Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Immunity

redness

Greater blood volume enters area due to vasodilation.

Which regions drain into the thoracic duct?

Left upper limb Abdomen Left lower limb Left side of head and neck

What cell type has receptors on their surfaces that enable them to recognize nonself antigens?

Lymphocytes

Which two cell types are responsible for the adaptive defenses?

Lymphocytes Macrophages

The _____ antigens on the surface of macrophages help T cells recognize an antigen as foreign.

MHC or HLA

List three examples of mechanical barriers that are part of the innate defenses.

Mucus membranes Skin Sweat

What is the term for the activation of B cells or T cells that occurs upon first exposure to a specific antigen?

Primary immune response

Which regions drain into the right lymphatic duct?

Right upper limb Right head/neck Right side of thorax

What is anaphylaxis?

Severe wide-spread type I allergic response

List two locations where both B cells and T cells can be found.

Spleen Lymph nodes

Which two statements are true for lymphatic vessels?

Structurally similar to veins Contain valves to regulate fluid flow

Which type of lymphocyte is more abundant in the circulation (i.e. in the blood)?

T cells

List three factors that influence flow of lymph.

The pressure changes associated with breathing Contraction of the surrounding skeletal muscles Contraction of smooth muscle walls of the larger lymphatic trunks

Which three items are components of lymph?

Water Gases and nutrients Hormones

Which cell type is attracted to areas of inflammation, due to release of chemicals by infected cells or tissues?

White blood cells

are considered the functional units of the lymph node.

lymphatic nodules

With inhalation, thoracic cavity pressure is decreased and abdominal cavity pressure is increased. This squeezes lymph from the vessels within the __________ cavity into the vessels within the ______ cavity

abdominal & thoracic

Which cell type found in the tissues begins as a monocyte in the blood?

macrophage

Phagocytic cells in the lymph nodes called ______ engulf and destroy cellular debris as lymph is being filtered.

macrophages

What term is used for specific defenses against pathogens?

adaptive immunity

The immune system's response when a person receives a vaccination is called ______ immunity.

artificially acquired active

Lymphatic _______ are microscopic, closed-ended tubes found within interstitial spaces.

capillaries

If there is a second exposure to an antigen for which the immune system has made a first response, cells called _____ T cells divide to yield more cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells

memory

The T cells that do not respond to a foreign antigen on first exposure, but respond rapidly upon subsequent exposure are called ______ cells.

memory T

The role of ______ is to live in the body for a long period of time, in order to respond to new exposures to a specific antigen that previously triggered an immune response.

memory cells

Lymph nodes contain cells that defend against foreign microorganisms. These cells include B and T ________ which trigger immune responses, and ______ which act as phagocytes.

cells; macrophages

Activated T cells are responsible for the ______ immune response.

cellular (cell-mediated)

The use of chemicals released from injured tissue to attract phagocytes into the area is called _____

chemotaxis

Cytokines called ______-______ factors stimulate leukocyte production in red bone marrow and activate macrophages.

colony stimulating

It is within the layer of a lymph node called the _____ that masses of B cells and macrophages are found.

cortex

During inhalation, thoracic cavity pressure is _______, and abdominal cavity pressure is ______

decreased; increased

True or false: Within the stomach, the combination of enzymes and HCl makes the stomach more habitable to pathogens.

false

Indicate three of the functions of the lymphatic system.

fat absorption immunity fluid balance

Cells called _____ T cells stimulate B cells to make antibodies. Other T cells, called _____T cells, directly destroy antigen-bearing cells.

helper, cytoxic

the resistance to specific pathogens or their toxins is known as _____.

immunity

Nonspecific defense cells, called _______ ________ cells, secrete cytolytic substances that lyse ("cut") bacterial cells and destroy viruses.

nk

Disease-causing agents are also known as

pathogens

Which enzyme found in gastric juice catalyzes a protein-splitting reaction?

pepsin

Lymph has a composition similar to blood plasma except that lymph does not contain large

plasma proteins

During a _____ immune response, antibodies appear more slowly than during a ____ immune response.

primary; secondary

Before birth, cells inventory the body's antigens. These antigens are said to be "______" antigens, because they belong to the body.

self

An antigen is a(n) ______.

substance that can cause an immune response

After leaving lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels merge to form larger lymphatic ______.

trunks

Which structure monitors body fluids for invaders and filters harmful particles from lymph?

lymph node

Lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, to lymphatic system structures called

lymph nodes

In addition to circulating in the blood, T cells and B cells reside in the ____ tissues and organs.

lymphatic

What is meant by the term clone when describing activated lymphocytes?

