Chapter 3
principle of perceptual organization
Gesalt psychology developed laws that help us understand how we perceive things
principal of proximity
elements that occur together, are grouped together
prototype matching theory
how the features of the object match another *Con: doesn't talk about process
Feature Integration Theory (FIT)
how we perceive individual features as parts of the same object
direct perception
information in our sensory receptors is all we need to perceive things
Principle of closure
mind fills in missing spaces
direct pathway model
model of pain perception that proposes that pain signals are sent directly from receptors to the brain
physical regularities
regularly occurring physical properties of the environment-Oblique Effect
principle of similarity
similar things appear to be grouped together
Ambiguous Stimulus
stimulus can be open to interpretation
template theory
template matching occurs based on what you have stored in your mind
oblique effect (physical regularities)
tend to discriminate orientations or directions better around horizonal or vertical axis compared to oblique axis
viewpoint invariance
the ability to recognize an object seen from different viewpoints
Sensation
the initial information gathering and recoding by the sensory structures
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
experience-dependent plasticity
the process through which neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individual's experiences
inverse projection problem
the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
top-down processing
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole ; brain down; example: pain perception, the placebo effect, word superiority effect
What is Hemholtz's Theory of Unconscious Inference?
we perceieve the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimulus -based on uncouncious inference
likelihood principle
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received
feature matching theory
break things down into smaller parts Includes Pandemonium Model
pandemonium model(Feature-matching)
1. Image Demon 2. Feature demon: look at stimulus 3. Cognitive Demon: finds out what these features match to particular object 4. Decision Demon
Why is it so difficult to design a perceiving machine?
1. Inverse Projection Problem 2. Object can be hidden or blurred. 3. Viewpoint invariance
principle of pragnanz/good figure/simplicity
1. Resulting structure is as simple as possible.
principle of good continuation
A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that points that, when connected, result in straight or smoothly curving lines are seen as belonging together, and that lines tend to be seen in such a way as to follow the smoothest path.
object discrimination problem
A problem in which the task is to remember an object based on its shape and choose it when presented with another object after a delay. Associated with research on the what processing stream. Damage to Temporal Lobe makes this more difficult
What are the four types of bottom-up processing theories?
Direct Perception Template Theories Feature Matching Theory Prototype Matching Theory
light-from-above assumption
The assumption that light is coming from above.
oblique effect
The finding that vertical and horizontal orientations can be perceived more easily than other (slanted) orientations.
figure-ground principle
brain organizes sensory information into a figure or figures (the center of attention) and ground (the less distinct background).
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.
What: temporal lobe; ventral pathway where: dorsal pathway: parietal lobe, spacial orientation
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information ; eye to brain