Chapter 15
Ecological economics questions the need in classical economics for constant
growth
Urban populations grow in two major ways: by natural increase (such as births) and by ________.
immigration
Smart growth aims to make land-use planning democratic by ______.
including public discussions and input
It is important to ______ the costs of ecological services in sustainable resource accounting.
internalize
In classical economics, the relationship between supply and demand is ______ in a free market.
inverse
Slums are multifamily housing areas that are inadequate but are ______ in the eyes of the government.
legal
A population center with over 10 million people is a _______.
megacity
An open access system is one in which there are ______.
no rules to manage a natural resource
Materials like minerals, metals, and fossil fuels are present in fixed amounts on earth over human time spans. These materials are known as _______ resources.
nonrenewable
Drought, rapid growth and poor planning are ways in which there may ______ water for ever-growing urban populations.
not be enough
Sprawl is the process where a compact city begins to grow outward and consumes ______ space, which may waste resources.
open
If there are no rules to manage a natural resource it is known as a(n) ______ system.
open access
Projected costs of environmental regulations by both industry and government tend to ______ the actual costs.
overestimate
Estimates have placed the cost of ______ in the United States at $78 billion per year in wasted time and fuel. Therefore, when cities are being developed, it is crucial that sufficient funds for transportation are allotted.
traffic congestion
True or false: In developing nations, traffic congestion often leads to air quality problems.
true
Which statement best reflects the "monitoring the resources" aspect of the communal resource management system?
Monitoring the resources and incentives to encourage compliance is needed.
Which of the following is the most valuable ecological process occurring in the United States?
Soil formation
What is urban agglomeration?
The merging of multiple municipalities
The branch of economics that tries to understand the relationship between the economy and supporting ecological systems is known as ______ economics.
ecological
Environmentally-friendly cities promote and help with ______. (Select all that apply.)
energy efficiency recycling programs farmland conservation
Some of the characteristics of urban sprawl include ______. (Choose all that apply.)
a lack of centralized planning and zoning fragmentation of power among small units of government
The HDI and the GPI are alternative measures to GDP and GNP that ______.
account for well-being
A cost-benefit analysis works in part by trying to find the optimal efficiency point; this is the point at which marginal costs of pollution ______ the marginal benefits.
equal
Gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) measure a nation's economic output. The main difference is GDP ______ activity outside the nation's boundaries.
excludes
Worldwide, large cities are _______ at a rapid rate.
expanding, growing, or increasing
The value of degraded groundwater quality due to infiltration of unused fertilizer is an _____ cost.
external
The value of degraded groundwater quality due to infiltration of unused fertilizer is an _______ cost.
external
Respecting diversity, relying on current solar income, and recycling or reusing all waste products are the three primary _______ principles of Bill McDonough.
design
China alone is spending $8 billion annually on research and _____ in sustainable energy; that's a lot of work for a lot of people.
development
In addition to initial cost, a green consumer should consider ______.
energy requirements for use environmental impacts of production transportation distance of goods
Efficiently planned transportation in a city can reduce the _______ drivers spend behind the wheel and thus also reduce air pollution and increase efficiency.
time, hours, or minutes
A megacity has a population of ______.
10+ million
More than _____% of earth's human population lives in cities.
50
Natural resources are a source of __________ materials and serve as ________________ sinks in the natural resources economics viewpoint.
Blank 1: raw Blank 2: waste
The city of _______ has more than 160 cities with 1 million residents. It has experienced the largest demographic transition on record.
CHina
The country with the largest demographic shift from rural to city living is ______.
China
Select all the nonrenewable resources from the list below.
Coal Iron Oil
In neoclassical economics, what is the role of growth?
Continued growth is necessary for continuing prosperity.
Identify the design principles of smart growth. (Select all that apply.)
Determine in advance where development will take place. Encourage walking and biking.
What is the general term for the services and resources provided by the natural environment?
Ecological services
What happens when a city doubles its population in a short time period?
Extreme income inequality develops. Infrastructure becomes overloaded.
The difference between gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) is ______.
GDP is restricted to economic activity within the national boundaries
From the list below of internal and external costs to a coal-mining operation, select all the external costs. (Select all that apply.)
Groundwater pollution Carbon emissions from trucks used to transport coal Methane emissions
Rebuilding cities to be more environmentally-friendly can and has involved which of the following actions?
Implementing mixed-use planning Planting urban farms Increasing public transportation
Why does resource scarcity often lead to innovation?
Increases in the price of the resource make it cost-effective to spend money on research and development of new sources.
The "free rider" problem with communal property resources can best be summarized by which statement below?
