Chapter 23
d
- . Intestinal absorption of nutrients occurs in the o A) duodenum o B) ileocecum o C) ileum o D) jejunum
Fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins
identify the 2 classes of vitamins
To maintain and repair structures, support growth, and build up nutrient reserves
why do cells make new compounds?
liver
•Absorbs intact chylomicrons and extracts triglycerides and cholesterol from chylomicron
incomplete protein
deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids
Bacterial activities in the colon
describe the source of intestinal gas
maltase
digests maltose into glucose + glucose
d
- A persons BMR is influenced by o A) sex o B) body weight o C) age o D) all of these
c
- All of the following are responses to an increase in body temperature except o A) stimulation of the respiratory centers o B) stimulation of sweat glands o C) peripheral vasoconstriction o D) peripheral vasodilation
a
- All of the following factors suppress appetite except o A) low blood glucose levels o B) high blood glucose levels o C) leptin o D) stimulation of stretch receptors along the digestive tract
b
- Hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins is relatively uncommon because o A) the excess amount is stored in adipose tissue o B) the excess amount is readily excreted in the urine o C) the excess amount is stored in the bones o D) excess amounts are readily absorbed by skeletal muscle tissue
a
- If daily intake exceeds total energy demands, the excess energy is stored primarily as o A) triglycerides in adipose tissue o B) lipoproteins in the liver o C) glycogen in the liver o D) glucose in the bloodstream
d
- Most of the lipids absorbed by the digestive tract are immediately transferred to the o A) liver o B) red blood cells o C) hepatocytes for storage o D) venous circulation by the thoracic duct
c
- The primary mechanisms for increasing heat loss from the body include o A) vasomotor and respiratory o B) sensible and insensible o C) physiological responses and behavioral modifications o D) acclimatization and vasomotor
beta-oxidation
Fatty acid catabolism that produces molecules of acetyl-CoA
d
What breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and fatty acids? A.Lingual Maltase B.Lingual Sucrase C.Lingual Fructose D.Lingual Lipase
b
What is the term for oxidation/catabolism of lipids to yield glucose (ATP)? A.Lipogenesis B.Lipolysis C.Ketogenesis D.Beta oxidation
oxidation
a gain or loss of electrons from an atom or molecule
HDL
absorb unused cholesterol from body tissues, returning it to the liver where it may be packaged into new LDL's or excreted with bile salts in bile
LDL
deliver cholesterol to body tissues
lactase
digests lactose into glucose + galactose
sucrase
digests sucrose into glucose + fructose
Proteins and lipids are more important as structural components of cells and tissues
explain why carbohydrates are preferred over proteins and lipids as an energy source.
micelle
lipid bile salt complexes formed in the intestinal lumen
chylomicron
lipoproteins formed in the intestinal epithelial cells and contain newly synthesized triglycerides, cholesterol and other lipids surrounded by phospholipids and proteins
CO2, H2O, ATP
list the products generated by mitochondria
2 molecules each of pyruvate, ATP and NADH
list the products of glycolysis
Continuous supply of 2-carbon substrates and O2
list the reactants required by mitochondria
complete protein
meets the bodies amino acid requirements
hepatic portal vein
most of the absorbed nutrients enter into which blood vessel?
countercurrent exchange
name the heat conservation mechanism that conducts heat from deep arteries to adjacent deep veins in the limbs
d
o Catabolism refers to § A) the creation of a nutrient pool § B) the sum total of all chemical reactions in the body § C) the production of organic compounds § D) the breakdown of organic substrates
b
o Glucose synthesis from smaller carbon chains is known as § A) glycolysis § B) gluconeogenesis § C) glycogenesis § D) glycogenolysis
a
o More than 50% of the heat you lose indoors is attributable to § A) radiation § B) sensible perspiration § C) convection § D) conduction
a
o The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate is § A) anaerobic § B) aerobic § C) lipogenic § D) anabolic
d
o The enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into a mixture of disaccharides and trisaccharides in the mouth is § A) pepsin § B) lingual lipase § C) sucrase § D) salivary amylase
a
o The hormone released by adipose tissues as they synthesize triglycerides is § A) leptin § B) ghrelin § C) neuropeptide Y § D) insulin
a
o The net result of one turn of the citric acid cycle is § A) 1 ATP § B) 2ATP § C) 15 ATP § D) 30 ATP
c
o The process that produces 90 percent of the ATP used by our cells is § A) glycolysis § B) the citric acid cycle § C) oxidative phosphorylation § D) thermoregulation
b
o Which of the following is a protein deficiency disease? § A) Phenylketonuria § B) kwashiorkor § C) ketoacidosis
b
o Which of the following is a water soluble vitamin? § A) vitamin A § B) vitamin C § C) vitamin D § D) vitamin k
lipids
of these - carbohydrates, lipids or proteins - which releases the greatest amount of energy per gram during catabolism?
