chapter 22, Bio-Chapter 22 FULL

Which of the following are classified as Basidiomycota, club fungi?

-Puffballs -rusts and smuts -Sheif fungus

Which of the following fungi are classified as sac fungi (Ascomycota)?

-Truffles ( not the chocolate type...) -Bakers yeast (Saccharomyces) -Morel mushrooms

Which of the following club fungi do not develop basidiocarps?

-smuts -rusts

List in order, the correct terms for lichens that are: 1)compact; 2) shrub-like; and 3) leaf-life.

1) crustose 2)fruticose 3)foliose

Place the three main stages of fungal reproduction in the correct order as they would occur following meiosis.

1) haploid hyphae 2) dikaryotic stage 3) diploid zygote

The dimorphic fungus, _________, grows in mold form at 25° and in yeast form at 37°. It is associated with bird droppings and in most cases leads to a mild fungal flu. A. Trichophyton B. Aspergillus C. Histoplasma D. Candida

C. Histoplasma

__________, a black mold that grows well on building materials, causes "sick building syndrome" in those who have been chronically exposed to its toxins. A. Histoplasma B. Candida C. Stachybotrys D. Aspergillus

C. Stachybotrys

In differentiating fungi from plants and animals, which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Animals are heterotrophic by ingestion while fungi are heterotrophic by absorption. B. Plants have cell walls of cellulose; fungi have cell walls of chitin. C. The energy reserve of fungi is starch while the energy reserve of animals is glycogen. D. Fungal spores develop into haploid hyphae without embryo development; plants have embryo development

C. The energy reserve of fungi is starch while the energy reserve of animals is glycogen.

A sexual spore produced by a sac fungus is called a(n) A. mycelium. B. conidiospore. C. ascospore. D. basidiospore. E. hypha.

C. ascospore.

Which of the following structures are NOT involved in sexual reproduction? A. mushrooms B. ascocarps C. conidia D. gametangia

C. conidia

Dikaryotic cells of fungi A. are just another form of haploid cells. B. is just another name for diploid cells. C. contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time. D. are nonseptate plasmodial masses with many nuclei and no cell partitioning. E. are potential symbionts that can join with algae to form lichens.

C. contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time.

Chytrids

Fungi classified in the phylum chytridiomycota. They have cell walls made of chitin, share key enzymes and metabolic pathways, and some have hyphae. They are unique among fungi in having flagellated spores called zoospores.

Molds

Fungi that cane reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce (haploid) spores by mitosis. These species are known informally as:

Endophytes

Fungi that live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm.

Zygomycetes

Group of fast moving molds. Their hyphae are coenocytic. Their plasmogamy produces a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium. It is not a typical zygote, it is multinucleate, first with many haploid nuclei, then, many diploid nuclei.

Mycelium

The hyphae form an interwoven mass called a: This mass of hyphae infiltrates the material the fungus feeds upon.

Yeast

The most common fungal body structures are multi-cellular filaments and single cells:

Septa

These cross-walls in hyphae have pores that allow nuclei ribosomes and mitochondria to flow from cell to cell. Fungi that lack septa are known as coenoycytic fungi, they consist of a continuous cytoplasmic mass having hundreds or thousands of nuclei. Results from lack of cytokinesis.

Microsporidia

They have unconventional mitochondria and are possibly fungi, because they are parasites essentially.

Which of the following occur during spore formation in an ascus?

first meiosis, then mitosis

Chytrids differ from all other fungi in being aquatic and in having _____spores and gametes.

flagellated

Scientists discriminate among types of lichens based on the _____ _____

fungal partner

Mycology is the study of:

fungi

A single filament of a vegetative body of a fungus is called a ____

hypha

Sac fungi that have not yet been observed reproducing sexually are sometimes called ___ fungi.

imperfect

the structure that forms from the symbiotic relationship between certain fungi and algae, in which the fungi possibly provide inorganic food or water and the algae provide organic food:

lichen

Fungi that consist simply of a mass of hyphae and that commonly obtain nutrients from rotting food are called ____.

molds

Mycorrhizae

mutually beneficial relationships between Haustoria fungi and plant roots are called: There are two kinds of these: Ectomyorhizal fungi and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. They reproduce with Haploid spores.

A mutualistic relationship between fungal hyphae and roots of vascular plants produces structures called

mycorrhizae

We can assume that the evolution of fungi is tied to the colonization of land by plants due to the presence of _____ in early land plant fossils.

mycorrhizae

The fungi that do not have walls dividing their hyphae into distinct cellular compartments are called ___ fungi.

nonseptate

Other Asexual Reproduction

other fungi reproduce asexually by growing as single-celled yeasts that undergo normal cell division.

