Chapter 14

Damage to the substantia nigra causes a decrease in the neurotransmitter dopamine. This causes a gradual, generalized increase in muscle tone, which is the main symptom of

Parkinson's disease

A person with a damaged visual association area may be

able to see letters but unable to associate them into words.

The white matter of the cerebellum forms the

arbor vitae

The anterior nuclei of the thalamus

are part of the limbic system

Cortical regions that interpret sensory information or coordinate motor responses are called ________ areas.

association

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by stroke or temporarily affected by drugs or alcohol. The resulting disturbance in motor control is known as

ataxia

Within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the

basal nuclei

Hydrocephalus, or "water on the brain," may result from

blockage of CSF circulation or excessive CSF production.

medulla oblongata regulates

blood pressure and respiration

The choroid plexus is composed of

blood vessels

The medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain comprise the

brain stem

The presence of many large, highly-branched Purkinje cells in a sample of brain tissue indicates that it came from the

cerebellar cortex

What makes up the gray matter in the cerebellum? (Figure 14-9)

cerebellar cortex and cerebellar nuclei

Overseeing the postural muscles of the body and making rapid adjustments to maintain balance and equilibrium are functions of the

cerebellum

When you perform a physical activity that you have not done in a while, such as riding a bike, which area of your brain coordinates your movements with learned experiences?

cerebellum

Descending fibers from the pons to the cerebellum pass through these structures of the midbrain?

cerebral peduncles

Nerve fiber bundles on the ventrolateral surface of the mesencephalon are the

cerebral peduncles.

The highest levels of information processing occur in the

cerebrum

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexus

The corpus callosum is composed of

commissural fibers

The medial nuclei of the thalamus

connect emotional centers in the hypothalamus with the frontal lobe.

The mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus

control feeding reflexes.

The ________ are the four masses on the posterior of the midbrain.

corpa quadrigemina

The thalamus is often called the "air traffic controller" of the brain because it

determines the routing of incoming sensory information to the correct cerebral cortex area.

The dural venous sinuses are located in the

dural folds

How rapidly is CSF volume replaced?

every 8 hours

Two large venous sinuses, the sagittal sinuses, lie within a dural fold called the

falx cerebri

Stimulation of the ________ within the hypothalamus produces the sensation of hunger.

feeding center

The dural fold that projects into the longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres is called the

flax cerebri

Which of the following is/are true of the epithalamus?

forms the roof of the diencephalon

A tract of white matter that connects the hippocampus with the hypothalamus is the

fornix

Which of the following is not a property of the limbic system?

functions in maintaining homeostasis in cold weather

The rounded elevations of the cerebrum that increase its surface area are called

gyri

The ________ is important in storage and recall of new long-term memories.

hippocampus

Joe begins to experience mood swings and disturbed thirst and hunger. Imaging studies indicate that a brain tumor is the likely cause of these disorders. In what part of the brain is the tumor most likely located?

hypothalamus

The ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

hypothalamus

The floor of the diencephalon is formed by the

hypothalamus

The lateral ventricles are found

in the cerebral hemispheres.

Parkinson's disease is the result of

inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons.

The medulla oblongata relays auditory stimuli to the

inferior colliculi

The reflex movement of the head toward a loud noise is directed by the mesencephalon. Which nuclei accomplish this?

inferior colliculi

The region of the cerebral cortex that is medial and deep to the temporal lobe is the

insula

Which of the following is not correctly matched?

internal capsule: bands of association fibers

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the

interventricular foramen.

Cerebrospinal fluid

is secreted by ependymal cells.

Which of the following is not true regarding the lentiform nucleus?

it contains white matter

The dorsal/posterior nuclei of the thalamus includes the

lateral and medial geniculate nuclei

The optic nerves carry visual information from the retina to the

lateral geniculate nuclei.

