Chapter 16 - Inflamation EAQ
Which is the maturational pathway a stem cell takes when it differentiates and matures into a platelet? Place your answers in the correct order. 1. Myeloid progenitor cell 2. Multipoint stem cell 3. Hematopoietic stem cell 4. Megakaryocyte
1. Hematopoietic stem cell 2. Multipoint stem cell 3. Myeloid progenitor cell 4. Megakaryocyte When a stem cell differentiates and matures into a platelet, it does, so in the following order, a hematopoietic stem cell transforms into a multipoint stem cell, which then gets converted into myeloid progenitor cell, then into a megakarocyte, which finally matures into platelets.
The nurse identifies that what you mean cell is highly active during a patient's type one hypersensitivity reaction? A. Basophils B. Monocytes C. Neutrophils D. Macrophages
A. Basophils Basophils are highly reactive during allergic and hypersensitivity reactions because of the presence of immunoglobulin E on their surfaces. Monocytes are relatively inactive and are not usually involved in hypersensitivity reactions. Although neutrophils and macrophages may play a role in hypersensitivity, because of the general inflammatory response, their role is not as prominent as the role of basil fills in this process.
The nurse recalls that which type of leukocyte releases histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage? A. Basophils B. Eosinophils C. Neutrophil D. Plasma cell
A. Basophils Basophils, secrete, histamine and heparin and areas of tissue damage. Heparin, inhibits blood and protein clotting. Histamine, constrict, small veins, thereby inhibiting blood flow and decreasing venous return. Eosinophils play an important role during allergic reactions and have weak phagocytic action. Plasma cells to create immunoglobulins in response to a specific antigen. The main function of nature feels is non-specific and gestures and phagocytosis of microorganisms and foreign protein.
In the process of phagocytosis, which substance coats the target cell to increase contact of the immune cell with the target cell? A. Opsonin B. Histamine C. Serotonin D. Leukotriene
A. Opsonin During the adherence phase of phagocytosis, opsonins coat the target cell to increase contact of the phagocytic cell with its target. Histamine, serotonin, and Leukotrienes are all substances that are released from basophils during an inflammatory action. They bind to host cells to activate them, not the cell that is targeted for destruction.
When caring for a patient with lung inflammation and low alveolar, macrophage levels, the nurse identifies that which immune function will be decreased? A. Phagocytosis B. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) activation C. Vasoconstriction D. Inhibition of clotting
A. Phagocytosis One of the primary activities of macrophages is phagocytosis. Without the presence of alveolar, macrophages, phagocytosis will greatly be reduced. IGE activation is a function of basophils and tissue mast cells. Vasoconstriction and inhibition of clotting and immune functions that occur in response to the release of vasoactive amines from basophils.
How does the nurse respond when a patient voices concerned about infection after noticing a small area of redness around an IV insertion site? A. Redness is a hallmark of information, and inflammation is not always accompanied by infection B. Redness is an expected side effect of having an IV. It's nothing to worry about. C. Redness is a hallmark of a blood infection. We will start antibiotics immediately. D. Redness is not associated with infection. Instead, it is associated with irritation of the skin by the cannula.
A. Redness is a hallmark of inflammation, and inflammation is not always accompanied by infection. Redness is a classical sign of inflammation. Although inflammation may be accompanied by an infection, an infection is not always present when inflammation is present. The redness could have several causes, including irritation of the skin by the cannula, a reaction to the infused medication, or a mild infection. The redness is not an expected side effect. It is an inappropriate for the nurse to tell the patient to not worry. Redness without other clinical manifestations does not indicate a blood infection. Redness is sometimes associated with infection; it is inaccurate to tell the patient otherwise.
After noting increased eosinophils in the laboratory results of a patient with an allergic response, the nurse recalls which function of this type of leukocyte? A. Release vasoactive amines B. Release histamine and heparin C. Destroy bacteria and cellular debris D. Secrete immunoglobulin
A. Release vasoactive amines There is an increase in the number of eosinophils during an allergic response. Eosinophils granules contain certain enzymes that degrade vasoactive chemicals released by other leukocytes. Basophils, release, histamine and heparin in areas of tissue damage. Monocytes destroy bacteria and cellular debris. Plasma cells, secrete immunoglobulin in response to the presence of a specific antigen.