Body temperature would decrease
predict the effect of peripheral vasodilation on a persons body temperature
chemiosmosis
process of O2 and H+ binding
4 CO2, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
what does the Krebs cycle produce?
NADH & FADH2 deliver electrons and hydrogen ions
what does the electron transport chain start with?
Two 3 carbon pyruvates enter mitochondrion
what does the krebs cycle start with?
•Hydrons are pushed into the intersitial space from an area of low concentration to high concentration •Once H+ flows back in through the protein channel it pairs with ADP to produce ATP
what happens during the electron transport chain
Combine with carbon dioxide to form urea
what happens to the ammonium ions that are removed from amino acids during deamination?
radiation
what heat transfer process accounts for about one-half of a persons heat loss when indoors?
28 ATP
what is produced during the electron transport chain
2 3 carbon pyruvates
what is the 6 carbon glucose in glycolysis converted to?
oxygen
what is the final acceptor of the electron transport chain
Acetyl CoA
what molecule forms the common substrate for the citric acid cycle?
•Series of chemical reactions that consumes 2 H20
what occurs during the Krebs Cycle?
During the post-absorptive state
when do ketone bodies form?
jejunum
where does most nutrient absorption occur?
inner membrane space
where does the electron transport chain take place?
ghrelin
which hormone inhibits the satiety center and stimulates appetite in the short term?
Cells throughout the body rely on the organic molecules from the food we eat to produce energy and replenish the intracellular nutrient pool
why is digestion important
skeletal muscles
Use fatty acids to generate ATP for contraction - convert glucose to glycogen
b
- The processes involved in heat transfer between the body and the environment are o A) sensible perspiration, insensible perspiration, heat loss, and heat gain o B) radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation o C) physiological responses and behavioral modifications o D) sensible perspiration, insensible perspiration, hormones and heat conservation
a
- When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are o A) catabolized for energy o B) used to build protein o C) used for tissue repair o D) all of these
Increasing body temperature by releasing hormones
- describe the role of non-shivering thermogenesis in regulating body temperature.
Acetyl-CoA
- which molecule is a key reactant in both ATP production from fatty acids and lipogenesis?
phenylketonuria
An inherited metabolic disorder resulting from an inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine
Chylomicrons
Cells make new triglycerides from the absorbed lipids and are packaged with cholesterol into _________(water soluble)
balanced diet
Contains all the ingredients needed to maintain homeostasis and prevent malnutrition
lactic
Formation of Acetyl CoA is dependent upon oxygens availability. In the absence of oxygen, pyruvic acid is changed into _________ acid (which contributes to muscle fatigue, this would occur in the cytoplasm)
Protein deficiency
Nutritional disorders resulting from a lack of one or more essential amino acids
eating disorders
Psychological problems that result in inadequate food consumption or excessive food consumption followed by purging
lipogenesis
Resynthesizing lipids
false
TRUE OR FALSE: Kwashiorkor occurs in adults when uric acid crystals form in body fluids, causing a specific type of arthritis
false
TRUE OR FALSE: Leptin is a hormone secreted by the gastric mucosa that stimulates appetite
true
TRUE OR FALSE: The average person has a BMR of 70 Cal/hour, or about 1680 Cal/day
true
TRUE OR FALSE: The breakdown of glucose into 2 3-carbon molecules is called glycolysis
false
TRUE OR FALSE: The chemical reactions within cells are collectively known as cellular anabolism
true
TRUE OR FALSE: The energy yield for carbohydrates is 4.18 Cal/g
nutrients
The absorption of nutrients from food
insensible perspiration
The evaporation of water from the skin and alveolar surfaces of the lungs
oxidative phosphorylation
The generation of ATP as the result of the transfer of electrons from the coenzymes NADH and FADH2 to oxygen by a sequence of electron carriers within mitochondria
thermoregulation
The homeostatic control of body temperature
basal metabolic rate
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person
absorptive state
The period following a meal when nutrient absorption is under way.