A group of genetically identical cells produced from one activated lymphocyte

A B lymphocyte encounters the antigen that matches its membrane-bound antigen receptors. What is the immediate result of the binding of the antigen to the receptor?

Activation of B cell

Where are lymph nodes generally located?

Along larger lymphatic vessels

What is another name for the humoral immune response?

Antibody-mediated immune response

Pain

Appropriate receptors are stimulated in area of injury or infection.

heat

Blood enters area from deeper body parts..

edema

Capillaries in area of injury or infection have increased permeability (leakiness).

Indicate two effects of immunosuppressive drugs on the recipient's tissue.

Causes recipient to be more susceptible to infection Dampening both the humoral and cellular immune responses

List three reasons why a given species may be resistant to diseases that affect other species ("species resistance").

Cells/tissues lack the temperature that a particular pathogen requires. Cells/tissues lack the chemical environment that a particular pathogen requires. Cells/tissues lack receptors that a particular pathogen requires.

List three functions of the different types of T cells.

Divide to produce additional T cells on second exposure to antigen Stimulate B cells to produce antibodies Secrete toxins that kill antigen-bearing target cells

Which statements describe IgG?

Effective against bacteria, viruses and toxins Activates complement

Which are two ways that a person can acquire active immunity?

Exposure to a pathogen causing a disease condition Injection with a vaccine

Indicate the two primary functions of lymph nodes.

Filter lymph Immune surveillance

What event leads to activation of B cells?

Finding and binding the B cell's targeted antigen

What type of cell releases cytokines that activate cytotoxic T cells?

Helper T cell

During a primary immune response, in what order do the plasma cells release the first two types of antibodies?

IgM followed by IgG

Where is the thymus located?

In the thoracic cavity, above the heart

Indicate the two pressure changes that occur with inhalation (also called inspiration) that aid in returning lymph to the blood via subclavian veins.

Increased pressure in the abdominal cavity Low pressure in the thoracic cavity

What factor regulates the movement of tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries?

Increased tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure

In which two situations would a person acquire passive immunity?

Injection of antiserum or gamma globulins Transfer of IgG from mother to fetus through the placenta

Which statement describes the actions of interferon?

Interferon binds to uninfected cells and blocks replication of viruses.

Which of the following can be secreted by T cells?

Interferon to inhibit proliferation of viruses and tumor cells Growth inhibiting factors that prevent target cell growth Toxins that kill antigen-bearing target cells

What are lymphatic nodules?

Location of B cells and macrophages in lymph nodes

List three areas drained by the thoracic duct.

Lower limbs Left side of thorax, head, and neck Abdomen

Which component of the lymphatic pathway has walls that are comprised of only simple squamous epithelium?

Lymphatic capillaries

What is the name of the spaces located within lymph nodes, through which lymph circulates?

Lymphatic sinuses

Which body system functions to maintain fluid balance in the tissue and absorb digested fats?

Lymphatic system

Indicate the two cell types in the lymph nodes that function to attack microorganisms as lymph is being filtered.

Macrophages Lymphocytes

List three possible outcomes of the direct attacks on antigens resulting when antibodies bind to them.

Neutralization of toxic portions of antigen molecules Agglutination cells with antigens on surfaces Precipitation of antigens

In addition to water, what other components are found in lymph?

Nutrients, hormones, and gases

Indicate the two statements that describe lymphocyte production.

Occurs throughout life Occurs in red bone marrow

Which two of these factors are examples of chemical barriers important in innate defense?

Pepsin and HCl of gastric juice Lysozyme found in tears

Name the aggregates of diffuse lymphatic tissue that are found in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine.

Peyer's patches

List three properties of phagocytes and the process of phagocytosis.

Phagocytes in the lymphatic system remove foreign particles from lymph. Phagocytes in the blood vessels and tissues of spleen, liver, and bone marrow remove particles in the blood. The most active phagocytes in the blood are neutrophils and monocytes.