The nurse observes a red an area on the hip of a patient who is on bedrest and identifies which stage of information when the patient denies pain at the site? A. Stage I B. Stage II C. Stage III D. The stage in which the arachidonic acid cascade starts to increase inflammation
A. Stage I Redness and warmth occur as part of stage one of the inflammatory process. If the patient is not experiencing pain, the information is likely very mild. The formation of pus exudate occurs during stage two and is often accompanied by pain. Stage three features tissue repair and replacement. During stage two, the arachidonic acid cascade starts to increase inflammation.
The nurse recalls which information about neutrophils in an older adult who is experiencing inflammation? A. The activity of neutrophils is reduced B. The neutrophils have eradicated the invading microbe C. A normal neutrophil count is indicative of a minor infection D. The neutrophil count does not change during inflammation
A. The activity of neutrophils is reduced The nurse is aware that the activity of the neutrophils in an older adult is reduced in the presence of inflammation. It does not mean the neutrophils eradicated the microbe. Although older patients may have an infection and not show expected changes in white blood cell counts, a normal neutrophil count is not indicative of a minor infection. The neutrophil count does not remain fixed in the presence of inflammation.
Which step of phagocytosis includes bringing the white blood cell into direct contact with the target? A. Exposure B. Attraction C. Adherence D. Recognition
B. Attraction Attraction is the second step of phagocytosis and brings the WBC and direct contact with the target (antigen, invader, or foreign proteins). Exposure and invasion occur as the first step in response to injury or invasion. Adherence, the third step, binds to the phagocytic cell to the surface of the target. Recognition, the fourth step, occurs when the phagocytic cell sticks to the target cell and recognizes it as non-self.
How does an anti-inflammatory drug inhibit inflammation in the human body? A. By promoting heparin action that inhibits blood and protein clotting B. By preventing enzyme, cyclooxygenase from converting arachidonic acid into mediators that inhibit inflammatory response C. By promoting the conversion of arachidonic acid to further mediators, such as histamine, leukotrines, and prostaglandins D. By improving action of Kinins that help dilate arterioles and increase capillary permeability
B. By preventing enzyme Cyclooxygenase from converting arachidonic acid into mediators that inhibit inflammatory response Anti inflammatory drugs act on the arachidonic acid cascades that promote inflammatory response. They prevent the conversion of arachidonic acid to chemical substances which are further processed into mediators, by acting on the enzyme Cyclooxygenase. Heparin and cannons are the mediators that inhibit blood and proteins clotting, daily arterials, and increase, capillary primary ability to increase the inflammatory response in the patient. Promoting the action of cyclooxygenase helps in the conversion of arachidonic acid to mediators. This will increase the effect of inflammation, worsening the patient's condition.
After providing teaching about information for a patient with a sprained ankle, which statement made by the patient indicates the need for further education? A. The inflammatory response is usually painful. B. Inflammation means that an infection is present C. Information means my body's defense mechanism is at work D. The swelling and redness around my ankle indicates inflammation
B. Inflammation means that an infection is present The nurse should explain to the patient that infection is usually accompanied by inflammation; however, inflammation can occur without infection. The presence of swelling and redness around the injured ankle is an inflammatory response; inflammation, is a non-specific body defense to invasion or injury. Inflammatory responses start tissue actions that caused pain and discomfort.
Which of the following statements indicates a need for further learning about the inflammatory response? A. Both monocytes and macrophages are formed from myeloid stem cells. B. Monocytes have the same activity as macrophages; they just reside in the blood rather than in tissues C. Monocytes are primarily found in the blood, and macrophages are only found in tissues D. Macrophages can either be fixed in position in tissues, or move between tissues
B. Monocytes have the same activity as macrophages; they just reside in the blood rather than in tissues Monocytes primarily reside in the blood in an immature form. This immature form has limited activity. Once they move into tissues, they mature into active macrophages. Therefore monocytes and macrophages do not have the same activity. Because macrophages are the mature form of monocytes, they are both derived from the same stem cells, in this case, myeloid stem cells. In addition, macrophages can be either fixed within a tissue, or they can move within, and between tissues if needed.
