
If we encounter a person who appears to be high on drugs, and we make the fundamental attribution error, we will probably attribute the person's behavior to
moral weakness or an addictive personality
The other-race effect occurs when we assume that other groups are (more/less) homogeneous than our own group.
more
what is mirror-image perceptions?
mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive
Celebrity endorsements in advertising often lead consumers to purchase products through (central/peripheral) route persuasion.
peripheral
what are the two forms of persuasion?
peripheral route persuasion and central route persuasion
One's first impressions of those one meets are MOST likely to be determined by one's:
physical appearance
After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Sense of obligation BEST reflects the:
reciprocity norm
What is self-disclosure?
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
Some American citizens living in a depressed Texas town on the Rio Grande blame undocumented individuals for depressing wages and taking jobs. The citizens therefore support harsh roundup and deportation measures. This is BEST explained by _____ theory.
scapegoat
When prejudiced judgment causes us to blame an undeserving person for a problem, that person is called a ___________.
scapegoat
what are superordinate goals?
shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
Prejudice toward a group involves negative feelings, a tendency to discriminate, and overly generalized beliefs referred to as .
stereotypes
In Milgram's experiments, the rate of compliance was highest when
the "learner" was at distance from the "teacher"
You are organizing a meeting of fiercely competitive political candidates. To add to the fun, friends have suggested handing out masks of the candidates' faces for supporters to wear. What phenomenon might these masks engage?
the anonymity provided by the masks, combined with the arousal of the contentious setting, might create deindividuation (lessened self awareness and self-restraint).
what is group polarization?
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in rundown houses in horrible condition. He often sees them on the street struggling to find food and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates:
the just-world phenomenon.
What is deindividuation?
the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
what is groupthink?
the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
Researchers have found that a person is most likely to conform to a group if
the person admires the group's status
what is the mere exposure effect?
the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
what is the bystander effect?
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
What is the fundamental attribution error?
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
what is altruism?
unselfish concern for the welfare of others
Hindsight bias amplifies ______________
victim blaming
_____ is any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally.
Aggression
what is altruism? When are people most-and least-likely to help?
Altruism is unselfish regard for the well-being of others. We are most likely to help when we notice an incident, interpret it as an emergency, and assume responsibility for helping. Other factors, including our mood and our similarity to the victim, also affect our willingness to help. We are least likely to help if other bystanders are present (the bystander effect).
How does being physically attractive influence others' perceptions?
Being physically attractive tends to elicit positive first impressions. People tend to assume that attractive people are healthier, happier, more sensitive, more successful, and more socially skilled than others are
How does psychology's definition of aggression differ from everyday usage? What biological factors make us more prone to hurt one another?
In psychology's more specific meaning, aggression is any act intended to harm someone physically or emotionally. Biology influences our threshold for aggressive behaviors at three levels: genetic (inherited traits), neural (activity in key brain areas), and biochemical (such as alcohol or excess testosterone in the bloodstream). Aggression is a complex behavior resulting from the interaction of biology and experience.
what is equity?
a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it
Evidence of a biochemical influence on aggression is the finding that
a higher-than-average level of the hormone testosterone is associated with violent behavior in males
Josh and Donna are discussing the latest release by their favorite band. "I didn't like it at first, but now that I've played it a few times, I love it!" Donna states. Donna's remark exemplifies the _____ effect.
mere exposure
The more familiar a stimulus becomes, the more we tend to like it. This exemplifies the _________________ effect.
mere exposure
When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference BEST illustrates the importance of:
mere exposure
People tend to marry someone who lives or works nearby. This is an example of the ______________ in action.
mere exposure effect
When a police officer pulls over a car because the driver is an African-American male in an expensive car, the police officer has committed:
microaggression
Our enemies often have many of the same negative impressions of us as we have of them. This exemplifies the concept of _______-___________ perceptions.
mirror-image
Ben's sister-in-law always has a smile on her face and a joke to tell. The moment she walks into the house he starts smiling, even before she says something funny. This is caused by:
mood contagion
Despite her mother's pleas to use a more ergonomic backpack, Antonia insists on trying to carry all of her books to school in an oversized purse the way her fashionable friends all seem to do. Antonia is affected by what type of social influence?
normative social influence
Makayla has heard that the teachers are considering switching her to the gifted class. Makayla decides to dumb down to act more like her friends. She begins answering questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like her friends. Her behavior is an example of:
normative social influence
what is conformity and what are some types?
