Chapter 27 Intrarenal Disorders
Cysteine calculi are associated with
a genetic defect
The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is
an immune complex reaction that involves IgG
Scrotal pain in males and labial pain in females may accompany renal pain due to
associated dermatomes (T10-L1)
Proteinuria is
the major factor underlying the edema associated with nephrotic syndrome and glomerulonephritis
Obstructive uropathy affects
the upper and lower urinary tract
The infection frequently associated with development of postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis is
throat infection- group A B-hemolytic Streptococcus infection of the throat (strep throat)
Renal calculi in gouty arthritis is likely to be
uric acid crystals due to elevated serum uric acid levels
In addition to E. coli a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is
urinary retention and reflux - increase the risk of the infection ascending the ureter to the kidneys
Red blood cell casts in the urine are associated with
Glomerulonephritis
Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) is characterized by
Hematuria Oliguria
Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because
Hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids
Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large ants of............in urine
Protein
A major modifiable risk factor for nephrolithiasis is
dehydration
A person who is diagnosed with nephrotic syndrome is also experiencing hypoalbuminemia. This happens because
Albumin is excreted in the urine
Massive proteinuria occurs in nephrotic syndrome
Because the glomerular membrane has increased permeability that causes the leakage of protein
A common component of renal calculi
Calcium
The most common type of renal stone is
Calcium (75%)
Stones associated with hypercalcemia
Calcium oxalate
The manifestations of acute pyelonephritis
Can result in dehydration Often include symptoms of lower urinary tract infection Include fever, chills, and costovertebral tenderness May include urosepsis
The immune system damages glomeruli in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
Causing red blood cells to leak into the urine, making it coffee colored
The type of glomerulonephritis which is most likely to result in a swift decline in renal function that then progresses to acute kidney injury is
Crescentic glomerulonephritis
The organism most commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis is
Escherichia coli
A person with pyelonephritis would most typically experience
Fever
Risk factors for renal carcinoma include
Genetics Cigarette smoking Obesity Chemicals Hypertension
The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is
Hydronephrosis Dilation of the urinary tract occurs proximal to the obstruction leading to the enlargement of the proximal ureter and renal pelvis causing hydronephrosis Kidney stones are causes Urine production will continue to occur if one ureter is blocked
Nephrotic syndrome is often associated with
Hyperlipidemia Proteinuria Generalized edema secondary to protein loss
The major cause of glomerulonephritis is:
Immune system damage to glomeruli Inflammatory glomerulopathy
Glomerular disorders include
Nephrotic syndrome - occurs at the glomerular membrane
The most common sign/symptom of renal calculi is
Pain
One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is
Pelvic tumor
Which condition is caused by a genetic defect?
Polycystic kidney disease
The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is
Renal colic - is the flank pain that occurs with obstruction of the proximal ureter or renal pelvis
The urea-splitting bacteria (Proteus, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas) contribute to the formation of ________ kidney stones.
Struvite
Stone associated with urinary tract infections are
Struvite calculi
The physiology that explains the intermittent nature of pain caused by a kidney stone is that
Ureters use peristalsis and gravity to move urine
Renal stone formation is affected by
Urine concentration Urine pH Metabolic/congenital conditions Dietary intake
It is true that polycystic kidney disease is
genetically transmitted chronic disorder that progresses for several years
Findings that should prompt an evaluation for renal cancer include
hematuria
Calcium oxylate stone formation is facilitated by
hypercalciuria hyperparathyroidism high urine pH
The most common direct cause of acute pyelonephritis is
infection by E.coli
The individual at highest risk of pyelonephritis who requires monitoring for signs of its occurrence is the
man who has chronic urinary tract infections
The pain that accompanies kidney disorders is called
nephralgia
Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include
proteinuria oliguria
Intermittent urinary colic is associated with
renal calculi