Which type of white blood cell is most involved in immunoglobulin E (IgE) presentation? A. Basophils B. Monocytes C. Neutrophils D. Eosinophils
Basophils Basophils and tissue mast cells are the primary types of white blood cells involved in IGE presentation. Although monocytes, neutrophils, and eosinophils may express IGE, they are not the primary cells involved in IGE presentation in the immune response.
Which change does the nurse expect to see in the white blood cell differential of a patient with a five day history of a sinus infection and large amounts of nasal exudate? A. A decrease in basophils B. A decrease in lymphocytes C. An increase in band neutrophils D. An increase in segmented neutrophils
C. An increase in band neutrophils If an infection lasts more than a few days, the bone marrow cannot keep up with the production of mature, segmented neutrophils, so it begins to released band neutrophils instead. This results in a significant increase in band neutrophils on the white blood cell differential. Segmented neutrophils will likely be decreased rather than increased, and basophils and lymphocytes may also be increased.
Which type of white blood cell is effective during a viral infection? A. Neutrophils B. Helper T-cells C. Cytotoxic T-cells D. Suppressor T-cells
C. Cytotoxic T-cells Cytotoxic T cells destroy the cells that contain human leukocyte antigens; this is the most effective activity performed against self cells, infected by invaders, such as viruses or protozoa. Neutrophils are crucial in controlling bacterial infections. Helper T cells recognize self versus non-self cells, and secrete cytokines to enhance the function of the white blood cells against the non-self cells. Suppressor T cells prevent immune over reactions.
Which type of white blood cell acts by limited inflammation, and may result in infection if the number of the cells decreases? A. Basophils B. Eosinophils C. Neutrophils D. Macrophages
C. Neutrophils It takes 12 to 14 days for the stem cell to produce mature neutrophils. If an infection persist for a long time, the bone marrow has less time for the maturation of neutrophils. The immature neutrophils released into the bloodstream are not capable of phagocytosis. Basophils release vasoactive amines the act on the blood vessels to stimulate the inflammatory response, especially during allergic and hypersensitive reactions. Eosinophils degrade the action of vasoactive amines released by basophils in order to limit the inflammatory response. Macrophages are first formed as monocytes from the myeloid stem cells in the blood; later, they mature as macrophages in the body tissue. Macrophages play a major role in phagocytosis.
The nurse includes which education related to information when providing discharge teaching for a patient after a modified radical mastectomy? A. A referral has been made to the American Cancer Society's reach to recovery program, and a volunteer will call you next week B. Do not allow anyone to take your blood pressure or draw blood on the side where you had your breast removed C. Report any increased redness, swelling, warmth, or pain to your health care provider D. Avoid the prone and hunchback positions, and ask your healthcare provider about other activity restrictions
C. Report any increased redness, swelling, warmth, or pain to your health care provider Instruction on increased signs and symptoms of inflammation reveal signs of potential infection, and is most important. Although discharge information about having blood pressure taken or having blood draw should be included, it is not education related to inflammation. Referrals are important in helping with coping, but are not related to inflammation. Positioning information is important, but it is not related to inflammation.
Which condition does the nurse suspect in a patient with a white blood cell differential count the indicates bandemia? A. Lupus B. Bone marrow disorders C. Sepsis D. Ongoing radiation therapy
C. Sepsis Problems such as sepsis caused the circulating neutrophils to change from being mostly segmented neutrophils to being less mature forms. This situation is a left shift or bandemia (sometimes called a shift to the left), because the segmented neutrophil (at the far right of the neutrophil pathway) is no longer the most numerous type in circulation. Instead, more of the circulating cells are bands - the less mature cell type found farther left on the neutrophil maturational pathway. In autoimmune disorders such as lupus, bone marrow disorder, and radiation therapy there would be a decrease in the white blood cell count because of decreased immunity.