Powdery mildew, leaf curl, chestnut bright, and Dutch elm disease are all plant diseases caused by ____fungi

sac

Ringworm, candidiasis and athlete's foot all result from infections of ____ fungi

sac

The fungi, structure that reproduces spores is called a _____

sporangium

A reproductive cell that does not need to fuse with another reproductive cell in order to develop into a new organism is called a ____.

spore

The fungal named for the branching invaginations that they produce when forming mycorrhizae with plants roots are:

the AM fungi

All fungi share a common ancestor.

true

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi invade plant roots, with some species forming mutualistic associations that benefit both the fungus and the plant.

true

Chytrids do not possess a shared derived characteristic that all other fungi possess.

true

Club and Sac fungi are more closely related than Club fungi and Zygospore fungi.

true

Many human diseases caused by sac fungi are acquired from the environment.

true

The part of a mushroom that we eat is usually the reproductive structure that supports the fruiting body.

true

A ____ is a gourmet mycorrhizal sac fungus which, in the past, was located by pigs.

truffle

Karyogamy

A long period of time may pass between plasmogamy and the next stage in the sexual cycle: During karyogamy, the nuclei contributed by the parents fuse, producing diploid cells (the only diploid stage in fungi). Zygotes form. meiosis then restores the haploid condition, leading to the formation of spores.

Lichen

A symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus in which millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of final hyphae.

Which is NOT a correct association of a fungus and product? A. Rusts and smuts—truffles B. Aspergillus—citric and gallic acid C. Saccharomyces cerevisiae—beer and wine D. Penicillium—antibiotics E. Aspergillus—soy sauce

A. Rusts and smuts—truffles

The parasitic sac fungus that grows on rye and other grains and contains the hallucinogenic chemical lysergic acid is A. ergot. B. Penicillin. C. Rhizopus. D. Saccharomyces. E. Aspergillus.

A. ergot.

Fungal infections are difficult to treat because A. fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells. B. they "hide out" inside of cells, and have long latent periods where medications can not get to the organism. C. they mutate very rapidly and therefore become resistant to most medications. D. All of the above.

A. fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells.

The presence of ____________ indicates that the air is healthy for humans to breathe. A. lichens B. ergot C. yeast D. mycorrhizae E. smuts

A. lichens

Which of the following spores is the result of asexual reproduction? A. sporangiospores B. zygospores C. ascospores D. basidiospores

A. sporangiospores

Mycorrhizal sac fungi that live in association with oak and beech tree roots are A. truffles. B. yeast. C. chytrids. D. ergot.

A. truffles.

The term "dikaryotic" is based on the Greek root words meaning A. two nuclei. B. half nuclei or haploid. C. anti-bacterial. D. two-walled. E. begin to germinate.

A. two nuclei.

Conidia

Ascomycetes reproduce asexually by producing enormous numbers of asexual spores called: They are not formed internally, but rather, at the tips of hyphae.

Which group of fungi produce spores in finger-like sacs called asci within a fruiting body; and includes morels. truffles, and molds?

Ascomycota

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which reproduces asexually through the production of zoospores, recently destroyed populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America. It is a member of which phylum of fungi? A. Zygomycota B. Chytridiomycota C. Basidiomycota D. Glomeromycota

B. Chytridiomycota

Fungal diseases include all of the following EXCEPT A. thrush. B. Strep throat (pharyngitis). C. athlete's foot. D. histoplasmosis

B. Strep throat (pharyngitis).

The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as A. a simple cooperative mutualism between normally free-living strains. B. a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae do not benefit from the association. C. an endosymbiotic transfer of the chloroplasts of algae to the hyphae cells. D. a complete mixing of the genomes of the two groups at the cellular level. E. a possible controlled parasitism wherein the algae are moistened and protected by the fungi, but the fungi do not benefit from the association.

B. a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae do not benefit from the association.

An asexual spore produced by a sac fungus or club fungus is called a(n) A. mycelium. B. conidiospore. C. ascospore. D. basidiospore. E. hypha.

B. conidiospore.

Species of ________ are known to consume jet fuel and wall paint. A. club fungi B. sac fungi C. AM fungi D. Chytrids

B. sac fungi

Yeasts A. are members of the ascomycota. B. reproduce asexually by budding. C. are responsible for beer, wine, and bread production. D. All of the choices are correct. E. A and C only are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct.

A mushroom would produce a sexual spore known as a(n) A. mycelium. B. conidium. C. ascospore. D. basidiospore. E. hypha.

D. basidiospore.

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and placed on paper, a spoke-like print eventually appears on the paper under the cap. This powdery material would be A. mycelia. B. sporangia. C. hyphae. D. basidiospores. E. conidiospores.

D. basidiospores.

Poisonous or physiologically active chemicals include all of the following EXCEPT A. muscarine and muscaridine. B. psilocybin, a structural analog of LSD and mescaline. C. ergot alkaloids. D. digitoxin.

D. digitoxin.

Crustose, fruticose, and foliose are varieties of A. rusts and smuts. B. mushrooms. C. yeasts. D. lichens. E. mycorrhizae.

D.lichens.

Ascomycetes

Defining feature is the production of spores in saclike asci, and are commonly called sac fungi. They develop fruiting bodies during their sexual stage called ascocarps. Ascocarps contain spore-forming asci.

Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is/are true? A. Fungi may enter the cortex of plant roots but do not enter the cytoplasm of plant cells. B. Plants are harmed, while fungi benefit. C. The presence of the fungi give plants a greater absorptive surface for the intake of minerals. D. All of the above are true. E. A and C are true.