Individuals take more than their fair share.
What word best describes how natural resources are used in a neoclassical economics model?
Interchangeable
Criticisms of international trade organizations include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Producers of raw materials see little of the income generated from them. Lax environmental and labor conditions tend to be rewarded in free trade agreements. They are largely run by wealthy nations controlling their own interests.
Identify important ecological services. (Select all that apply.)
Provide recreational and spiritual opportunities Oxygen production Groundwater recharge
Identify the two approaches used in ecological economics to counter the short-term view of classical economists.
Questioning the necessity of constant growth Including ecological services in economic accounting
Identify all the characteristics below associated with a communal resource management system.
There are sanctions for noncompliance. The resource is relatively scarce and highly variable. Generations of the same people have and will live there.
Criticisms of cost-benefit analysis include which of the following statements? (Select all that apply.)
There is an absence of standards. It is difficult to assign monetary prices to public resources. There is inadequate attention paid to alternatives.
is an important aspect of city planning and development since housing and employment areas tend to be located in different areas.
Transportation
True or false: An important ecological service is the regulated global energy balance and climate.
True
True or false: Estimates indicate less than 40% of residents in developing nations have satisfactory sewage treatment, which leads to water pollution.
True
How is a cost-benefit analysis done?
Value is assigned to both resources and effects of carrying and not carrying out an undertaking.
Select all the renewable resources from the list below.
Wind Water Crops
Select all the organizations known for microlending.
Women's Self-Employment Project Grameen Bank
Over half of the human population lives in ______.
cities
On average, very large cities are expanding at a ______ rate.
rapid
Renewable resources are those in which the rate we use them does not exceed the rate at which they can _______.
regenerate
A natural resource that we use at a rate slower than it is renewed is known as a _______- resourse
renewable
Individuals taking more than their fair share of communal property ______ is known as the "free rider" problem.
resources
Throughput is the amount of ______.
resources a society uses and discards
The High Line in New York City, and a portion of Lower Downtown in Denver, represent cities that are ______ by following the principles of smart growth.
revitalizing their downtowns
As cities grow rapidly, many lack sufficient ________ treatment systems to deal with quickly and poorly built housing. Water pollution is often the result.
sewage, waste, or sewer
An illegal subdivision where the landowner rents out land without city approval, and the houses are built from scrap materials, is called a ________.
shantytown
Some of the principles behind smart growth include limiting city ___________, and locating shopping and services nearby to reduce automobile dependence for everyday needs.
size, population, expansion, growth, or sprawl
The Detroit project that is using abandoned properties and residential yards to create an urban tree farm is an example of the smart growth principle of ______.
mixed use
Not only do people waste time when they spend long hours in traffic, but they also waste______ for work lost and fuel used.
money
Government _________ may affect urban growth by mandating where infrastructure, housing, industry, and educational institutions are placed.
policies, policy, rules, laws, regulations, or zoning
In places such as China, there may be enough water for its growing population but most of it is too ______ for human consumption.
polluted
Ecological services is the general term for ______.
the resources and services provided by the natural environment
John Stuart Mill's arguments against perpetual economic growth can be best summarized by which statement below?
Always striving for economic growth does not allow enough time for nonmaterialistic growth and goals.
Which statement best describes how natural resources are viewed under the neoclassical model?
As one natural resource becomes scarce, a substitute will be found.
Select the statement that explains the relationship between supply and demand in classical economics.
As supply increases, prices decrease.
Some of the characteristics of urban sprawl include dominance of freeways and private vehicles, widespread strip _______ and development that consumes ________and natural areas.
Blank 1: malls Blank 2: farms, agriculture, farmlands, or ranches
Developing countries tend to see an explosion in the number of vehicles that road construction cannot keep up with. Heavy traffic congestion of old poorly maintained vehicles therefore leads to air ______ issues.
Blank 1: quality or pollution
John Stuart Mill described a(n) ________ - _________ economy as one in which an equilibrium of resource use and production exists but intellectual and moral development can continue.
Blank 1: steady Blank 2: state
In classical economic theory, the price of a commodity is determined by ______ and _________
Blank 1: supply Blank 2: demand
Government policies tend to favor _______ areas over ______ areas in ways that draw people into the cities.
Blank 1: urban Blank 2: rural
Identify the ecologically responsible consumer choices you can make. (Select all that apply.)
Buying locally grown and made products. Reducing the amount of material goods you consume Recycling and reusing materials
How can market forces work to reduce pollution via a pollution tax? (Select all that apply.)
Companies are free to determine how they reduce pollution. The less a company pollutes, the more it saves.