Which of the following statements is a good description of otitis media? A. It is caused by a left shift or increase in immature neutrophils B. Many immune system cells released into the blood have specific effects C. The inflammatory response is triggered by the invasion of foreign organisms D. Phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils, destroys and eliminates foreign invaders
C. The inflammatory response is triggered by the invasion of foreign organisms Information is the process that occurs in response to invasion by organisms. And otitis media, it is a bacteria. Macrophages and neutrophils are involved in information; otitis media is an inflammation caused by infection. Immature, neutrophil forms should not be in the blood; the change in form is caused by infection, such as sepsis, immune system cells take action when encountering, a non-self or foreign protein, to not neutralize, destroy, or eliminate a foreign invader, but this does not cause inflammation.
Assessment findings of a patient in an emergency department include partial thickness second-degree burns caused by sun over exposure, intact blisters over the most severely burned areas, and moderate pain. Which statement does the nurse include in the patient's discharge information? A. You will likely develop scar tissue over the most severely burned areas; the body is unable to replace that much damage skin B. Watch for signs of infection over the burned area, including itching, peeling, and pus formation. C. You exude pus from the most severely burned areas as the inflammatory process proceeds; this should not be mistaken as a sign of infection. D. A medication will be prescribed to boost the inflammatory response to help the burn heal faster
C. you may exude pus from the most severely burned areas as the inflammatory process proceeds; this should not be mistaken as a sign of infection. The normal progression of the inflammatory response includes formation of us, which contains dead, white blood cells, necrotic, tissue, and fluids from damage cells. The formation of pus does not indicate the presence of infection, so it can be associated with infection, because the skin is replaced readily, the patient should not develop scar tissue over the damaged areas. Itching and peeling are also normal signs of healing for sunburns, and should not be mistaken for signs of infection. In addition, the patient will not be given medication to boost the inflammatory response. In contrast, the patient may be given anti-inflammatory drugs to help reduce pain, redness, and warmth.
Which cell in a human body is a non-self cell? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Cancer cell B-lymphocyte T-lymphocyte Natural killer cell Infected body cell
Cancer cell Infected body cell Cancer cells and infected body cells are considered to be non-self cells. Recognizing a cell as self cell or a non-self cell is important for the body to initiate an immune response toward the non-self cells. B - lymphocytes and T - lymphocytes contribute to the immune system of the body. Natural killer are special cells that help in cell mediated immunity. They are most effective on unhealthy or abnormal self cells.
The nurse expects, which finding in a complete blood count with differential in a patient with chronic sinusitis? A. Segmented neutrophils 62% B. Lymphocytes 28% C. Band neutrophils, 5% D. Basophils 4%
D. Basophils 4% The normal count for basophils is 0.5%; an elevated count indicates information, which is common with chronic sinusitis. Segmented neutrophils are mature, neutrophils, which, along with macrophages, eliminate invaders (infection) by phagocytosis; 62% is a normal neutrophil count. For lymphocytes, 28% is a normal count in the differential. For band neutrophils, 4% is a normal count; bands are elevated only when in infection is present, and the bone marrow cannot keep up with mature segmented neutrophils.
The nurse expects an increased level of which cytokine in a patient experiencing stage I of inflammation? A. Heparin B. Serotonin C. Interleukin-2 D. Colony-stimulating factor
D. Colony-stimulating factor Colony stimulating factor is released during stage one of inflammation to trigger bone marrow to shorten the time needed to produce white blood cells. Heparin and serotonin are not cytokines. Interleukin - 2 is a cytokine involved in lymphocyte production, which is involved in antibody mediated immunity rather than the non-specific inflammatory process.
The nurse identifies that which aspect of the inflammatory process may be inhibited when a patient who routinely takes antihistamines experiences a fracture? A. Phagocytosis B. Antigen presentation C. Capillary permeability D. Constriction of small veins
D. Constriction of small veins Histamines are released from basophils and function to construct small blood vessels, inhibiting blood flow and decrease in venous return. Therefore, a patient who is taking Anna histamines, will have an inherited construction process. Phagocytosis is a function of neutrophils and macrophages, and does not involve histamine. Antigen presentation is a function of macrophages and lymphocytes and also does not involve histamine. Capillary permeability is initiated by Kinins not histamine.