E. A and C are true

At one time, biologists thought that fungi were merely forms of plants that had lost their chlorophyll and had returned to saprotrophy. Why is this no longer considered a solid theory? A. Fungal cell walls contain chitin rather than cellulose. B. Fungi attack and engulf food for internal digestion. C. Fungi have flagella at some stage, providing mobility that plants never have. D. Plants are multicellular and fungi are unicellular or multinucleated noncellular plasmodia. E. All of these are differences between fungi and plants.

E. All of these are differences between fungi and plants.

Which of the fungal groups is mismatched with the asexual spore produced? A. Ascomycota—conidiospores B. Basidiomycota—conidiospores C. Zygomycophyta—sporangiospores D. Chytrids—zoospores E. None are mismatched. They are all correctly matched.

E. None are mismatched. They are all correctly matched.

In time, bread becomes stale and grows mold on the exposed surfaces. Why does mold not begin growing inside the bread loaf? A. Mold can grow only on dry surfaces. B. Only molds at the surface of the bread can get oxygen to respire. C. Mold actually begins from anywhere inside but produces colored spores only at the surface. D. There is an antibiotic antagonism between the bread mold and the internal yeasts that made the bread rise. E. The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores from the air settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.

E. The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores from the air settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.

The difference between septate hyphae and nonseptate hyphae is B. a distinction between saprotrophic fungi and parasitic or disease-causing fungi. C. a classification trait that separates basidiomycotes from ascomycotes. D. a distinction between plasmodial masses with many nuclei and nonliving zygospores. E. determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls.

E. determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls.

One of the long, branching filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus is called a(n) A. mycelium. B. conidium. C. ascospore. D. basidiospore. E. hypha.

E. hypha.

The fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and rye are the A. stinkhorns. B. yeasts. C. truffles. D. lichens. E. rusts and smuts.

E. rusts and smuts.

Ecto and Arbu

Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths of hyphae over the surface of the root cortex. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extend branching hyphae through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination (pushing inward) of the root cell plasma membrane.

Sexual Reproduction

In fungi, it begins with hyphae from two mycelia that release sexual signaling molecules called pheromones. If they are of opposite sex, the hyphae will extend and fuse. The union of their cytoplasms is called plasmogamy.This "compatibility test" prevents hyphae from the same mycelium from mating, and also to keep genetic variation.

Dikaryotic

In other species , the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent. Such a mycelium is: AS it grows, the two nuclei in each cell divide in tandem without fusing.

Origin of Fungi

Most likely evolved from flagellated individuals. Fungi, animals, and protistan relatives form the opisthokonts clade. Nucleariids are closely related unicellular protists tat consist of amoebas that fed on algae and bacteria.

Hyphae

Multicellular fungi typically form a network of tiny filaments that consist of tubular cell walls. Fungal cell walls are strengthened by chitin, unlike plants cellulose. They are divided into cells by cross-walls, or septa.

Basidiomycetes

Mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi, are called: The name derives from the Basidium, a cell in which karyogamy occurs. Periodically, in response to environmental stimuli, the mycelium reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruiting bodies called basidiocarps.

Deuteromycetes

Mycologists have traditionally lumped all fungi lacking sexual reproduction into a group called:

Glomeromycetes

Nearly all form Arbuscular Mycorrhizae. 90% of all plant species have such mutualistic partnerships with glomeromycetes.

The eukaryotic supergroup that contains the fungi is the supergroup _____

Opisthokonkta

Soredia

Small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae

Haustoria

Specialized hyphae that a fungi will use to extract or exchange nutrients from/with their plant host.

Mycosis

The general term for an infection caused by a fungal parasite.

Heterokaryon

The haploid nuclei contributed by each parent do not fuse immediately, but rather coexist as genetically different nucei, and are considered Heterokaryons.

With regard to nutrition, fungi are more similar to ____, as they are to both ____.

animals; heterotrophs

Which regard to habitat, chytrids are the only fungi that are____

aquatic

The cup-shaped tip of a cup fungus that is actually an ascus bearing fruiting body is called a(n) _____

ascocarp

A finger-like sac in a sac fungus in which nuclear fusion, meiosis, and ascospore production occurs during sexual reproduction is called a(n) _____

ascus

The fruiting body a club fungus, formed from a mass tightly packed hyphae, is called a(n)

basidiocarp

The asexual fungal reproductive mechanism shown here is called ____

budding

Plant and fungal cells differ structurally in that plant cell walls are composed of ____ white fungal cell walls are composed of ____

cellulose; chitin

A polymer of glucose that contains nitrogen and is found in the cell walls of fungi is called ____

chitin

The fungi that produce spores in club-shaped basidia within a fruiting body are called the ____ fungi.

club

During sexual reproduction in sac fungi, conidiospores are produced within specialized aerial hyphae called _____

conidiophores

A normal inhabitant of the vaginal tract that causes "yeast infections" under certain circumstances is Saccharomyces.

false

AM fungi are more closely related to Sac than Club fungi.

false

Cladosporium is a club fungus that is used to make beer and wine.

false

Fungi are thought to have been the first kind of eukaryotic cells that evolved.

false