Chapter 14- 16 Reading Quiz (MAP)

A patient's blood pressure is determined by sphygmomanometry to be 185/117. At what pressure did the Korotkoff sounds disappear and why?

< 117 mmHg, because cuff pressure is below diastolic and no longer causes turbulent blood flow

A decrease in which of the following would also cause mean arterial pressure to decrease?

All answers are correct (SV, TPR, HR)

During the pacemaker potential, membrane permeability increases for which of the following ions?

All answers are correct (ca2+, Na+, K+)

During exercise, sympathetic input to the heart is increased. Stroke volume is often maintained, or even increased, even though heart rate is also increasing. How is this possible?

All answers are correct. - Sympathetic input increases ventricular contractility, thereby increasing stroke volume. - Sympathetic input decreases conduction time within the heart, decreasing the delay between atrial and ventricular contractions. - Sympathetic input increases the speed of ventricular contraction. - Sympathetic input increases ventricular contractility, thereby increasing stroke volume, and sympathetic input decreases conduction time within the heart, decreasing the delay between atrial and ventricular contractions.

Which of the following statements about the systemic circuit is(are) true?

All organs within this circuit that are supplied with blood (including the heart) are in parallel with each other, some organs are in series with one another, and blood flow to each organ can be independently regulated.

Abnormalities within the SA node can cause which of the following symptoms?

Bradycardia or tachycardia

Calcium is removed from the cytosol of cardiac muscle cells by __________.

Ca2+ ATPases in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca2+/Na+ exchangers in the plasma membrane, and Ca2+ ATPases in the plasma membrane

Give the mechanistic explanation as to why tetanus does NOT occur in myocardial contractile cells?

Ca2+ entry depolarizes the cell and lengthens the refractory period, which prevents the summation of the tension developed from repeated action potentials.

Which of the following is(are) the same for the left and right ventricles?

Cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume

One aspect of the fight-or-flight response is widespread vasoconstriction. Which of the following accounts for this seemingly counterproductive phenomenon?

Constriction occurs only in nonessential tissues, whereas dilation occurs in essential tissues.

Which factor could result in decreased resistance to systemic blood flow?

Decrease in plasma oxygen concentration

Which of the following characteristics apply to arteries?

Elastic, low compliance, and pressure reservoirs

Capillaries contain which of the following structures?

Endothelium

Which of the following statements is(are) not true?

Fibers in the bundle of His can act as pacemarkers and only the SA node can initiate an action potential.

Which of the following is(are) the same in both the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

Flow rate

As part of the baroreceptor reflex response to hemorrhage, which of the following will increase?

Heart rate and venous return

Which of the following terms could be used to characterize veins?

High compliance and volume reservoir

In terms of maintaining blood pressure or inevitable fluctuations in blood pressure, when everything is considered, the immediate danger posed by __________ , is far greater than that posed by __________.

Hypotension; hypertension

Control of mean arterial blood pressure by the central nervous system may involve which of the following?

Hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, and medulla oblongata

Which of the following would result in an increase in cardiac output?

Increased end diastolic volume

When you begin to exercise, the working tissue will need an increased delivery of blood in order to obtain the oxygen and nutrients necessary for the maintenance of the increased metabolism. Which of the following will occur in order to help enhance the blood flow to the working tissue?

Increased heart rate and stroke volume

In an effort to bring mean arterial pressure back to normal after a hemorrhage, total peripheral resistance __________ because the blood flow to most organs __________. However, blood flow to the __________ and __________ is maintained because these organs are not greatly influenced by the baroreceptor reflex.

Increases; decreases; brain; heart

Which of the following will increase the force of contraction of the ventricles?

Increasing end diastolic volume

Which of the following could occur in muscle during exercise?

Ischemia

Which of the following contain one-way valves?

Lymphatic vessels and veins

Which of the following statements about the structure of the heart is(are) false?

None of the answers are false. True: The left ventricular wall is thicker than the right. The structure of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves helps to ensure that blood flows in only one direction through the heart. The innermost layer of epithelial cells, the endothelium, lines the inside of the entire cardiovascular system. The structure of the atrioventricular and semilunar valves helps to ensure that blood flows in only one direction through the heart and the innermost layer of epithelial cells, the endothelium, lines the inside of the entire cardiovascular system.

Which of the following may increase heart rate?

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Which of the following would increase mean arterial pressure?

Norepinphrine, epinephrine, and angiotensin II

Which of the following sequences correctly correlates the electrical signals of the ECG with the mechanical events of the cardiac cycle?

P-R segment—period of atrial contraction

How do pacemaker cells differ from contractile cells?

Pacemakers are autorhythmic but do not contract, whereas contractile cells generate a force of contraction.

Compared to arteries, which is lower in capillaries?

Pressure, velocity, and vessel radius

Which of the following is true regarding pulmonary circulation?

Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Which of the following observations would you expect to see on an ECG when you begin to exercise?

Shorter T-P interval

Which of the following would produce vasoconstriction of the arterioles in an organ?

Stretching of arteriolar walls and increased blood flow

The second heart sound occurs during which aspect of the ECG?

T wave

Which of the following statements about the pulmonary and systemic circuits is(are) true?

The vena cavae carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart and the aorta carries oxygenated blood away from the heart.

As blood flows through arterioles, which of the following decreases?

Velocity, pressure, and vessel radius

During which phase of contraction is blood pressure highest?

Ventricular systole

Which of the following mechanical events will occur as a result of the electrical events that produce the QRS complex in an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Ventricular systole

All of the following would cause an increase in blood pressure except __________.

a decrease in cardiac output

Trace the path of a red blood cell through the heart, starting in the right ventricle: a. pulmonary artery b. pulmonary vein c. lungs d. left atrium

a, c, b, d

Which type of vessel changes most to regulate resistance to blood flow? Why? a. Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls b. Arterioles, because they are the only type of vessel with an adjustable diameter c. Arteries, because of the large amount of muscle in their walls d. Veins, because they are the lowest-pressure vessels and can thus develop greater pressure increases with regulation

a. Arterioles, because of the large amount of smooth muscle in their walls

Which type of mature blood cell has no nucleus? a. Erythrocyte b. Lymphocyte c. Platelet d. Eosinophil

a. Erythrocyte

Which is the correct relationship among pressure, flow, and resistance? a. Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance. b. Flow is inversely proportional to change in both pressure and resistance. c. Flow is inversely proportional to change in pressure and directly proportional to resistance. d. Flow is directly proportional to change in both pressure and resistance.

a. Flow is directly proportional to change in pressure and inversely proportional to resistance.

What causes active hyperemia? a. Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2. b. The production of NO and O2 by tissues causes vasoconstriction due to enhanced vascular smooth muscle contraction. c. Occluded blood flow causes a dramatic drop in tissue O2 and high levels of CO2 and H+, causing endothelial cells to release NO. d. Blood loss causes skeletal muscle hypoxia, which leads to adenosine release and vasodilation.

a. Increased metabolism results in a local increase in CO2.

What is the stimulus for synthesis and release of erythropoietin? a. Low oxygen in tissues b. High carbon dioxide in tissues c. Low carbon dioxide in tissues d. High oxygen in tissues Submit

a. Low oxygen in tissues

What is an advantage to the longer duration of cardiac action potential compared with the skeletal muscle action potential? a. The longer duration prevents tetanus, which allows the heart chambers to relax and refill with blood before the next contraction. b. The longer duration results from an initial influx of calcium and sodium. This calcium adds to the calcium released from internal stores to allow for stronger contraction. c. The longer duration allows the chambers to generate enough force to supply enough blood to tissues. d. The longer duration results from an initial influx of calcium and sodium. This calcium allows the peak voltage to be higher than it would be with sodium influx alone, to allow for stronger contraction.

a. The longer duration prevents tetanus, which allows the heart chambers to relax and refill with blood before the next contraction.

For what are If channels responsible in cardiac autorhythmic cells? a. The pacemaker potential b. Action potential c. Cardiac diastole d. Membrane repolarization

a. The pacemaker potential

Which of the following statements regarding ion movement during action potentials in the heart is correct? a. The rising phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells is due to rapid Na+ influx b. The rising phase of an action potential in cardiac autorhythmic cells is due to rapid Na+ influx c. The plateau phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells is due to a constant and sustained efflux of K+ from the cell d. The rising phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells is due to rapid Na+ influx and the rising phase of an action potential in cardiac autorhythmic cells is due to rapid Na+ influx. e. The rising phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells is due to rapid Na+ influx, the rising phase of an action potential in cardiac autorhythmic cells is due to rapid Na+ influx, and the plateau phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells is due to a constant and sustained efflux of K+ from the cell.

a. The rising phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells is due to rapid Na+ influx

Which of the following involves an increase in parasympathetic activity, leading to widespread vasodilation and fainting? a. Vasovagal syncope b. Sympathetic hypotension c. Hypertension d. Parasympathetic hyperactivity

a. Vasovagal syncope

What is the mechanism behind myogenic autoregulation in vascular smooth muscle? a. When cells stretch, mechanically gated cation channels open, depolarizing the cell, resulting in contraction. b. Increased blood flow through an arteriole delivers more oxygen and glucose, making the smooth muscle cells more likely to contract. c. Increased blood flow stimulates the release of paracrine factors that vasodilate local vessels. d. Stretch causes depolarization of local neurons, which in turn depolarize the smooth muscle cells in the area.

a. When cells stretch, mechanically gated cation channels open, depolarizing the cell, resulting in contraction.

Which of these cells is a phagocyte? a. neutrophil b. basophil c. erythrocyte d. lymphocyte

a. neutrophil

In which of the following locations would hematopoiesis occur in adults? a. ribs b. liver c. spleen d. scapula

a. ribs

The electrocardiogram represents __________. a. the electrical activity of all of the cardiac muscle cells b. the electrical activity of only the pacemaker cells c. the chemical activity of the nerves that regulate the heartbeat d. the contractile activity of most of the myocardium

a. the electrical activity of all of the cardiac muscle cells

Which of these plasma proteins is important for transporting iron? a. transferrin b. fibrinogen c. albumins d. immunoglobulins

a. transferrin

Blood flow is increased to skeletal and cardiac muscle during exercise by __________.

active hyperemia

Functions of the lymphatic system include __________.

all answers are correct - prevention of fluid accumulation in the tissues (edema) - return of fluid accumulated in tissues to venous system - immunity - prevention of fluid accumulation in the tissues (edema) and return of fluid accumulated in tissues to the venous system

A decrease in central venous pressure would decrease __________.

all answers are correct (CO, SV, & MAP)

End diastolic volume is influenced directly or indirectly by __________.

all answers are correct (HR, preload, afterload, & symp nerve activity)

The cardiovascular control center in the medulla receives input from the __________.

all answers are correct (cortex, hypothalamus, & chemoreceptors)

Hypertension can be caused by __________.

all answers are correct (genetics, kidney disease, & hormone imbalance)

Stroke volume can be influenced by __________.

all answers are correct (preload, afterload, contractility, symp nerve activity)

During the plateau phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells __________.

all answers are correct (sodium channels are inactivated, inward rectifier potassium channels are closed, calcium channels are open, the membrane potential remains depolarized, & calcium channels are open and the membrane potential remains depolarized(

Functions that occur in the cardiovascular system include __________.

all answers are correct (transport, endocrine, sensory, & transport & sensory)

Blood vessel resistance is dependent on __________.

all answers are correct (vessel length, vessel radius, & blood vessel type (arteries vs arterioles, etc.))

During isovolumetric relaxation __________.

all answers are incorrect - ventricular pressure > aortic pressure - the second heart sound has not yet been heard - the heart is undergoing an isotonic contraction - blood is flowing from the atria to the ventricles - ventricular pressure > aortic pressure and the heart is undergoing an isotonic contraction

Which category of blood vessel has the thickest layers of elastic tissue and smooth muscle?

arteries

What does the P wave of the ECG represent?

atrial depolarization

Put the following events of the cardiac cycle in the correct order, starting with the ventricular filling phase: a. first heart sound b. P wave of ECG c. ventricular pressure > atrial pressure d. isovolumetric relaxation

b, c, a, d

A normal hemoglobin molecule consists of how many globin proteins and heme groups? a. Four globin protein chains with a single heme group in each hemoglobin molecule. b. Four globin protein chains, each one with a heme group associated with it c. Two globin protein chains, each one with two heme groups associated with it. d. One large globin protein chain wrapped around three heme groups. Submit

b. Four globin protein chains, each one with a heme group associated with it

If increased blood pressure stimulated the baroreceptor reflex, which changes would occur? a. Decreased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and decreased cardiac output b. Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output c. Decreased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output d. Increased vessel diameter, increased resistance, and increased cardiac output

b. Increased vessel diameter, decreased resistance, and decreased cardiac output

If the radius of a tube decreases by half, what will happen to the resistance to fluid flow? a. Resistance will decrease 16 times. b. Resistance will increase 16 times c. Resistance will double. d. Resistance will decrease by half.