The nurse administers an anti-inflammatory medication to a patient in recalls at the mechanism of action of the drug is inhibition of which enzyme? A. Amylase B. Glucokinase C. Neuraminidase D. Cyclooxygenase (COX)
D. Cyclooxygenase (COX) Cox helps to convert arachidonate acid into mediators that promote inflammatory responses and tissues. Therefore, many anti-inflammatory medication's, including NSAIDs, function by inhibiting, cox activation. Amylase is an enzyme used to break down starch, neuraminidase is used to help release viruses from cells, and glucokinase phosphorylates glucose to glucose - six - phosphate.
The nurse expects that which laboratory count will be increased in a patient who is experiencing recurrent episodes of allergic manifestations? A. Platelet count B. Basophil count C. Neutrophil count D. Eosinophil count
D. Eosinophils count And an allergic response, there is typically an increase in the number of circulating eosinophils. Basophils cause vascular leak syndrome in response to tissue injury. Platelets play a key role in controlling bleeding. Neutrophils are responsible for tackling infections.
The nurse is caring for children in the emergency department and concludes that the most widespread inflammatory response will be found in the patient with which injury? A. Fractured arm as a result of a fall from a tree B. Burned hand from touching a hot stove C. Scraped knees and hands from falling off a bicycle D. Fractured leg, chest, contusions, and a dislocated shoulder from a motor vehicle accident
D. Fractured leg, chest, contusions, and a dislocated shoulder from a motor vehicle accident The child in the motor vehicle accident has multiple injuries to multiple parts of the body. This will result in a widespread, potentially whole body, inflammatory response. The children with the broken arm, burned hand, and scraped knees and hands will only have inflammatory responses localized to the site of injury.
Which functional age related change in the older adult occurs during the immune component of inflammation? A. There is a decline in natural antibodies B. There is a decreased response to antigens C. There is a decrease in circulating t-lymphocytes D. Leukocytes is does not occur during an acute infection
D. Leukocytes is does not occur during an acute infection. Leukocytosis does not occur during acute infection in the older adult and the immune component of information. A decline in natural antibodies and a decreased response to antigens occurs during the immune component of the antibody mediated immunity. In the older adult, there is a decrease in the numbers of circulating T lymphocytes that occur in the immune component of cell related immunity, not inflammation.
The nurse reviews the results of a patient's white blood cell differential and is concerned when which leukocyte makes up less than 5% of the total wbc count? A. Basophils B. Eosinophils C. Monocytes D. Lymphocytes
D. Lymphocytes Lymphocytes usually make up about 20% to 40% of the total wbc count. In contrast, basophils make up 0.5% to 1% of the total wbc count. Eosinophils make up 1% to 4% of the WBC count. Monocytes make up 2% to 8% of the count. Therefore having a lymphocyte concentration that is less than 5% would be most concerning to the nurse.
When a patient experiences an adverse reaction to a blood transfusion, the nurse recalls that which step in the phagocytosis process is most responsible for initiating this type of response? A. Exposure B. Attraction C. Adherence D. Recognition
D. Recognition The adverse reaction will not begin until the body recognizes the foreign blood cells as non-self, which occurs in the recognition phase. This triggers, the phagocytosis of the foreign blood cells and a widespread, inflammatory reaction. Exposure, attraction, and adherence occur before the recognition phase. They likely occur with any blood transfusion, but the adverse reaction only occurs if the cells are recognized as non-self.
Which finding does the nurse expect when assessing the wound site of a patient who experienced a gunshot injury that resulted in a loss of function at the site? A. Scab B. Blisters C. Redness D. Scar tissue
D. Scar tissue Because scar tissue does not act like the tissue, it replaces, function is lost, wherever scar tissue forms as a replacement for normal tissue. A scab, redness, or blisters are signs of incomplete healing; they would most likely not result in loss of functionality.
Which cell type is responsible for secretion of histamine, serotonin, and Kinins in the initial stage of information, causing constriction of small veins and dilation of arterioles in the area of injury? A. Basophils B. Neutrophils C. Macrophages D. Tissue mast cells
D. Tissue mast cells The initial stage of the vascular inflammatory response involves blood vessels. The tissue mast cells present in the injured tissue, secrete, histamine, serotonin, and Kinins. They constrict the small veins and dilate the arterioles, which causes redness and warmth in the tissue. Basophils and neutrophils play a significant role in the second stage of inflammation. There is excess production of neutrophils, resulting in cellular exudates in the form of pus. Macrophages play a major role in the first stage of the inflammatory response; they are present in the place of injured tissues, and secrete several cytokines. This triggers the response of the bone marrow to produce white blood cells.
