chapter 18 ap

If the hypophyseal portal system is destroyed, the hypothalamus would no longer be able to control the secretion of which of the following hormones?

TSH, ACTH, PRL

The pituitary hormone that triggers the release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland is

TSH.

Steroid hormones

bind to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH.

Peptide hormones are

composed of amino acids

Which of the following substances activates protein kinases and thus acts as a second messenger?

cyclic AMP

All of the following are true of oxytocin except?

It is stored in the anterior pituitary

A deficiency of which hormone can lead to diabetes insipidus?

14

Vasopressin is a common term for this hormone.

ADH

If the adenyl cyclase activity of liver cells were missing, which of these hormones could no longer stimulate release of glucose?

glucagon

Hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that regulate the male and female reproductive organs are collectively called

gonadotropins.

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

Mental and physical sluggishness and low body temperature may be signs of

hypothyroidism.

Where does the chemical reaction between thyroglobulin and iodine take place?

in the follicle cavity

The parathyroid glands produce a hormone that

increases the level of calcium ions in the blood

Which of the following elements is necessary for the production of thyroid hormone?

iodine

The posterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

neurohypophysis.

Each of the following hormones is produced by the pars distalis of the adenohypophysis except

oxytocin.

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin.

Thyroid hormone may increase cellular ATP production by binding to

the mitochondria.

Hormonal actions on cells affect all of the following except

thickness of the plasma membrane

Follicle cells synthesize a protein called

thyroglobulin

The hormone that plays a pivotal role in setting the metabolic rate and thus impacting body temperature is

thyroxine.

Hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones are

tropic.

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce or store how many hormones?

9

________ are chemical messengers that are released by cells and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

The intracellular protein ________ binds calcium ion. This complex can then activate enzymes.

calmodulin

Receptors for ________, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids are found in the cell membranes of target cells.

catecholamines

Membrane receptors are used by which of the following types of hormones

catecholamines, peptide hormones, and eicosanoids

If dietary iodine levels are deficient you would expect that plasma TSH levels would be ________ and that plasma thyroxine levels would be ________.

high; low

A tumor in the pituitary gland could directly result in all of the following except

hypercortisolism

Abnormally low production of LH and FSH results in

hypogonadism.

The most complex endocrine responses involve the

hypothalamus

The main action of antidiuretic hormone is

increased water conservation by kidneys

Which of the following is not an action of TSH?

inhibits T3 and T4 secretion

Which of the following hormones is/are water soluble and therefore bind(s) to extracellular receptors?

insulin and epinephrine

One cause for insulin resistance in non-insulin dependent (Type II) diabetes is

insulin receptor down-regulation

The two lobes of the thyroid gland are connected by the

isthmus.

Destruction of the supra-optic nucleus of the hypothalamus would have which of the following results?

loss of ADH secretion

Activity of which of the following cells is inhibited by calcitonin release?

osteoclasts

A tumor present on the parathyroid gland causing hyperparathyroidism may lead to

osteoporosis and kidney stones.

Milk production is stimulated by ________, milk ejection is stimulated by ________.

prolactin; oxytocin

Growth hormone does all of the following except

promote cortisol release

Intracellular calcium stores open in response to intracellular activation of

protein kinase C, diacylglycerol, and inositol triphosphate

.Endocrine cells

release their secretions directly into body fluids such as blood.

When a catecholamine or peptide hormone binds to receptors on the surface of a cell, the

second messenger appears in the cytoplasm

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH.

After brain surgery, a patient receiving postoperative care in an intensive care unit began to pass large volumes of very dilute urine. The ICU nurse administered a medicine that mimics one of the following hormones. Which one?

ADH

Changes in blood osmotic pressure would most affect the secretion of

ADH

Neurons of the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus manufacture

ADH and oxytocin

When adenyl cyclase is activated

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed.

The majority of thyroid hormones are secreted as ________ but small amounts of ________ is also secreted from the follicle.

T4; T3

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

a G protein.

Hormones can be divided into different groups based on their chemistry. These categories include all of the following except

acetylcholine derivatives

The anterior lobe of the pituitary is also known as the

adenohypophysis.

The specific target cells of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine are

all cells of the body.

A hormone might

alter a membrane channel by changing its shape, thereby affecting what can go through it.

Parathyroid hormone does all of the following except

build up bone.

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

cAMP.

The C cells of the thyroid gland produce

calcitonin

A hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is

calcitonin.

All of the following are known effects of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues except

decreased cellular metabolism.

Hormones known as "catecholamines" are

derivatives of the amino acid tyrosine

Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes are all examples of

eicosanoids

The control of calcitonin excretion is an example of direct ________ regulation.

endocrine

The hypothalamus acts as both a neural and a(n) ________ organ.

endocrine

Before the discovery of these glands, thyroid surgery often led to a rapid drop in blood calcium levels, which triggered muscle contractions and cardiac arrhythmias. What glands are these and which hormone is lacking?

parathyroid glands; parathyroid hormone

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone.

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

phosphorylation

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

prolactin.

The hypothalamus controls secretion in the adenohypophysis by

secreting releasing and inhibiting hormones into the hypophysealportal system

The pituitary gland is located within this structure.

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Which of the following is not a characteristic of the second-messenger mechanism of hormone action?

Cellular operations are altered by direct stimulation of a gene

Which of the following is true of the endocrine system?

It responds slowly but effectively for maintaining homeostatic functions.

The pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone is

LH.

The hormone produced by the pars intermedia of the adenohypophysis during early childhood is

MSH

Which of the following is not true regarding target cells?

They are associated with synapses

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to decreased levels of calcium ion in the blood via inhibition of ________.

calcitonin; osteoclasts

Calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein

calmodulin

Upon binding of a single first messenger to a plasma membrane, thousands of second messengers may become activated. This effect is known as

amplification

The zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex produces

androgens.

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they

are produced by the adrenal medulla

The humoral control of hormone release may be triggered which of the following factors?

blood level of an ion like calcium

Hypophyseal portal system capillaries are

fenestrated

The thyroid gland is composed of many ________ that produce and store thyroid hormone.

follicles

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

gene transcription is initiated

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism.

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex produces

glucocorticoids.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone

Liver cells respond to growth hormone by releasing hormones called

somatomedins

All of the following are functions of LH except

stimulating follicle development

TSH plays a key role in the ________ of thyroid hormones.

synthesis and release

Cells that respond to a hormone are called ________ cells

target

Each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative except

testosterone

Which hormone is not correctly matched

testosterone: amino acid derivative

Thyroxine and calcitonin are secreted by the

thyroid gland

Identify the hormone labeled "4." Identify the hormone labeled "1." Identify the hormone labeled "5." Identify the hormone labeled "13."

thyroid-stimulating hormone ACTH thyroxine oxytocin

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland can be divided into three parts: the pars distalis, the pars intermedia, and the pars

tuberalis.

Thyroid hormones are structural derivatives of the amino acid

tyrosine.