Which two phrases describe passive immunity?

Short-term immunity; the individual is susceptible to the antigen upon exposure at a later date Occurs when a person's immune system did not respond; antibodies were produced by another individual

Describe the composition of the wall of lymphatic capillaries.

Thin-walled, squamous epithelial cells

Name the encapsulated bilobed lymphatic organ located anterior to the aorta and posterior to the sternum.

Thymus gland

What is the role of leukocytes during inflammation?

To act as phagocytes

What is the meaning of the root word -gen (as in allergen)?

To be produced

What is the function of the connective tissue "sac" that forms around an area of infection?

To wall off infection so it won't spread

Once activated, T cells proliferate, producing genetically identical cells. As a group, these cells are called ______.

a clone

Plasma cells produce and secrete immune proteins called

antibodies, immunoglobulins, Igs, Ab, Abs, or Ig

For a T cell to be activated, it must encounter processed fragments of an antigen that are attached to the surface of a(n) _______ cell.

antigen-presenting

What term describes the type of immunity that occurs when a person exposed to an antigen receives an injection of antibodies (antiserum) produced by another person?

artificially acquired passive immunity

In ____ disorders, the immune system is unable to distinguish self from nonself antigens, and so attacks the self-antigens.

autoimmune

The redness that accompanies inflammation is due to ______.

blood vessel dilation that increases blood flow and volume

The form of adaptive immunity in which direct interaction occurs between activated T lymphocytes and targeted cells is called ____ immunity.

cell-mediated or cellular

A step in activation of cytotoxic T cells involves interaction with _____ molecules that are released by helper T cells.

cytokines

Which statement describes IgG?

effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins

rue or false: All of the lymphocytes needed by the body are produced in the liver and spleen during fetal development (prior to birth).

false

Antibodies are part of the ______ fraction of plasma proteins.

gamma globulin

List three possible chemicals that may act as antigens.

glycoproteins glycolipids proteins

Once activated, cells called ____ T cells stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the foreign antigen.

helper

Which type of cell stimulates a B cell to release antibodies specific to the presented antigen?

helper T cell

Actions of the cells and biochemicals of the lymphatic system are important in _____ against disease, toxins, and cancer cells.

immunity

List two locations for MALT, a type of diffuse lymphatic tissue.

in wall of respiratory tract in wall of digestive tract

Upon injury to or infection in a tissue, the innate defense mechanism of ______ occurs first, leading to redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

inflammation

The formation of the fluid called ______ depends upon tissue fluid formation.

lymph

A macrophage phagocytizes a bacterium, digests it, then displays fragments of the foreign antigens on its cell surface. The antigens are displayed on the cell membrane near proteins called ______.

major histocompatibility complex proteins

Upon subsequent exposure to an antigen, cells called _____ T cells immediately divide to yield a large number of additional T cells (both helper and cytotoxic T cells) resulting in a secondary immune response.

memory

the _____ membranes lining the passageways of organ systems create mechanical barriers, one aspect of the innate defenses.

mucus

Which of these can be secreted by any of the types of T cells produced in the immune response?

perforin cytokine colony-stimulating factor

Released by natural killer cells, which substances lyse cell membranes of infected cells?

perforins

A type of differentiated B cell called a(n) ______ cell produces and secretes antigen-receptor proteins called ____ .

plasma; antibodies

Where do lymphocyte precursors develop into B cells?

red bone marrow

The term "species " _______ refers to the fact that a given organism may not be susceptible to diseases that affect other organisms.

resistance

List three terms used to describe the "third line of defense" against pathogens.

specific defense adaptive defense immunity

Which lymphatic organ removes cellular debris caused by rupture of older, fragile red blood cells?

spleen

Thymus gland secretes the hormone called ______ which is important for the maturation of ______ cells

thymosin, T

A danger with tissue or organ _____ is that the recipient's immune response may recognize the donor's cells as foreign and attempt to destroy them.

transplant or transplantation

The part of the lymphatic system called the lymphatic vessels have structures called _______ that help prevent backflow of lymph.

valves

As lymph is returned to the blood, it enters the ______ circulation.

venous