What is a function of leukocytes? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Destroy foreign invaders. Decrease cytokine production. Help with complement activation. Produce antibodies against invaders. Help and recognizing self verse non-self.
Destroy foreign invaders. Help with complement activation. Produce antibodies against invaders. Help and recognizing self versus non-self. Leukocytes, destroy foreign invaders, cell debris, and abnormal self cells. They also produce antibodies against foreign invaders and help in complement activation. Leukocytes are additionally, responsible for recognizing self versus non-self cells. Leukocytes produce cytokines to increase specific leukocyte activity.
Which cell is involved in the general inflammation process? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Eosinophils Neutrophils Basophils Natural killer cells Macrophages Cytotoxic T-cells
Eosinophils Neutrophils Basophils Macrophages The leukocytes involved in inflammation are neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils, and basophils. Neutrophils and macrophages use phagocytosis to destroy and eliminate foreign invaders. Basophils and eosinophils release chemicals that act on blood vessels to cause tissue level responses that help neutrophil and macrophage actions. Natural killer cells, nonselectively attack, non-self cells, especially body cells that have undergone mutation and become malignant. Cytotoxic T cells, selectively, attack and destroyed, non-self cells, including virally, infected cells, graphs, and transplanted organs.
What information needs to be included when comparing an inflammatory response with antibody mediated immunity (AMI) and cell mediated immunity (CMI) responses? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. It is an immediate response; AMI and CMI delayed responses It is a short term response; AMI and CMI are long-term responses It is a specific response to invasion or injury; AMI and CMI are nonspecific responses It is a full body, response to invasion or injury; AMI and CMI are localized responses It recognizes organisms upon repeated exposure; AMI and CMI do not recognize them
It is an immediate response; AMI and CMI delayed responses It is a short term response; AMI and CMI are long-term responses Inflammation is an immediate and short term, nonspecific, localized response to invasion with a foreign organism or to injury. Information does not recognize organisms upon repeated exposure. In contrast, AMI & CMI are delayed, long-term, specific responses to infection. they do recognize foreign organisms with repeated exposure.
Which substance is released in the first stage of information? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Kinins Serotonin Histamine Chemotaxins Cyclooxygenase
Kinins, serotonin, and histamine. Cannons, serotonin, and histamine are released in the first stage of information. Damaged tissues, secrete, chemo toxins that attract neutrophils and macrophages. cyclooxygenase is released in the second stage of information.
The nurse notices the ear canal of a patient is red and inflamed. Which cell would be most active in the first stage of inflammation? A. Basophils B.Eosinophils C. Macrophages D. Tissue mast cells
Macrophages. The macrophages are primary cells that affect the first stage of the inflammatory process the macrophages secrete cytokines to mature white blood cells faster. Basophils, Escena feels, and the tissue mast cells are predominantly active in the second stage of inflammation.
When studying pictures taken from a patient's blood smear, the nurse expects which cell to appear as an immature cell rather than a mature cell? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Basophils Monocytes Eosinophils Band neutrophils Segmented neutrophils
Monocytes Band neutrophils Immature cells that circulate in the blood include monocytes, tissue, mast, cells, and band neutrophils. Basophils, eosinophils, and segmented neutrophils are all mature, active cells.
Which statement about stage? Two of the inflammatory response is correct? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Neutrophils attack and destroy organisms. Edema forms at the site of injury or invasion. There is an increase blood flow to the injured area. There is an increased number of circulatory neutrophils. Purse contains dead, white blood cells, necrotic, tissue, and fluids.
Neutrophils attack and destroy organisms. There is an increase number of circulatory neutrophils. Pus contains dead, white blood cells, necrotic, tissue, and fluids. Pus formation occurs in the second stage of information. A healthy person produces enough neutrophils to keep pace with the invasion. Neutrophils attack and destroy the organisms. Exudate released at the site of injury in the form of pus contains dead, wbc's, necrotic, tissue, and fluids that escaped from damaged cells. In stage one, there is an increase blood flow and edema at the site of injury. Edema protects the area from further injury by creating a cushion of fluid.
