Chapter 27 Intrarenal Disorders

Cysteine calculi are associated with

a genetic defect

The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is

an immune complex reaction that involves IgG

Scrotal pain in males and labial pain in females may accompany renal pain due to

associated dermatomes (T10-L1)

Proteinuria is

the major factor underlying the edema associated with nephrotic syndrome and glomerulonephritis

Obstructive uropathy affects

the upper and lower urinary tract

The infection frequently associated with development of postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis is

throat infection- group A B-hemolytic Streptococcus infection of the throat (strep throat)

Renal calculi in gouty arthritis is likely to be

uric acid crystals due to elevated serum uric acid levels

In addition to E. coli a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is

urinary retention and reflux - increase the risk of the infection ascending the ureter to the kidneys

Red blood cell casts in the urine are associated with

Glomerulonephritis

Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) is characterized by

Hematuria Oliguria

Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because

Hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids

Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large ants of............in urine

Protein

A major modifiable risk factor for nephrolithiasis is

dehydration

A person who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is also experiencing hypoalbuminemia. This happens because

Albumin is excreted in the urine

Massive proteinuria occurs in nephrotic syndrome

Because the glomerular membrane has increased permeability that causes the leakage of protein

A common component of renal calculi

Calcium

The most common type of renal stone is

Calcium (75%)

Stones associated with hypercalcemia

Calcium oxalate

The manifestations of acute pyelonephritis

Can result in dehydration Often include symptoms of lower urinary tract infection Include fever, chills, and costovertebral tenderness May include urosepsis

The immune system damages glomeruli in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Causing red blood cells to leak into the urine, making it coffee colored

The type of glomerulonephritis which is most likely to result in a swift decline in renal function that then progresses to acute kidney injury is

Crescentic glomerulonephritis

The organism most commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis is

Escherichia coli

A person with pyelonephritis would most typically experience

Fever

Risk factors for renal carcinoma include

Genetics Cigarette smoking Obesity Chemicals Hypertension

The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is

Hydronephrosis Dilation of the urinary tract occurs proximal to the obstruction leading to the enlargement of the proximal ureter and renal pelvis causing hydronephrosis Kidney stones are causes Urine production will continue to occur if one ureter is blocked

Nephrotic syndrome is often associated with

Hyperlipidemia Proteinuria Generalized edema secondary to protein loss

The major cause of glomerulonephritis is:

Immune system damage to glomeruli Inflammatory glomerulopathy

Glomerular disorders include

Nephrotic syndrome - occurs at the glomerular membrane

The most common sign/symptom of renal calculi is

Pain

One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is

Pelvic tumor

Which condition is caused by a genetic defect?

Polycystic kidney disease

The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is

Renal colic - is the flank pain that occurs with obstruction of the proximal ureter or renal pelvis

The urea-splitting bacteria (Proteus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas) contribute to the formation of ________ kidney stones.

Struvite

Stone associated with urinary tract infections are

Struvite calculi

The physiology that explains the intermittent nature of pain caused by a kidney stone is that

Ureters use peristalsis and gravity to move urine

Renal stone formation is affected by

Urine concentration Urine pH Metabolic/congenital conditions Dietary intake

It is true that polycystic kidney disease is

genetically transmitted chronic disorder that progresses for several years

Findings that should prompt an evaluation for renal cancer include

hematuria

Calcium oxylate stone formation is facilitated by

hypercalciuria hyperparathyroidism high urine pH

The most common direct cause of acute pyelonephritis is

infection by E.coli

The individual at highest risk of pyelonephritis who requires monitoring for signs of its occurrence is the

man who has chronic urinary tract infections

The pain that accompanies kidney disorders is called

nephralgia

Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include

proteinuria oliguria

Intermittent urinary colic is associated with

renal calculi