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard; (suggestibility and mimicry)
what is passionate love?
an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship
what is the social responsibility norm?
an expectation that people will help those needing their help
A comedian has a series of jokes that work very well when there is a full house. However, tonight his gig is in an uncrowded room. His jokes are not going over well. The audience is talking back to him. Some begin to boo and he eventually is booed off stage. Which phenomenon can BEST account for his unsuccessful night?
social faciliation
The local basketball team seems to perform better in front of the home audience on their home court. According to the textbook, the phenomenon of home field advantage is BEST understood with reference to:
social faciliation
People tend to exert less effort when working with a group than they would alone, which is called ______________ ______________.
social loafing
Tameka volunteers twice a week at a homeless shelter along with members of her church youth group. They tutor and read to young elementary age children who are housed in the shelter. Tameka's volunteerism is an example of:
social responsibility norm
Dwayne has over $100,000 in credit card debt. He is able to have much of his credit card debt forgiven through a debt consolidation company. He does not realize that his debt forgiveness impacts the global economy because of:
social trap
Everyone is attempting to get onto the internet at the same time despite the fact that the internet provider has asked people to log on only during off-peak hours. This BEST illustrates the dynamics of:
social trap
One way of resolving conflicts and fostering cooperation is by giving rival groups shared goals that help them override their differences. These are called ___________ goals.
superordinate
_____ is/are shared obejctives that override differences among people and require their cooperation.
superordinate goals
how do psychologist study implicit prejudice?
testing for unconscious group associations; considering unconscious patronization; monitoring reflexive bodily responses;
when are the odds of helping are highest?
the person appears to need and deserve help; the person is in some way similar to us; the person is a woman; we have just observed someone else being helpful; we are not in a hurry; we are in small town or rural area; we are feeling guilty; we are focused
what is the frustration-aggression principle?
the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression
what is social loafing?
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
What is the just-world phenomenon?
the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.
What is the other-race effect?
the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races
what is social exchange theory?
the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
What is the scapegoat theory?
the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame
what is attribution theory?
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.
what is the reward theory of attraction?
the theory that we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events
If several well-publicized murders are committed by members of a particular group, we may tend to react with fear and suspicion toward all members of that group. What psychological principle can help explain this reaction?
this reaction could occur because we tend to overgeneralize from vivid, memorable cases
what is reciprocity norm?
an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
what is aggression?
any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy
It takes about _____ minutes to form a feeling about a conversational partner and to register whether the partner likes them or not.
4
How does culture affect our behavior?
A culture is an enduring set of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group and transmitted from one generation to the next. Cultural norms are understood rules that inform members of a culture about accepted and expected behaviors. Cultures differ across time and space.
What are stereotypes?
A generalized belief about a group of people
How does the two-factor theory of emotion help explain passionate love?
Emotions consist of (1) physical arousal and (2) our interpretation of that arousal. researchers have found that nay source of arousal may be interpreted as passion in the presence of a desirable person.
What psychological and social-cultural factors may trigger aggressive behavior?
Frustration (the frustration-aggression principle), previous reinforcement for aggressive behavior, observing aggressive role models, and poor self-control all contribute to aggression. Media violence provides social scripts that children learn to follow. Viewing sexual violence contributes to greater aggression toward women. Playing violent video games can increase aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
what psychological and social-cultural factors may trigger aggressive behavior?
Frustration (the frustration-aggression principle), previous reinforcement for aggressive behavior, observing aggressive role models, and poor self-control all contribute to aggression. Media violence provides social scripts that children learn to follow. Viewing sexual violence contributes to greater aggression toward women. Playing violent video games can increase aggressive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
what is GRIT?
Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction - a strategy designed to decrease international tensions
How can group interaction enable groupthink?
Groupthink is driven by a desire for harmony within a decision-making group, overriding realistic appraisal of alternatives. Group leaders can harness the benefits of group interaction by assigning people to identify possible problems, and by welcoming various opinions and expert critique.
How can group interaction enable group polarization?
In group polarization, group discussions with like-minded others strengthen members' prevailing beliefs and attitudes.
What biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences interact to produce aggressive behaviors?
Our biology (our genes, neural systems, and biochemistry - including testosterone and alcohol levels) influences our aggressive tendencies. Psychological factors (such as frustration, previous rewards for aggressive acts, and observation of others' aggression) can trigger any aggressive tendencies we may have. Social influences, such as exposure to violent media or being personally insulted, and cultural influences, such as whether we've grown in a "culture of honor" or a father-absent, can also affect our aggressive responses.
What is prejudice? How do explicit and implicit prejudice differ?
Prejudice is an unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice's three components are beliefs (often stereotypes), emotions, and predispositions to action (discrimination). Prejudice may be explicit (overt), or it may be implicit _- an unthinking knee-jerk response operating below conscious awareness. Implicit prejudice can cause discriminate even when people do not consciously intend to discriminate.
what is prejudice? How do explicit and implicit prejudice differ?
Prejudice is an unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice's three components are beliefs (often stereotypes), emotions, and predispositions to action (discrimination). Prejudice may be explicit (overt), or it may be implicit—an unthinking knee-jerk response operating below conscious awareness. Implicit prejudice can cause discrimination even when people do not consciously intend to discriminate
How do social traps and mirror-image perceptions fuel social conflict?
Social traps are situations in which people in conflict pursue their own individual self-interest, harming the collective well-being. Individuals and cultures in conflict also tend to form mirror-image perceptions: Each party views the opponent as untrustworthy and evil-intentioned, and itself as an ethical, peaceful victim. Perceptions can become self-fulfilling prophecies.
Why do sports fans tend to feel a sense of satisfaction when their archrival team loses? Do such feelings, in other settings, make conflict resolution more challenging?
Sports fans may feel they are a part of an ingroup that sets itself apart from an outgroup (fans of the archrival team). Ingroup bias tends to develop, leading to prejudice and the view that the outgroup "deserves" misfortune. So, the archrival team's loss may seem justified. In conflicts, this kind of thinking is problematic, especially when each side in the conflict develops mirror-image perceptions of the other (distorted, negative images that are ironically similar).
what do the social influence studies teach us about ourselves? How much power do we have as individuals?
These experiments have demonstrated that strong social influences can influence behavior. The power of the individual (personal control) and the power of the situation (social control) interact. A small minority that consistently expresses its views may sway the majority, as may even a single committed individual.
Does role playing affects attitudes?
Yes: Stanford Experiment with the prisoners and guards
What are self-fulfilling prophecies?
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
Discrimination is to _____ as prejudice is to _____.
behavior; attitude
Driving to school one snowy day, Marco narrowly misses a car that slides through a red light. "Slow down! What a terrible driver," he thinks to himself. Moments later, Marco himself slips through an intersection and yelps, "Wow! These roads are awful. The city plows need to get out here." What social psychology principle has Marco just demonstrated? Explain.
By attributing the other person's behavior to the person ("What a terrible driver") and his own to the situation ("These roads are awful"), Marco has exhibited the fundamental attribution error.
Jamal's therapist has suggested that Jamal should "act as if" he is confident, even though he feels insecure and shy. Which social psychological theory would best support this suggestion, and what might the therapist be hoping to achieve?
Cognitive dissonance theory best supports this suggestion. If Jamal acts confident, his behavior will contradict his negative self-thoughts, creating cognitive dissonance. To relieve the tension, Jamal many realign his attitudes with his actions by viewing himself as more outgoing and confident.
what is culture, and how does its transmission distinguish us from other social animals?
Culture represents our shared behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions, which we transmit across generations by way of our language ability. Culture, with is language and efficient division of labor, allows us to preserve innovation.
How does the presence of others influence our actions, via social facilitation, social loafing, and deindividuation?
In social facilitation, the mere presence of others arouses us, improving our performance on easy or well-learned tasks but decreasing it on difficult ones. In social loafing, group work makes us feel less responsible, and we may free ride on others' efforts. When the presence of others both arouses us and makes us feel anonymous, we may experience deindividuation—loss of self-awareness and self-restraint.
Why didn't anybody help Kitty Genovese? What social psychology principle did this incident illustrate?
In the presence of others, an individual is less likely to notice a situation, correctly interpret it as an emergency, and take responsibility for offering help. The Kitty Genovese case demonstrated this bystander effect, as each witness assumed many others were also aware of the event.
How does romantic love typically change as time passes?
Intimate love relationships start with passionate love—an intensely aroused state. Over time, the strong affection of companionate love may develop, especially if enhanced by an equitable relationship, intimate self-disclosure, and positive support.
What did Milgram's obedience experiments teach us about the power of social influence?
Obedience is highest when : the person giving the orders was close at hand and was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure; the authority figure was supported by a powerful or prestigious institution the victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room there were no role models for defiance
How do our attitudes and our actions affect each other?
Our attitudes often influence our actions as we behave in ways consistent with out beliefs. However, our actions also influence our attitudes; we come to believe in what we have done.
What can we do to promote peace?
Peace can result when individuals or groups work together to achieve superordinate (shared) goals. Research indicates that contact, cooperation, communication, and conciliation—such as the Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction (GRIT) strategy—help promote peace.
What are some ways to reconcile conflicts and promote peace?
Peacemakers should encourage equal-status contact, cooperation to achieve superordinate goals (shared goals that override differences), understanding through communication, and reciprocated conciliatory gestures (each side gives a little).
what are the recent findings of speed dating?
People who fear rejection often elicit it; given more options, people make more superficial choices; men wish for future contact with more of their speed dates (women tend to be choosier)
How do attitudes and actions interact?
Peripheral route persuasion uses incidental cues (such as celebrity endorsement) to try to produce fast but relatively thoughtless changes in attitudes. Central route persuasion offers evidence and arguments to trigger thoughtful responses. When other influences are minimal, attitudes that are stable, specific, and easily recalled can affect our actions. Actions can modify attitudes, as in the foot-in-the-door phenomenon and role playing. When our attitudes don't fit with our actions, cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we will reduce tension by changing our attitudes to match our actions.
What groups are frequent targets of prejudice?
Prejudice involves explicit and implicit negative attitudes toward people of a particular racial group or ethnic group, gender identity, sexual orientation, or belief system. In the U.S, frequently targeted groups include Black Americans, women, Muslim Americans, and gay, lesbian, and transgender people.
what groups frequent targets of prejudice?
Prejudice involves explicit and implicit negative attitudes toward people of a particular racial or ethnic group, gender identity, sexual orientation, or belief system. In the United States, frequently targeted groups include Black Americans, women, Muslim Americans, and gay, lesbian, and transgender people.
Why do we befriend or fall in love with some people but not others?
Proximity (geographical nearness) increases liking, in part because of the mere exposure effect—exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of those stimuli. Physical attractiveness increases social opportunities and improves the way we are perceived. Similarity of attitudes and interests greatly increases liking, especially as relationships develop. We also like those who like us.
How is social contagion a form of conformity, and how do conformity experiments reveal the power of social influence?
Social contagion (the chameleon effect)—our tendency to unconsciously imitate others' behavior, expressions, postures, voice tones, and moods—is a form of conformity. Solomon Asch and others found that we are most likely to adjust our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard when we feel incompetent or insecure, our group has at least three people, everyone else agrees, we admire the group's status and attractiveness, we have not already committed to another response, we know we are being observed, and our culture encourages respect for social standards. We may conform to gain approval (normative social influence) or because we are willing to accept others' opinions as new information (informational social influence).
How do social exchange theory and social norms explain helping behavior?
Social exchange theory is the view that we help others because it is in our own self-interest; in this view, the goal of social behavior is maximizing personal benefits and minimizing costs. Others believe that helping results from socialization, in which we are taught guidelines for expected behaviors in social situations, such as the reciprocity norm and the social-responsibility norm.
What do social psychologists study? How do we tend to explain others' behavior and our own?
Social psychologists use scientific methods to study how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. They study the social influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations. When explaining others' behavior, we may—especially if we come from an individualist Western culture—commit the fundamental attribution error, by underestimating the influence of the situation and overestimating the effects of stable, enduring traits. When explaining our own behavior, we more readily attribute it to the influence of the situation.
Psychology's most famous obedience experiments, in which most participants obeyed an authority figure's demands to inflict presumed painful, dangerous shocks on an innocent participant, were conducted by social psychologist .
Stanley Milgram
What is outgroup homogeneity?