Which inflammatory reaction in the human body is caused by an infection? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Otitis media Appendicitis Blister formation Joint sprain injury Myocardial infarction
Otitis media Appendicitis In the human body, infections may give rise to inflammatory reactions. Otitis media, and infection of the middle ear, and appendicitis, an infection of the appendix, or infections associated with information. However, all information are not due to infections; for example, blister, formations, joint sprain injuries, and myocardial infarction are not caused by infection.
The nurse recalls that which skin abnormality is not associated with an increased risk for infection at the site? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Rash Laceration Severe burn Intact blister Puncture wound
Rash Intact blister A rash is usually the body's response to an allergen rather than an infectious agent. A blister is usually the body's response to a minor burn or a shearing force rather than an infectious agent. Because neither of these conditions break the skin barrier, they are less likely to develop an infection in contrast, a severe burn, laceration, and puncture wound all break, the skin barrier, making them more susceptible to infection without proper precautions.
Which action takes place during the third stage of inflammation if there is permanent tissue damage that cannot be replaced? Fluid leaks Edema occurs Exudate forms Scar tissue develops New blood vessels grow
Scar tissue forms and new blood vessels grow. In the third stage of information, the white blood cells cause scar tissue to form and new blood vessels to grow which completes the healing process. The second stage of information causes fluid to leak, edema to occur, and exudate to form.
Which following component of innate immunity needs to be discussed when teaching about immunology? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Skin Antibodies Lymphocytes Memory cells Natural killer cells
Skin Natural killer cells Skin forms a barrier to prevent infiltration of foreign organisms, and natural killer cells, target foreign cells for destruction. Both of these are part of any immunity. Lymphocytes, antibodies, and memory cells are all part of antibody mediated immunity rather than an innate.
Which assessment finding leads the nurse to suspect an inflammatory response when visually inspecting a patient's indwelling urinary catheter? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Warmth Swelling Leakage Redness Decreased function
Swelling Redness Redness and swelling are two classical signs of information that are observable upon visual inspection. Warmth and decreased function cannot be observed visibly. Leakage is not a classical sign of inflammation.
Which of the following information should be included when providing an education about the healing process involved with myocardial infarction's? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. The heart muscle is a non-dividing tissue White blood cells trigger new blood vessel growth The heart muscle regains its effectiveness Scar tissue contracts like the heart tissue scar tissue prevents the formation of a hole in the muscle wall as ischemic cells die
The heart muscle is a non-dividing tissue. White blood cells triggered new blood vessel growth. Scar tissue prevents the formation of a hole in the muscle wall as ischemic cells die. The heart is non-dividing tissue. When I myocardial infarction occurs, WBCs triggered new blood vessel, growth and scar tissue formation. Scar tissue prevents the formation of a hole in the muscle. Scar tissue also replaces the heart muscle destroyed because of a myocardial infarction. Effectiveness of the left ventricular contraction is reduced. Scar tissue only serves as a patch; it is not contract or serve as heart muscle.
Which explanation does the nurse offer when a patient with joint information asked about the cause of the symptoms? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Reduced function in the joint is due to weakness Warmth is caused by increased vascularity in the tissues Redness is caused by increased vascularity in the tissues Pain is due to an increased number of a lysosomal enzymes Edema is caused by the leakage of plasma into the tissues
Warmth is caused by increased vascularity in the tissues Redness is caused by increased vascularity in the tissues Edema is caused by the leakage of plasma into the tissues Redness and warmth of the inflammatory site is due to increased vascularity in the area. Edema is due to the leakage of plasma at the inflammatory site. Pain is felt because of inflammatory, mediators and edema, not because of lysosomal enzymes. Reduced function of the joint is not a result of weakness, but of pain and edema.
Which is a key function of neutrophils?
help in nonspecific, ingestion and phagocytosis of micro organisms. neutrophils, help and nonspecific, ingestion and phagocytosis of microorganisms and form particles. Vasoactive amines are released by Essena fields during allergic reactions. Macrophages, not neutrophils, are responsible for the recognition of foreign proteins. Basophils, release, heparin, and histamine in areas of tissue damage.
