Chapter 23

d

- . Intestinal absorption of nutrients occurs in the o A) duodenum o B) ileocecum o C) ileum o D) jejunum

Fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins

identify the 2 classes of vitamins

To maintain and repair structures, support growth, and build up nutrient reserves

why do cells make new compounds?

liver

•Absorbs intact chylomicrons and extracts triglycerides and cholesterol from chylomicron

incomplete protein

deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids

Bacterial activities in the colon

describe the source of intestinal gas

maltase

digests maltose into glucose + glucose

d

- A persons BMR is influenced by o A) sex o B) body weight o C) age o D) all of these

c

- All of the following are responses to an increase in body temperature except o A) stimulation of the respiratory centers o B) stimulation of sweat glands o C) peripheral vasoconstriction o D) peripheral vasodilation

a

- All of the following factors suppress appetite except o A) low blood glucose levels o B) high blood glucose levels o C) leptin o D) stimulation of stretch receptors along the digestive tract

b

- Hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins is relatively uncommon because o A) the excess amount is stored in adipose tissue o B) the excess amount is readily excreted in the urine o C) the excess amount is stored in the bones o D) excess amounts are readily absorbed by skeletal muscle tissue

a

- If daily intake exceeds total energy demands, the excess energy is stored primarily as o A) triglycerides in adipose tissue o B) lipoproteins in the liver o C) glycogen in the liver o D) glucose in the bloodstream

d

- Most of the lipids absorbed by the digestive tract are immediately transferred to the o A) liver o B) red blood cells o C) hepatocytes for storage o D) venous circulation by the thoracic duct

c

- The primary mechanisms for increasing heat loss from the body include o A) vasomotor and respiratory o B) sensible and insensible o C) physiological responses and behavioral modifications o D) acclimatization and vasomotor

beta-oxidation

Fatty acid catabolism that produces molecules of acetyl-CoA

d

What breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids? A.Lingual Maltase B.Lingual Sucrase C.Lingual Fructose D.Lingual Lipase

b

What is the term for oxidation/catabolism of lipids to yield glucose (ATP)? A.Lipogenesis B.Lipolysis C.Ketogenesis D.Beta oxidation

oxidation

a gain or loss of electrons from an atom or molecule

HDL

absorb unused cholesterol from body tissues, returning it to the liver where it may be packaged into new LDL's or excreted with bile salts in bile

LDL

deliver cholesterol to body tissues

lactase

digests lactose into glucose + galactose

sucrase

digests sucrose into glucose + fructose

Proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues

explain why carbohydrates are preferred over proteins and lipids as an energy source.

micelle

lipid bile salt complexes formed in the intestinal lumen

chylomicron

lipoproteins formed in the intestinal epithelial cells and contain newly synthesized triglycerides, cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by phospholipids and proteins

CO2, H2O, ATP

list the products generated by mitochondria

2 molecules each of pyruvate, ATP and NADH

list the products of glycolysis

Continuous supply of 2-carbon substrates and O2

list the reactants required by mitochondria

complete protein

meets the bodies amino acid requirements

hepatic portal vein

most of the absorbed nutrients enter into which blood vessel?

countercurrent exchange

name the heat conservation mechanism that conducts heat from deep arteries to adjacent deep veins in the limbs

d

o Catabolism refers to § A) the creation of a nutrient pool § B) the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body § C) the production of organic compounds § D) the breakdown of organic substrates

b

o Glucose synthesis from smaller carbon chains is known as § A) glycolysis § B) gluconeogenesis § C) glycogenesis § D) glycogenolysis

a

o More than 50% of the heat you lose indoors is attributable to § A) radiation § B) sensible perspiration § C) convection § D) conduction

a

o The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is § A) anaerobic § B) aerobic § C) lipogenic § D) anabolic

d

o The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into a mixture of disaccharides and trisaccharides in the mouth is § A) pepsin § B) lingual lipase § C) sucrase § D) salivary amylase

a

o The hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides is § A) leptin § B) ghrelin § C) neuropeptide Y § D) insulin

