Chapter 16- The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

True or False (1) In a single nucleotide, the phosphate group is attached to the 5' carbon of the sugar unit. (2) The -OH group on the 3' carbon of the sugar unit is the attachment site for the nitrogenous base.

(1) True (2) False

What materials does DNA polymerase require in order to synthesize a complete strand of DNA? (a) single-stranded DNA template (b) 3'-OH end of the new DNA strand (c) all four deoxyribonucleotides triphosphates (containing A, C, T, or G) (d) ATP (e) inorganic phosphate

(a) (b) (c)

The enzyme that can replicate DNA is called _________ word bank: daughter DNA, replication fork, DNA polymerase, leading strand, Okazaki fragments

DNA polymerase

X-ray diffraction images produced by __________ showed that DNA is a _________ a. watson; double helix b. franklin; double helix c. wilkins; triple helix d. crick' double helix

Franklin; double helix

________ are the short sections of DNA that are synthesized on the lagging strand of the replicating DNA. word bank: daughter DNA, replication fork, DNA polymerase, leading strand, Okazaki fragments

Okazaki fragments

A sample of double-stranded DNA contains 42% cytosine. Approximately what percent of the nucleotides in this sample will be thymine? a. 8% b. 16% c. 42% d. 58%

a. 8%

Which of the following characteristics allowed Hershey and Chase to determine whether the genetic material was made of DNA or protein? a. DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not. b. DNA contains sulfur, whereas protein does not. c. DNA contains purines, whereas protein includes pyrimidines. d. DNA contains nitrogen, whereas protein does not.

a. DNA contains phosphorus, whereas protein does not.

What is the role of DNA polymerase during DNA synthesis? a. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a nucleotide onto the 3' end of a growing DNA strand. b. DNA polymerase removes inorganic phosphate from the template strand of DNA to catalyze the polymerization reaction. c. DNA polymerase provides the free energy to catalyze the endergonic addition of a nucleotide onto the 3' end of a growing DNA strand. d. DNA polymerase catalyzes the synthesis of the template strand of DNA

a. DNA polymerase is the enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a nucleotide onto the 3' end of a growing DNA strand.

A hydroxyl is present at the 3' end of the growing DNA strand. What is at the 5' end? a. a ribose b. a phosphate group c. a nitrogenous base d. a deoxyribose

b. a phosphate group

DNA strands are antiparallel. Which of the following statements defines "antiparallel"? a. One DNA strand contains bases that complement the bases in the opposite strand. b. The double helix structure of DNA creates nonparallel strands. c. A 5' to 3' DNA strand is paired with the 3' to 5' DNA strand. d. Hydrogen bonds between base pairs cause DNA strands to cross.

c. A 5' to 3' DNA strand is paired with the 3' to 5' DNA strand.

Hershey and Chase set out to determine which type of molecule is used for genetic inheritance. They completed a series of experiments where E. coli was infected by a T2 virus. Which molecular component of the T2 virus ended up inside the cell? a. ribosome b. protein c. DNA d. RNA

c. DNA

Telomeres are _______ a. nonrepeating noncoding sequences at the ends of circular bacterial chromosomes b. repeating noncoding sequences at the ends of circular bacterial chromosomes c. repeating noncoding sequences at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes d. none of above

c. repeating noncoding sequences at the ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes

The bonds or interactions that hold together adjacent nucleotides in the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA are _______ word bank: hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals interactions, covalent bonds

covalent bonds

Which of the following characteristics of DNA allows it to carry a vast amount of hereditary information? a. antiparallel orientation b. complementary pairing of bases c. phosphate-sugar backbones d. sequence of bases

d. sequence of bases

The bonds or interactions that hold together complementary bases from opposite strands of DNA are _______. word bank: hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals interactions, covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds

The new DNA strand that grows continuously in the 5' to 3' direction is called the _______- word bank: daughter DNA, replication fork, DNA polymerase, leading strand, Okazaki fragments

leading strand

During DNA replication, an open section of DNA, in which a DNA polymerase can replicate DNA, is called a __________ word bank: daughter DNA, replication fork, DNA polymerase, leading strand, Okazaki fragments

replication fork

The bonds or interactions between stacked nucleotide units that help hold the DNA molecule together are _______ word bank: hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der Waals interactions, covalent bonds

van der Waals interactions

True or False (1) The phosphate attached to the 5' carbon of a given nucleotide links to the 3' -OH of the adjacent nucleotide. (2) Complementary base pairing relies on the number of hydrogen bonds that each bae can make. (3) The antiparallel arrangement of double-stranded DNA is due to the phosphate group being bonded to the 3' carbon on one stand and the 5' carbon on the complementary strand.

(1) True (2) True (3) False

Which of the following statements describes the process of transformation in bacteria? a. External DNA is taken into a cell, becoming part of the cell's genome. b. A strand of DNA is created from an RNA molecule. c. A strand of RNA is created from a DNA molecule. d. Bacterial cells are infected by a phage DNA molecule.

a. External DNA is taken into a cell, becoming part of the cell's genome.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the difference between the leading and the lagging strands of DNA in DNA replication? a. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction. b. The leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand. c. The lagging strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the leading strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately stitched together. d. The leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5' end.

a. The leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction.

Which of the following lists represents the order of increasingly higher levels of organization of chromatin? a. nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber, looped domain b. nucleosome, looped domain, 30-nm chromatin fiber c. looped domain, 30-nm chromatin fiber, nucleosome d. 30-nm chromatin fiber, nucleosome, looped domain

a. nucleosome, 30-nm chromatin fiber, looped domain

Which of the following statements accurately describes the structure of a eukaryotic chromosome? a. It is composed of a single strand of DNA. b. It is a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins. c. It is constructed as a series of nucleosomes wrapped around two DNA molecules. d. It has different numbers of genes in different cell types of an organism.

b. It is a single linear molecule of double-stranded DNA plus proteins.

In E. coli, which enzyme catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand in the 5' →→ 3' direction? a. primase b. helicase c. DNA polymerase III d. DNA ligase

c. DNA polymerase III

Addition of a nucleotide onto a DNA strand is an endergonic reaction. What provides the energy to drive the reaction? a. The dehydration reaction between the 5'-phosphate of the incoming nucleotide and the 3'-OH of the growing strand of DNA b. Binding of the pre-existing new strand, the template strand, and the incoming nucleotide to the active site of the DNA polymerase c. Release of pyrophosphate from the incoming nucleotide, and then hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate d. Complementary bases on the template and the incoming nucleotide are attracted to each other, releasing free energy.

c. Release of pyrophosphate from the incoming nucleotide, and then hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate to inorganic phosphate

The information in DNA is contained in ______. a. the types of sugars used in making the DNA molecule. b. the variation in the structure of nucleotides that make up the DNA molecule c. the sequence of amino acids that make up the DNA molecule d. the sequence of nucleotides along the length of the two strands of the DNA molecule.

d. the sequence of nucleotides along the length of the two strands of the DNA molecule

After replication is complete, the new DNAs, called _____, are identical to each other. word bank: daughter DNA, replication fork, DNA polymerase, leading strand, Okazaki fragments

daughter DNA