After suffering a stroke, Mary finds that she cannot move her right arm. This would suggest that the stroke damage is in the area of the ________ lobe.

left frontal

The system that functions in tying together emotions, motivation and memory is the

limbic system

The two cerebral hemispheres are separated by the

lobes

Autonomic centers that control blood pressure, heart rate, and digestion are located in the

medulla oblongata

Cardiovascular centers located in the ________ adjust the heart rate, the strength of cardiac contractions, and the flow of blood through the peripheral tissues.

medulla oblongata

The control of heart rate and blood pressure is based in the

medulla oblongata

The cerebellum and pons develop from the

metencephalon

What structures make up the brainstem? (Figure 14-1)

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

As you ascend from the medulla oblongata to the cerebrum, the functions of each successive level become

more complex

After suffering a blow to the back of the head, Phil loses his vision. The blow probably caused damage to the

occipital lobe

The visual cortex is located in the

occipital lobe

The cerebral lobe posterior to the central sulcus is the

parietal lobe

List the maters surrounding the brain from the deepest layer to the most superficial layer. (Figure 14-3)

pia, arachnoid, dura

The tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem are located in the

pons

The primary motor cortex is the surface of the

precentral gyrus.

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the

prefrontal cerebral cortex.

Difficulties in estimating temporal relationships between events may stem from damage to

prefrontal cortex

Which cerebral area is involved with judgment and predictive abilities?

prefrontal cortex

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the ________ cortex.

primary sensor

What symptoms would you expect to see in a patient with damage to the basal nuclei?

problems in rhythmic movements related to skeletal muscles

Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?

process sensory information and relay it to the cerebrum

Which of the following is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

produces ATP for impulse transmission

During development, three primary brain vesicles form. The three vesicles are the

prosencephalon (forebrain) mesencephalon (midbrain) rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Damage to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus leads to which problem?

reduced ability to regulate body temperature

The mesencephalon contains the headquarters of the ________, a specialized component of the reticular formation that controls alertness and attention.

reticular activating system

Which of the following is not function of the hypothalamus

secrete melatonin

The wall between the lateral ventricles is called the

septum pellucidum

What contains a spider web-like network of cells and fibers through which cerebrospinal fluid flows?

subarachnoid space

Examination of a tissue sample from the central nervous system reveals many darkly pigmented cells. This tissue probably came from the

substantia nigra

The corpora quadrigemina is composed of the

superior and inferior colliculi.

Which of the following is not one of the thalamic nuclei?

superior nuclei

Which hypothalamic nucleus is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

suprachiasmatic nucleus

The auditory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

The olfactory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

Sensory information is processed and relayed to the cerebrum by the

thalamus

The ________ filters and relays sensory information to cerebral cortex.

thalamus

Terry suffers from dissociation of memories from their emotional content as the result of an automobile accident. What system of the brain is probably damaged?

the limbic system

Damage to the medulla oblongata can result in death because

the vital centers for the control of blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing are located there.

Chambers within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid are called

ventricles

Jane suffers from chronic seizures and in order to control the problem undergoes surgery in which the fibers of the corpus callosum are cut. As a result of this surgery she would likely be unable to

verbally identify an object placed in her left hand.

The cerebellar hemispheres are separated by a band of cortex called the

vermis (worm)

Damage to the corpora quadrigemina would interfere with

visual and auditory reflex movements of the head and neck

The hypothalamus produces which two hormones?

ADH Oxytocin

Which of the following is not true regarding hemispheric lateralization?

Analytic tasks like math and decision making occurs in the right hemisphere.

Tony hit his head in a car accident. The physicians diagnosed him with a subdural hemorrhage. Which of the following correctly states where the bleeding has occurred in his brain?

Blood is between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater.

Following a head injury, Kevin can think of the word he wants to say but cannot make his mouth form the correct sounds to produce the word. He is most likely suffering from damage to

Broca's area

Which of the following is true regarding the pineal gland?

It is part of the epithalamus and secretes melatonin.

Which of the following is not a property of the blood-brain barrier?

It is very permeable to many water and lipid-soluble compounds.