a

o The net result of one turn of the citric acid cycle is § A) 1 ATP § B) 2ATP § C) 15 ATP § D) 30 ATP

c

o The process that produces 90 percent of the ATP used by our cells is § A) glycolysis § B) the citric acid cycle § C) oxidative phosphorylation § D) thermoregulation

b

o Which of the following is a protein deficiency disease? § A) Phenylketonuria § B) kwashiorkor § C) ketoacidosis

b

o Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin? § A) vitamin A § B) vitamin C § C) vitamin D § D) vitamin k

lipids

of these - carbohydrates, lipids or proteins - which releases the greatest amount of energy per gram during catabolism?

Body temperature would decrease

predict the effect of peripheral vasodilation on a persons body temperature

chemiosmosis

process of O2 and H+ binding

4 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

what does the Krebs cycle produce?

NADH & FADH2 deliver electrons and hydrogen ions

what does the electron transport chain start with?

Two 3 carbon pyruvates enter mitochondrion

what does the krebs cycle start with?

•Hydrons are pushed into the intersitial space from an area of low concentration to high concentration •Once H+ flows back in through the protein channel it pairs with ADP to produce ATP

what happens during the electron transport chain

Combine with carbon dioxide to form urea

what happens to the ammonium ions that are removed from amino acids during deamination?

radiation

what heat transfer process accounts for about one-half of a persons heat loss when indoors?

28 ATP

what is produced during the electron transport chain

2 3 carbon pyruvates

what is the 6 carbon glucose in glycolysis converted to?

oxygen

what is the final acceptor of the electron transport chain

Acetyl CoA

what molecule forms the common substrate for the citric acid cycle?

•Series of chemical reactions that consumes 2 H20

what occurs during the Krebs Cycle?

During the post-absorptive state

when do ketone bodies form?

jejunum

where does most nutrient absorption occur?

inner membrane space

where does the electron transport chain take place?

ghrelin

which hormone inhibits the satiety center and stimulates appetite in the short term?

Cells throughout the body rely on the organic molecules from the food we eat to produce energy and replenish the intracellular nutrient pool

why is digestion important

skeletal muscles

Use fatty acids to generate ATP for contraction - convert glucose to glycogen

b

- The processes involved in heat transfer between the body and the environment are o A) sensible perspiration, insensible perspiration, heat loss, and heat gain o B) radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation o C) physiological responses and behavioral modifications o D) sensible perspiration, insensible perspiration, hormones and heat conservation

a

- When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are o A) catabolized for energy o B) used to build protein o C) used for tissue repair o D) all of these

Increasing body temperature by releasing hormones

- describe the role of non-shivering thermogenesis in regulating body temperature.

Acetyl-CoA

- which molecule is a key reactant in both ATP production from fatty acids and lipogenesis?

phenylketonuria

An inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

Chylomicrons

Cells make new triglycerides from the absorbed lipids and are packaged with cholesterol into _________(water soluble)

balanced diet

Contains all the ingredients needed to maintain homeostasis and prevent malnutrition

lactic

Formation of Acetyl CoA is dependent upon oxygens availability. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is changed into _________ acid (which contributes to muscle fatigue, this would occur in the cytoplasm)

Protein deficiency

Nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids

eating disorders

Psychological problems that result in inadequate food consumption or excessive food consumption followed by purging

lipogenesis

Resynthesizing lipids

false

TRUE OR FALSE: Kwashiorkor occurs in adults when uric acid crystals form in body fluids, causing a specific type of arthritis

false

TRUE OR FALSE: Leptin is a hormone secreted by the gastric mucosa that stimulates appetite

true

TRUE OR FALSE: The average person has a BMR of 70 Cal/hour, or about 1680 Cal/day

true

TRUE OR FALSE: The breakdown of glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules is called glycolysis

false

TRUE OR FALSE: The chemical reactions within cells are collectively known as cellular anabolism

true

TRUE OR FALSE: The energy yield for carbohydrates is 4.18 Cal/g

nutrients

The absorption of nutrients from food

insensible perspiration

The evaporation of water from the skin and alveolar surfaces of the lungs

oxidative phosphorylation

The generation of ATP as the result of the transfer of electrons from the coenzymes NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by a sequence of electron carriers within mitochondria

thermoregulation

The homeostatic control of body temperature

basal metabolic rate

The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

absorptive state

The period following a meal when nutrient absorption is under way.