Identify the environmental design principles of William McDonough in the following list. (Select all that apply.)
Current levels of solar income (power) are relied upon. The impact on plants, animals, and humans is evaluated. There are no waste products; any leftovers are used in other processes.
Which of the following list of reasons has the smallest effect on job loss?
Environmental and safety factors
Which of the following statements are benefits or results of microlending? (Select all that apply.)
It is possible to help the poor and make a profit on the loan. They can help the poorest of the poor. Poor women have shown remarkable ability to positively impact their families with these loans.
What types of goods currently come from green businesses?
Just about every type of good currently has a green option.
The goals of an eco-efficient economy include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Make regulation of toxic materials unnecessary. Introduce no hazardous materials in the environment. Produce nothing requiring constant vigilance from future generations.
What is the recent trend of green business?
Markets are growing both in number and monetary worth.
Which of the following are forms of capital? (Select all that apply.)
Microlending Human knowledge Natural water purification by a wetland
How does the cap-and-trade system work for industry?
Pollution limits are set and companies can buy credits if they are over or sell credits if they are under those limits.
Which of the following is a condition the International Monetary Fund (IMF) frequently puts on debtor nations and that is commonly criticized?
Slashing welfare programs
Which air contaminant emissions have been markedly reduced in response to a cap-and-trade system?
Sulfur
How can market forces work to reduce pollution via a pollution tax? (Select all that apply.)
The less a company pollutes, the more it saves. Companies are free to determine how they reduce pollution.
Which of the following statements about microlending is not true?
The loan default rates are higher than traditional loans.
Development of infrastructure in a poor country ______ when a city's population doubles in 25 years.
cannot keep up
Natural, human, and manufacturer are types of ________ as distinguished by economists.
capital
Wealth used to create even more wealth is known as
capital or capitalism
Natural resource economics views natural resources as ______ human-made capital.
cheaper and more abundant than
In a steady-state economy as described by John Stuart Mill, an equilibrium of resource use and production exists but intellectual and moral development ______.
continues
As a resource becomes scarce, the price of recovery and production increases. This makes it ______ to explore for new resources and find ways to use available ones more efficiently.
cost-effective
A market-based system to reduce sulfur dioxide pollution in the United States showed that pollution ______.
could be reduced this way
True or false: Environmental and safety regulations are within the top ten reasons for job loss in the United States.
false
True or false: Since fossil fuels are regenerated over geologic time, they are considered to be renewable resources.
flase
3M and Microsoft are just two examples of companies that have saved millions of dollars by ______.
following green business practices
Neoclassical economics believes constant economic ________ is both necessary and desirable in part because people can look forward to greater income and access to goods in the coming years.
growth
When costs are ______ they are included in the accounting process. This may not be easy to do for ecological services, but it is a important step in sustainability.
internalized
One advantage in enacting a carbon tax for each ton of carbon emitted is that ______.
it reduces pollution with fewer rules and regulations
Grameen Bank is known for the practice of ________ - providing small loans at low rates to people who would normally not have access to such funds.
microlending
In a cap-and-trade system, if a company reduces its pollution below an established cap, the company may ______.
sell a pollution credit to another company allowing the other company to exceed the cap
Inadequate multifamily legal dwellings are called ______.
slums
growth describes strategies and planning in developments that incorporate existing infrastructure and natural resources efficiently.
smart
The single most valuable ecological service, valued at over $17 trillion annually, is ___________ formation.
soil
Having a walkable neighborhood is better for our health because we ______
spend less time in traffic exercise more have more social contact spend more time outside
Urban _______ occurs when compact cities begin to spread over the landscape, consuming open space and wasting resources.
sprawl
Classical economic theory holds that in a free market willing sellers and informed buyers will settle on a fair price based on ______.
supply and demand
The goal of ecological economics is to understand the relationship between our economy and ______.
supporting ecological systems
The effect of mechanizing much of the work done on farms is ______.
that people are pushed towards the cities in search of work
True or false: The growth of organic food into a billion dollar market is a good example of the economic benefits of being a green business.
true
Shantytowns are illegal settlements where people move onto ________ lands and build their own houses typically from scavenged materials.
undeveloped
The merging of multiple municipalities is called ______.
urban agglomeration
Urban design principles that decrease our dependence on cars is better for our health in many ways, but the most observational is that people ______ more to get places that are easily accessible. (Use just one word for your answer.)
walk or bike
Capital can be defined as wealth that can be used to produce more ______.
wealth
What provides more jobs given the same amount of electricity produced: wind power or coal-fired power?
wind