b. Resistance will increase 16 times

Calcium ions are removed from the sarcoplasm of the cardiac cell by the action of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase pump and which other mechanism? a. Troponin binding b. Sodium-calcium exchanger on the sarcolemma c. ATP hydrolysis d. Ryanodine receptor channels on the SR membrane

b. Sodium-calcium exchanger on the sarcolemma

In a laboratory, students used a stimulus that decreased the distance between R waves on an ECG. This represents a _____. a. increased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate b. decreased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate c. decreased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate d. increased length of time for one heartbeat and decreased heart rate

b. decreased length of time for one heartbeat and increased heart rate

Which of the following is the fluid matrix of blood? a. Platelets b. plasma c. albumins d. hematopoiesis

b. plasma

Which organ is most responsible for the breakdown of old erythrocytes? a.Stomach b. spleen c. kidneys d. pancreas

b. spleen

Which blood vessels have the lowest blood pressure? a. capillaries b. veins c. venules d. arteries

b. veins

Arterial baroreceptors are located in the aorta and carotid arteries so that pressure (and flow) to the __________ can be closely monitored.

brain and systemic circuit

Put the following structures involved in cardiac impulse conduction in the correct order: a. AV node b. Purkinje fibers c. SA node d. bundle of His

c, a, d, b

Which cells act as the heart's pacemaker? Why are they the pacemaker cells? a. Cells of the AV node are the usual pacemakers, because they produce a lower rate of pacemaker potentials than other pacemaker cells. b. Cells of the SA node are the usual pacemakers, because the other cells of the conduction system are incapable of producing pacemaker potentials. c. Cells of the SA node are the usual pacemakers, because they are autorhythmic cells, and set the pace of the heart rate. d. Cells of the AV node are the usual pacemakers, because they are autorhythmic cells and set the pace of the heart rate.

c. Cells of the SA node are the usual pacemakers, because they are autorhythmic cells, and set the pace of the heart rate.

Which signaling molecule is important for red blood cell synthesis? a. Thrombopoietin b. Leukopoietin c. Erythropoietin d. Hemoglobin

c. Erythropoietin

Hemostasis has three major steps. The first is vasoconstriction and the final step is coagulation. What occurs between these two steps? a. Exposure of collagen b. Formation of a fibrin protein mesh to form a clot c. Formation of a platelet plug d. Contraction of vascular smooth muscle

c. Formation of a platelet plug

What is the role of heart valves? a. Heart valves contain the pacemaker cells, which determine cardiac rhythm. b. Heart valves ensure one-way flow of blood through the coronary circulation. c. Heart valves ensure one-way flow of blood through the heart chambers. d. Heart valves regulate the volume of blood entering the chambers in response to the demands of the body.

c. Heart valves ensure one-way flow of blood through the heart chambers.

What maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is NOT contracting (ventricular diastole)? a. Constriction of the arterioles b. Closing of the semilunar valves c. Recoil of the elastic arteries d. Stretching of the muscular arteries

c. Recoil of the elastic arteries

Which tissue in the walls of blood vessels allows for regulation of vessel diameter? a. Cardiac muscle b. Epithelial tissue c. Smooth muscle d. Neural tissue

c. Smooth muscle

Why is the velocity of blood lowest in the capillaries as compared with all other types of vessels? a. The capillaries have a larger diameter than the arterioles that feed them. b. The capillaries have a relatively large amount of smooth muscle for their diameter c. The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area. d. The capillaries have the lowest blood volume.

c. The capillaries have the largest cross-sectional area.

Ventricular contractility is influenced by __________.

calcium and epinephrine

Mean arterial pressure would remain unchanged if __________.

cardiac output is doubled but resistance is halved

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is equivalent to __________.

cardiac output x resistance

The pressure exerted by the presence of plasma proteins within the capillaries is called __________ pressure.

colloid osmotic

A deep cut to the skin damages blood vessels. What is the first step in preventing excessive blood loss through the wound? a. Platelet plug formation b. Stimulation of the coagulation cascade c. Clot formation d. Vasoconstriction

d. Vasoconstriction

Arteries are most accurately defined as blood vessels that carry __________. a. highly oxygenated blood b. blood toward the heart c. deoxygenated blood d. blood away from the heart

d. blood away from the heart

The lipid material of an atherosclerotic plaque accumulates __________. a. in and around the endothelial cells of arterioles and capillaries b. within the tunica media of arteries and veins c. on the surface of the endothelium of arteries d. just under the tunica intima in the arterial wall

d. just under the tunica intima in the arterial wall

Which blood component is NOT classified as a mature white blood cell? a. lymphocytes b. eosinophils c. neutrophils d. platelets

d. platelets

Which blood vessels return blood to the heart? a. atria b. arteries c. capillaries d. vein

d. vein

As blood flows away from the heart, how does overall blood pressure in vessels change? Why? a. Blood pressure increases, because vessel diameter narrows with distance from the heart, which increases the force on the blood. b. Blood pressure decreases, because blood vessels are passive and cannot exert any force on the moving blood c. Blood pressure increases. Otherwise, the blood would not flow up toward the heart. d.Blood pressure decreases, because of the effects of friction between the vessel walls and the moving blood.

