Chapter 25

Which of the following are used in "metabolic crossroads"?

Pyruvic acid and Acytel coenzyme A

a kilocalorie (kcal) would be considered as one calorie in a food item

True

Reduction is the

addition of electrons

Humans can generate ATP through

substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation

Oxidation is

the removal of electrons

Keto acids

Can enter krebs or be used for ATP production

The heat promoting center stimulates parts of the brain that

stimulates skeletal muscle activity

The different apoproteins in lipoproteins may serve all of the functions except

transport dietary lipids

Triglycerides are continually stored in adipose cells, released, transported in the blood and redeposited in other adipose cells.

true

For adequate absorption, all of the following require ingestion with other lipids except

vitamin C

How many ATPs can come from substrate level phosphoylation during glycolysis?

2

Accumulation of a large amount of H+ between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, is described as

Chemiosmosis

Glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain may be all the processes involved in

Glucose catabolism

In MyPyramid, the quantity of foods to be consumed from each group should be in which of the following priority (most to least) ?

Vegetables grains milk fruits meat and beans oils

Antioxidant vitamins

can inactivate oxygen free radicals

Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called

catabolism

Excess amino acids in the body are

converted into glucose

What hormone stimulates gluconoeogenesis?

cortisol

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytosol

a high level of LDL witha low level of HDL in the serum is considered

dangerous because HDL prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood

ATP is produced

in the krebs cycle through substrate-level phosphorylation of GTP in the electron transport chain through oxidative phosphorylation (1 & 2 only)

The most significant metabolic change that occurs with fasting is

increase in lipolysis

Anabolism

is endergonic, requiring more energy than is produced

Glycolysis

is the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid

Cardiac muscle can produce ATP from

lactic acid

This process is the synthesis of triglycerides

lipogenesis

Thyroid hormones and insulin-like growth factors help to regulate

lipogenesis

This is the key regulator of the rate of glycolysis

phosphofructokinase

How many reactions take place during the Krebs cycle?

8

When the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is formed?

Adenosine diphosphate

Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex structures are known as

Anabolism

Glycogenolysis is ________ and stimulated by _______

Catabolic; epinephrine

The dietary lipids are transported by the

Chylomicrons

ATP is produced through chemiosmosis in the cytosol of the cell and may occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

False

Energy is transferred from ATP to complex molecules by catabolic reaction and is transferred from complex molecules to ATP by anabolic reactions.

False

In the absorptive state, most glucose that enters the liver is converted to

Glycogen

What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?

Insulin

This reaction oxidizes acetyl CoA to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH+, H+ and FADH2.

Krebs cycle

Which of the following is not a postabsorptive state reaction?

Lipogenesis

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Mitochondria

Insulin increases insertion of a glucose transporter in the cell membrane which allows an increased rate of facilitates diffusion but is not absolutely required for glucose transport into cells.

True

Lipids may be formed from some anmino acids

True

Nonessential amino acids cannot convert into essential amino acids through transamination.

True

The increased ketogenesis seen during starvation decreases glucose usage and gluconeogenesis thus indirectly decreasing catabolism of muscle protein for energy needs.

True

Which of the following vitamins is correctly matched with its principal function?

Vitamin K: coenzyme essential for synthesis of clotting factors by the liver

Glucose-6-phosphate is considered as being in the metabolic crossroads because

all of these choices

Acetyl coenzyme A

all of these choices are correct

the fate of the amino acids in the body may be

all of these choices are possible

Food intake may be regulated by

all of these choices may help regulate food intake

liver cells convert

ammonia into urea

Ketone bodies

are found during excessive beta-oxidation include beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone

Neuropeptide Y stimulates

food intake

If glucose is not immediately needed for ATP production ________ may occur.

glycogenesis

Lipogenesis occurs when

more calories are consumed than required for the current energy need

Glycogenesis is not

one way to make glucose

The net result of the complete oxidation of glucose does not include release of

oxygen

Minerals

play an important part as enzyme cofactors in energy transfer

Thyroid hormones

promote glycolysis

Which of the following statements about the process of deamination is false?

required for protein anabolism

An oxidation reaction

results in the loss of hydrogen atoms in most biological systems.