Chapter 25
Which of the following are used in "metabolic crossroads"?
Pyruvic acid and Acytel coenzyme A
a kilocalorie (kcal) would be considered as one calorie in a food item
True
Reduction is the
addition of electrons
Humans can generate ATP through
substrate-level phosphorylation oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidation is
the removal of electrons
Keto acids
Can enter krebs or be used for ATP production
The heat promoting center stimulates parts of the brain that
stimulates skeletal muscle activity
The different apoproteins in lipoproteins may serve all of the functions except
transport dietary lipids
Triglycerides are continually stored in adipose cells, released, transported in the blood and redeposited in other adipose cells.
true
For adequate absorption, all of the following require ingestion with other lipids except
vitamin C
How many ATPs can come from substrate level phosphoylation during glycolysis?
2
Accumulation of a large amount of H+ between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, is described as
Chemiosmosis
Glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain may be all the processes involved in
Glucose catabolism
In MyPyramid, the quantity of foods to be consumed from each group should be in which of the following priority (most to least) ?
Vegetables grains milk fruits meat and beans oils
Antioxidant vitamins
can inactivate oxygen free radicals
Chemical reactions that break down complex organic molecules into simpler ones are called
catabolism
Excess amino acids in the body are
converted into glucose
What hormone stimulates gluconoeogenesis?
cortisol
Where does glycolysis take place?
cytosol
a high level of LDL witha low level of HDL in the serum is considered
dangerous because HDL prevents accumulation of cholesterol in the blood
ATP is produced
in the krebs cycle through substrate-level phosphorylation of GTP in the electron transport chain through oxidative phosphorylation (1 & 2 only)
The most significant metabolic change that occurs with fasting is
increase in lipolysis
Anabolism
is endergonic, requiring more energy than is produced
Glycolysis
is the conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Cardiac muscle can produce ATP from
lactic acid
This process is the synthesis of triglycerides
lipogenesis
Thyroid hormones and insulin-like growth factors help to regulate
lipogenesis
This is the key regulator of the rate of glycolysis
phosphofructokinase
How many reactions take place during the Krebs cycle?
8
When the terminal phosphate is cut off ATP what is formed?
Adenosine diphosphate
Chemical reactions that combine simple molecules and monomers to form complex structures are known as
Anabolism
Glycogenolysis is ________ and stimulated by _______
Catabolic; epinephrine
The dietary lipids are transported by the
Chylomicrons
ATP is produced through chemiosmosis in the cytosol of the cell and may occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
False
Energy is transferred from ATP to complex molecules by catabolic reaction and is transferred from complex molecules to ATP by anabolic reactions.
False
In the absorptive state, most glucose that enters the liver is converted to
Glycogen
What hormone stimulates glycogenesis?
Insulin
This reaction oxidizes acetyl CoA to produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADH+, H+ and FADH2.
Krebs cycle
Which of the following is not a postabsorptive state reaction?
Lipogenesis
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondria
Insulin increases insertion of a glucose transporter in the cell membrane which allows an increased rate of facilitates diffusion but is not absolutely required for glucose transport into cells.
True
Lipids may be formed from some anmino acids
True
Nonessential amino acids cannot convert into essential amino acids through transamination.
True
The increased ketogenesis seen during starvation decreases glucose usage and gluconeogenesis thus indirectly decreasing catabolism of muscle protein for energy needs.
True
Which of the following vitamins is correctly matched with its principal function?
Vitamin K: coenzyme essential for synthesis of clotting factors by the liver
Glucose-6-phosphate is considered as being in the metabolic crossroads because
all of these choices
Acetyl coenzyme A
all of these choices are correct
the fate of the amino acids in the body may be
all of these choices are possible
Food intake may be regulated by
all of these choices may help regulate food intake
liver cells convert
ammonia into urea
Ketone bodies
are found during excessive beta-oxidation include beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetone
Neuropeptide Y stimulates
food intake
If glucose is not immediately needed for ATP production ________ may occur.
glycogenesis
Lipogenesis occurs when
more calories are consumed than required for the current energy need
Glycogenesis is not
one way to make glucose
The net result of the complete oxidation of glucose does not include release of
oxygen
Minerals
play an important part as enzyme cofactors in energy transfer
Thyroid hormones
promote glycolysis
Which of the following statements about the process of deamination is false?
required for protein anabolism
An oxidation reaction
results in the loss of hydrogen atoms in most biological systems.