d.Blood pressure decreases, because of the effects of friction between the vessel walls and the moving blood.

Calcium channel blockers bind to Ca2+ channel proteins in vascular smooth muscle and cause _____.

dilation of vessels, lowering blood pressure

Differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that only arterioles ____________.

have a continuous smooth muscle layer in their walls

In contrast to most other types of excitable cells, cardiac contractile cells __________.

have a plateau phase in the action potential

The following conditions were found in a capillary progressively over a period of time: Arterial End Venous End PCAP = 52 PIF = 1 PCAP = 32 PIF = 1 pCAP = 25 pIF = 0 pCAP = 25 pIF = 0 The net filtration pressure in this capillary could be the result of __________.

heart failure

Starling's law of the heart can be stated as: __________.

if end diastolic volume increases, stroke volume will increase and if venous return decreases, end diastolic volume will decrease and stroke volume will decrease

Stroke volume rises during light exercise mainly due to __________.

increased ventricular contractility

Sympathetic activity increases ventricular contractility by __________.

increasing the rate of myosin ATPase activity and increasing the flow of calcium into the cytosol

Cardiac output is increased by __________.

increasing venous return and increasing ventricular filling time

Electrical signaling in the heart begins in the SA node because __________.

it depolarizes the fastest

The organ that plays the greatest role in regulating blood pressure by altering blood volume is the _____.

kidney

Vasovagal syncope is an example of the functioning of __________.

learned and emotional responses regulated by higher brain centers

Stenosis (scarring and thickening) in the bicuspid valve would directly affect __________.

left ventricular filling

Blood flow to a tissue will increase if the __________.

level of carbon dioxide at the tissue increases

Fenestrated capillaries are found in __________.

liver and lymphatic tissue

In active hyperemia __________.

low oxygen levels act directly on the smooth muscle of blood vessels

In reactive hyperemia __________.

low oxygen levels act directly on the smooth muscle of blood vessels

Venous return is increased by __________.

muscle contraction, breathing, and drinking fluids such as water

The effect of parasympathetic input to the heart is to __________.

open additional potassium channels in pacemaker cells

Chemical mediators that act locally to regulate the blood flow through the tissues that released them are known as __________.

paracrines

During the measurement of blood pressure with a sphygmomanometer, diastolic blood pressure is recorded when __________.

pressure in the blood pressure cuff is released until no further turbulent sounds are heard through the stethoscope

During isovolumetric contraction __________.

pressure in the ventricles is increasing

Congestive heart failure on the left side of the heart results in __________.

pulmonary edema and increased venous pressure

In the electrocardiogram (ECG), the T wave corresponds to the __________.

repolarization of the ventricles

Which of the following properly represents blood flow through the heart?

right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle

The pulmonary semilunar valve opens in response to __________.

right ventricle pressure > pulmonary artery pressure

The velocity of blood flow is __________ through the capillaries than the blood flow through the aorta because the overall cross-sectional area of all capillaries is __________ in comparison to the aorta.

slower; larger

Starling's law states that __________.

stroke volume increases as end-diastolic volume increases

All of the following increase stroke volume except __________.

the inspiratory phase of respiration

Regarding ventricular volumes __________.

the larger the end diastolic volume, the larger the stroke volume becomes and an increase in the force of ventricular contraction decreases the end systolic volume

The total flow rate of blood is __________ in the arterial system compared to the venous system, and the velocity of flow is __________ in arteries compared to veins of comparable size.

the same; greater

The majority of cardiac output is distributed to __________.

the tissue(s) with the greatest metabolic demand

According to the anatomical definition, an artery is a blood vessel that __________.

transports blood away from the heart

The actions of norepinephrine and acetylcholine on pacemaker cells is similar in that both transmitters __________.

utilize G proteins and affect calcium channels

The lymphatic system contains __________.

veins and capillaries