metabolic turnover

The process in which cells continuously replace their cellular components

citric acid cycle

The reaction sequence that occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. In the process, organic molecules are broken down, carbon dioxide molecules are released, and hydrogen atoms are transferred to coenzymes that deliver them to the electron transport chain

energetics

The study of the flow of energy and its change from one form to another

lipolysis

Triglycerides broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

a

When you have excess glucose in the blood stream your body undergoes what process that is controlled by what hormone? A.Glycogenesis, insulin B.Gycogenolysis, insulin C.Gluconeogenesis, insulin D.Glycogenesis, glucagon

B and C

When your blood sugar is low which process(es) happen because of what hormone? A.Glycogenesis, insulin B.Glycogenolysis, glucagon C.Gluconeogenesis, glucagon D.Glycogenesis, glucagon

matrix of mitochondria

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

d

Where is vitamin B found? A.Vegetables B.Sunlight C.Fruit D.Meat/Eggs/Dairy

b

Where is vitamin K found? A.Vegetables B.Intestinal Bacteria C.Fruit D.Sunlight

c

Which of the following process/processes would only happen in the presence of oxygen? A.Glycolysis-happens with or without oxygen B.PyruvateàLactic Acid-without oxygen C.Krebs Cycle D.A and B E.A, B, and C

a

Which of the following reactions takes place inside the cytosol? A.Glycolysis B.Krebs Cycle C.Electron Transport Chain D.A and B E.A, B, and C

a

Which of the following transport triglycerides to muscle and adipose tissue? A.Very low-density lipoproteins B.Low density lipoproteins C.High density lipoproteins D.All of the above

a

Which of the following use fatty acids to generate ATP for contraction and to convert glucose to glycogen? A.Skeletal Muscles B.Adipose Tissue C.Liver D.Pancreas

A,B,E,F

Which of the following vitamins are fat-soluble? (select all that apply) A.A B.D C.B D.C E.E F.K

glycolysis

breakdown of glucose to two 3-carbon molecules

Intracellular glucose reserve

explain the role of glycogen in cellular metabolism

When ATP must be produced anaerobically

explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism

NAD and FAD

what 2 coenzymes transfer hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain?

2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 water molecules, 2 NADH

what are the products of glycolysis

6 carbon glucose

what does glycolysis start with?

26-28, 30-32

•Electron Transport Chain is where all of those electron carriers (NAD/H+ and FADH/H+) are sent to, in order to harvest the energy that is within that bond between the molecule and the H+ ion by BREAKING them apart. This step will create a total of _______ ATP and an overall net production of _______ ATP

adipose tissue

•Uses fatty acids/monoglycerides to synthesize triglycerides for storage

gluconeogenesis

•formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates

leptin

A peptide hormone produced by adipose tissue during the synthesis of triglycerides. It stimulates the satiety center and suppresses appetite

anabolism

converts smaller molecules into larger ones

convection

heat loss to the cooler air in contact with the skin

twice

how many times does the kreb cycle turn?

decrease appetite

how might lack of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus affect the control of appetite?

citric acid cycle

identify when most of the CO2 is released during complete catabolism of glucose

Serving as coenzymes

if vitamins do not provide a source of energy, what is their role in nutrition?

Deamination or transamination

in amino acid metabolism, identify the processes by which the amino group is removed.

Glycogenolysis

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

catabolism

the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones

conduction

the direct transfer of heat through physical contact

glycogenesis

the formation of glycogen from glucose

reduction

the loss of oxygen, or gain of hydrogen or electrons to an atom or molecule.