Chapter 17 McKinley Anatomy

activating second messengers and stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenisis

Glucagon works by

pancreatic juice

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

decreases increases

In most of its target cells, cortisol _______ glucose uptake and ________ protein metabolism.

negative feedback

In response to high blood glucose, the pancreas releases insulin to enable glucose to enter body cells. when the blood glucose level returns to normal, insulin release stops. this is an example of regulation by

cushing syndrome

The disease called _____ is caused by excessive secretion of glucocoticoids, and is characterized by redistribution of body fat to produce the features known as "moon face" and "buffalo hump".

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted

The half life of a hormone is

glucagon

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release of the liver is

are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

corticotropin- releasing hormone

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone is

type 1 diabetes

The metabolic condition called ________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

posterior to the thyroid gland

The parathyroid glands are located

hypothalamus

The part of the brain that some consider to be a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the

inferior infundibulum

The pituitary gland is located ________ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the __________.

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone is to

adrenocorticotropic hormone

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

a cell decrease the number of receptors it has for a hormone

The term down regulation refers to the process by which

immediately anterior to the trachea

The thyroid gland is located

anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland

Thryoid-stimulating hormone is secreted by the

increase metabolic rate and body temperature by turning on the G protein, cAMP cascade

Thyroid hormones effects are to

insulin

What hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels

melatonin

What hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

What hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins?

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

What is not a tropic hormone?

nucleic acids

What is not considered to be a nutrient that cells oxidize to provide energy?

GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin

What is not correct regarding growth hormones?

it does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty

What is not correct regarding the pancreas

it has two lobes connected by a central portion called the commissure

What is not true about the thyroid gland?

zona fasciculata

What region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

paracrine

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ______ signaling.

synergistic

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell,the interaction is said to be

insulin

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

liquid soluble hormone

Which type of hormone requires a carried protein in the blood

hyper secretion of the thyroid hormone

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. the doctor points out the patients obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. which would you speculate is the patient's problem?

more receptors for sex hormones

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express

more widespread and long lasting effects

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has

lower lower

Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have ______ levels of circulating growth hormone and ______ levels of circulating sex hormones.

intracellular raising

Corticol binds to _______ receptors and has the effect of _______ blood glucose levels.

are ductless glands are the organs of the endocrine system secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream help maintain homeostasis all choices are correct

Endocrine glands

acromegaly

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

increase increase

Exercise causes a(n) _______ in growth hormone levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) _______ in GH levels.

the more frequently it must be replaced.

Generally, the shorter the half life of a hormone

production of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules, and it occurs when blood glucose is low

Glucogenesis is

somatotropic

Growth hormone is secreted by _________ cells in the anterior pituitary.

increase increase

Insulin causes a(n)________ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) __________ in lipogenesis in adipose.

proteins

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

inositol triposphate

Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contraction in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of

water soluble

Protein hormones are

down regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

cholesterol

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

oxytocin and antidiueretic hormone

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

Thyrotropin releasing hormone is secreted by the

regulate electrolyte concentration in body fluids

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids secreted by the adrenal gland?

within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Where is the pituitary gland located

antagonistically

Glucagon and insulin work ________ on blood glucose levels

down regulate its receptors for growth hormone as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate

Once a structure is fully grown and mature it will probably

ovaries and testes

Where are the target cells for follicle- stimulating hormone?

secretory activity of endocrine glands decreases normal levels of hormones particularly growth hormone and sex hormones often decrease aging reduces the efficiency of endocrine system functions endocrine system imbalances can lead to weight gain or muscles loss all choices are correct

how does aging affect the endocrine system

posterior spleen

The pancreas is located ______ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________.

no exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

Which hormone group is not secreted by adrenal cortex

anterior pituitary

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones