Chapter 25 The Industrial Revolution 4 sections

socialism

Belief that businesses should be owned by society as a whole

communism

Form of socialism in which all production is owned by the people

Industrial Revolution

Great increase in machine production that began in England in the 18th century

enclosure

Large closed-in field for farming

1. What were major changes in living conditions and working conditions?

Living conditions were bad in crowded cities. Many people could not find good housing, schools, or police protection. Filth, garbage, and sickness were part of life in the slums. A person in a city could expect to live 17 years. In the countryside, a person could expect to live 38 years. Working conditions were also bad. The average worker spent 14 hours a day on the job, 6 days a week. Many workers were killed or seriously injured in accidents.

crop rotation

Planting a different crop in a different field each year

industrialization

Process of developing machine production of goods

3. Why is Manchester a good example of how industrialization changed cities?

Rapid growth made the city crowded and filthy. The factory owners risked their money and worked long hours to make their businesses grow. The large amount of industry in Manchester caused environmental problems. Coal smoke and cloth dyes from the factories polluted the air and water. Yet, Manchester also created many jobs, a variety of consumer goods, and great wealth.

Section 4

Reforming the Industrial World

stock

Right of ownership in a company called a corporation

Section 1 Page 277

The Beginnings of Industrialization

3. How did industrialization lead to imperialism?

The Europeans wanted to use these lands as sources of raw materials for their factories. European merchants saw the people on other continents as little more than markets for European goods. The European nations took control of the lands in many areas of the world outside of Europe. This practice is called imperialism.

2. How was the textile industry changed by the new inventions?

The Industrial Revolution began in the textile industry. Several new inventions helped businesses make cloth and clothing more quickly. These new inventions were large and expensive machines. Business owners built large factories to house and run these machines. These factories were built near rivers because these machines needed water power to run them.

2. What were three positive effects of industrialization?

The Industrial Revolution had many good effects. - It created wealth. - It created jobs for workers and over time helped many of them live better lives. - It produced better diets, better housing, and better clothing at lower prices.

1. How did industrialization begin in the United States?

The United States also benefited from conflict with Britain. During the War of 1812, Britain stopped shipping goods to the United States. As a result, American industries began to make many of the goods that Americans wanted.

3. What effects did the invention of the steam engine have?

The invention of the steam engine in 1705 brought in a new source of power. At the same time, improvements were being made in transportation. Robert Fulton, an American, invented the first steam-driven boat. Starting in the 1820s, steam brought a new burst of industrial growth. George Stephenson, a British engineer, set up the world's first railroad line. It used a steam- driven locomotive. Soon, railroads were being built all over Britain.

utilitarianism

Belief that an idea is only as good as it is useful

3. How did both the government and workers themselves try to improve workers' lives?

- Britain passed laws to limit how much work women and children could do. Groups in the United States pushed for similar laws. - Many workers joined unions. A union is a group of workers that tries to bargain with employers for better pay and better working conditions. - When employers resisted these efforts, the workers went on strike, or refused to work.

2. How are capitalism and socialism different?

- Other thinkers challenged capitalism. One group was called the utilitarians. According to utilitarianism, an idea or practice is good only if it is useful. The utilitarians thought it was unfair thatworkers should work so hard for such little pay and live in such poor conditions. They thought the government should work to end great differences in wealth among people. - Some thinkers wanted society as a whole to own businesses. This way a few people would not grow wealthy at the expense of everyone else. Instead, all people would enjoy the benefits of increased production. This view—called socialism—grew out of a belief in progress and a concern for justice.

middle class (in comparison to the third estates and caste system)

A social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

4. Name two major reform movements of the 1800s.

Another major reform movement of the 1800s was the effort to abolish slavery. The British Parliament ended the slave trade in 1807. - Reformers took on other projects as well. Some pushed for—and won—improved education. Others tried to improve conditions in prisons

2. Which nations industrialized first, and why?

Belgium was the first to industrialize. It was rich in iron and coal and had good waterways.

factory

Building where goods are made

corporation

Business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not responsible for its debts

urbanization

City building and the movement of people to cities

factors of production

Conditions needed to produce goods and services

capitalism

Economic system in which people invest money to make a profit

laissez faire

Economic theory that argues that governments should not interfere with business affairs

Karl Marx

Economic thinker who wrote about a radical form of socialism

1. Why was Britain the first country to industrialize?

For several reasons, Britain was the first country to industrialize. Industrialization is the process of developing machine production of goods. - Great Britain had all the resources needed for industrialization. These resources included coal, water, iron ore, rivers, harbors, and banks. - Britain also had all the factors of production that the Industrial Revolution required. These factors of production included land, labor (workers), and capital (wealth).

1. How does capitalism work?

In a capitalist economy, people invest their money in businesses to make a profit.

Section 2

Industrialization Case Study: Manchester

Section 3

Industrialization Spreads

union

Organized groups of workers that bargain with business owners to get better pay and working conditions

strike

Organized refusal to work

entrepreneur

Person who organizes, manages, and takes on the financial risk of a business enterprise

Adam Smith

Philosopher who defended laissez-faire economics