metabolic turnover
The process in which cells continuously replace their cellular components
citric acid cycle
The reaction sequence that occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria. In the process, organic molecules are broken down, carbon dioxide molecules are released, and hydrogen atoms are transferred to coenzymes that deliver them to the electron transport chain
energetics
The study of the flow of energy and its change from one form to another
lipolysis
Triglycerides broken down into glycerol and fatty acids
a
When you have excess glucose in the blood stream your body undergoes what process that is controlled by what hormone? A.Glycogenesis, insulin B.Gycogenolysis, insulin C.Gluconeogenesis, insulin D.Glycogenesis, glucagon
B and C
When your blood sugar is low which process(es) happen because of what hormone? A.Glycogenesis, insulin B.Glycogenolysis, glucagon C.Gluconeogenesis, glucagon D.Glycogenesis, glucagon
matrix of mitochondria
Where does the Krebs cycle occur?
d
Where is vitamin B found? A.Vegetables B.Sunlight C.Fruit D.Meat/Eggs/Dairy
b
Where is vitamin K found? A.Vegetables B.Intestinal Bacteria C.Fruit D.Sunlight
c
Which of the following process/processes would only happen in the presence of oxygen? A.Glycolysis-happens with or without oxygen B.PyruvateàLactic Acid-without oxygen C.Krebs Cycle D.A and B E.A, B, and C
a
Which of the following reactions takes place inside the cytosol? A.Glycolysis B.Krebs Cycle C.Electron Transport Chain D.A and B E.A, B, and C
a
Which of the following transport triglycerides to muscle and adipose tissue? A.Very low-density lipoproteins B.Low density lipoproteins C.High density lipoproteins D.All of the above
a
Which of the following use fatty acids to generate ATP for contraction and to convert glucose to glycogen? A.Skeletal Muscles B.Adipose Tissue C.Liver D.Pancreas
A,B,E,F
Which of the following vitamins are fat-soluble? (select all that apply) A.A B.D C.B D.C E.E F.K
glycolysis
breakdown of glucose to two 3-carbon molecules
Intracellular glucose reserve
explain the role of glycogen in cellular metabolism
When ATP must be produced anaerobically
explain when glycolysis is important in cellular metabolism
NAD and FAD
what 2 coenzymes transfer hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain?
2 ATP, 2 pyruvate, 2 water molecules, 2 NADH
what are the products of glycolysis
6 carbon glucose
what does glycolysis start with?
26-28, 30-32
•Electron Transport Chain is where all of those electron carriers (NAD/H+ and FADH/H+) are sent to, in order to harvest the energy that is within that bond between the molecule and the H+ ion by BREAKING them apart. This step will create a total of _______ ATP and an overall net production of _______ ATP
adipose tissue
•Uses fatty acids/monoglycerides to synthesize triglycerides for storage
gluconeogenesis
•formation of glucose from non-carbohydrates
leptin
A peptide hormone produced by adipose tissue during the synthesis of triglycerides. It stimulates the satiety center and suppresses appetite
anabolism
converts smaller molecules into larger ones
convection
heat loss to the cooler air in contact with the skin
twice
how many times does the kreb cycle turn?
decrease appetite
how might lack of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus affect the control of appetite?
citric acid cycle
identify when most of the CO2 is released during complete catabolism of glucose
Serving as coenzymes
if vitamins do not provide a source of energy, what is their role in nutrition?
Deamination or transamination
in amino acid metabolism, identify the processes by which the amino group is removed.
Glycogenolysis
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
catabolism
the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones
conduction
the direct transfer of heat through physical contact
glycogenesis
the formation of glycogen from glucose
reduction
the loss of oxygen, or gain of hydrogen or electrons to an atom or molecule.