Tendency to see members of outgroups as more similar to one another than members of the ingroup
Which situations have researchers found to be most likely to encourage obedience in participants?
The Milgram studies showed that people were most likely to follow orders when the experimenter was nearby and was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure, the authority figure was supported by a powerful or prestigious institution, the victim was depersonalized or at a distance, and there were no models for defiance.
what is social facilitation, and why is it more likely to occur with a well-learned task?
The improved performance in the presence of others is most likely to occur with a well-learned task, because the added arousal caused by an audience tends to strengthen the most likely response. This also predicts poorer performance on a difficult task in others' presence.
Dr. Huang, a popular music professor, delivers fascinating lectures on music history but gets nervous and makes mistakes when describing exam statistics in front of the class. Why does his performance vary by task?
The presence of a large audience generates arousal and strengthens Dr. Huang's most likely response: enhance performance on a task he has mastered (teaching music history) and impaired performance on a task he finds difficult (statistics).
what are some social, emotional, and cognitive roots of prejudice, and what are some ways to eliminate prejudice?
The social roots of prejudice include social inequalities and divisions. Higher-status groups often justify their privileged position with the just-world phenomenon. We tend to favor our own group (ingroup bias) as we divide ourselves into "us" (the ingroup) and "them" (the outgroup). Prejudice can also be a tool for protecting our emotional well-being, as when we focus our anger by blaming events on a scapegoat. The cognitive roots of prejudice grow from our natural ways of processing information: forming categories, remembering vivid cases, and believing that the world is just (and that our own and our group's ways of doing things are the right ways). Monitoring our feelings and actions, as well as developing new friendships, can help us free ourselves from prejudice.
what is conflict?
a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas
what are social traps?
a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
what is to discriminate?
act in negative and unjustifiable ways toward members of the group.
A happy couple celebrating their fiftieth wedding anniversary is likely to experience deep ___________ love, even though their love has probably decreased over the years.
companionate; passionate
Line length is to _____ as shock is to _____.
conformity; obedience
Which of the following strengthens conformity to a group?
finding the group attractive
Laurie and Jim have been married for 20 years. When asked, Laurie indicated that what she most appreciated about their marriage was that they both freely give and receive affection and that they share decision making and household responsibilities. Laurie's description is an example of:
equity
Two vital components for maintaining companionate love are ________________ and ________-_______.
equity; self-disclosure
what are attitudes?
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
Sharing our opinions with like-minded others tends to strengthen our views, a phenomenon referred to as _________________________.
group polarization
When like-minded groups discuss a topic, and the result is the strengthening of the prevailing opinion, this is called .
group polarization
A dictator who has a lot of supporters around to back his or her suggestions makes decisions that are increasingly ill-considered and divorced from reality. This is an example of:
groupthink
When a group's desire for harmony overrides its realistic analysis of other options, ___________ has occurred.
groupthink
During a discussion, Dr. Mansfield argues that Asch's participants conformed to the confederates' responses because they wished to be correct about the lengths of the lines in the experiment. Dr. Roach counters that the participants conformed because they simply sought the confederates' approval. Dr. Mansfield is suggesting that Asch's conformity is an example of _____ social influence. Dr. Roach is suggesting instead that it reflects _____ social influence.
informational; normative
A jury deliberated on a rape case for more than eight hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and had been dressed too provocatively. These jurors said that by looking like that, she had been asking to be assaulted. Their opinion is BEST explained in terms of the
just-world phenomenon
Studies show that parents of delinquent young people tend to use physical force to enforce discipline. This suggests that aggression can be
learned through observation of aggressive models
what is central route persuasion?
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts/
what is peripheral route persuasion?
occurs when people are influence by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
Couples are more likely to meet __________ than they were in the past
online
The bystander effect states that a particular bystander is less likely to give aid if
other people are present
After vigorous exercise, you meet an attractive person, and you are suddenly seized by romantic feelings for that person. This response supports the two-factor theory of emotion, which assumes that emotions, such as passionate love, consist of physical arousal plus
our interpretation of that arousal
What is the chameleon effect?
our tendency to unconsciously mimic those around us
While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is BEST explained in terms of the _____ theory.
two-factor
A norm is a(n):
understood rule for accepted and expected behavior in a given group.
