Chapter 3 A&P

The backbone of a phospholipid molecule is a __________ molecule, which is attached to two hydrophobic tails and a phosphate head group.

glycerol

Which of the following membrane components would be found only in the portion of the lipid bilayer that faces the extracellular fluid?

glycolipids

The immune system recognizes cell-identity markers that are found on the plasma membrane; these markers are often made of _________.

glycoproteins and glycolipids

In which of the following organelles would you find enzymes that add sugar residues to proteins in order to form glycoproteins?

golgi complex

Peroxisomes help break down _________.

h2o2

Oxidation reactions can produce __________ , which can be broken down by catalase to form water in the peroxisomes.

h2o2/hydrogen peroxide

While using an electron microscope, you see an organelle with two membranes. The innermost of these membranes is folded extensively. This organelle is likely a(n) __________.

mitochondria

When a hepatocyte divides, the process by which it occurs is known as _________.

mitosis

Cells that have the ability to contract and relax include ________.

muscle cells

When the chromosomes reach the poles of a cell to signal the start of telophase, a __________ forms around each set and the chromosomes de-condense into chromatin.

nucleus

The growth of new blood vessels that often occurs as tumors invade surrounding tissues is known as

angiogenesis

Which of the following applies to the plasma membrane of cells? Select all that apply.

-isolation of the internal cell environment from the external environment -selectively permeable -described by the fluid mosaic model

The largest human cell by diameter is a female oocyte, which is 140 micrometers. This is equal to ____________ millimeters in diameter.

0.14

What percentage of the membrane lipids are glycolipids?

5%

A red blood cell is approximately what percentage of the width of a human hair?

12.5%

The largest human cell is an oocyte, which has a diameter of approximately __________.

140 micrometers

Human gametes have how many chromosomes?

23

There are several species of parasitic amoebozoans that cause disease in humans. Many of these form when cells go through mitosis but not cytokinesis. If a single-nucleated amoeba goes through mitosis that is not followed by cytokinesis a total of 5 times, how many nuclei will be present in the cell?

32

Which of the following applies to interphase in the cell cycle? Select all that apply.

A high metabolic activity, C DNA replication, E longest stage of the cell cycle A: high metabolic activity B : cytokinesis C : DNA replication D : nuclear division E : longest stage of the cell cycle

Which of the following substances would enter a cell through the process of phagocytosis? Select all that apply.

bacteria, worn out cells, viruses

Which of the following factors does NOT affect the rate of diffusion across a plasma membrane?

C. DIRECTION OF DIFFUSION A.mass of the diffusing substance B.steepness of the concentration gradient C.direction of diffusion D.distance of diffusion

Integral proteins that serve as enzymes may ___________.

be oriented either to the cytoplasm or to the extracellular fluid

Vasopressin is a hormone that acts to ________ blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of water from the filtrate into the bloodstream. It does so by inserting special water channels, known as aquaporins (AQPs) into the collecting duct of the kidney.

INCREASE

Cross-linking between adjacent proteins is a result of _________ molecules, and it is a normal occurrence when a person ages.

glucose

Many metabolic reactions, including the process of glycolysis that initiates cell respiration, take place in the

cytosol

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of muscle cells?

ability to contract and relax

Which of the following applies to a cell which contains microvilli?

absoption, increases surface area

The cleavage furrow is formed by microfilaments made of _________ , a type of protein that is also critical for sarcomere formation in muscle cells.

actin

Humans inherit their 46 chromosomes ____________.

as 23 chromosomes from the mother and 23 chromosomes from the father

Which of the following can contribute to the aging of cells?

autoimmune responses telomeres high levels of stress free radicals

The digestion of a cell from the inside by enzymes from the lysosomes is known as __________.

autolysis

Lysosomes help destroy worn-out organelles by the process of __________.

autophagy

Glycolipids are made up of which two types of molecule?

carbohydrates and lipids

The interior of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic; therefore, which of the following molecules can use simple diffusion to cross from the extracellular fluid to the cytoplasm?

carbon dioxide

There is an intracellular increase in H2O2 levels as a result of cellular injury. The peroxisome is the organelle that helps reduce this level to protect the cell from these toxic levels through the action of ________ , which is an enzyme.

catalase

If the ____________ of a sister chromatid pair fail to separate during anaphase, both of the sister chromatids will move towards the same pole of the cell.

centromeres

Tubulin proteins can be assembled into microtubules in an organelle known as the

centrosome

A genetic disorder that prevents microfilament formation would prevent the development of the

cleavage furrow

Ribosomes are ____________.

composed of two subunits, one large and one small

A ___________________ is the term for having a difference in the percentage of solutes from one side of the membrane to the other.

concentration gradient

The esophagus is lined with smooth muscle cells, which _______________ to shorten and widen so that food can pass through to the stomach.

contract

In the microscope, you see a cell that is approximately twice the size of a normal cell and appears to be pinched in at the center. There appears to be a fully-formed nucleus at either end. In what stage of the cell cycle is this cell?

cytokinesis

The two main parts of the plasma membrane that contribute to membrane fluidity are the amount of cholesterol present and the number of _________ bonds in the phospholipid chains.

double

Sister chromatids separate:

during anaphase II of meiosis and anaphase of mitosis

: Within the pre-mRNA, only the ___________ codes for the actual protein.

exons

Symporters couple

facilitated diffusion of one ion to the active transport of another ion or molecule

Benzene is a nonpolar molecule. With which of the following parts of the phospholipid molecule would it best be able to interact?

fatty acid chains

Which of the following structures are used by a sperm for locomotion?

flagella

Which of the following applies to the nucleolus?

found in cells that produce large amounts of proteins, site of rRNA synthesis, not enclosed by a membrane

The end result of meiosis is _________.

four haploid gametes

The _____________ that are produced at the end of meiosis are genetically unique; they are not the same as the parent cell or identical to each other.

gametes

Identification and discovery of new genes is the focus of ________ research

genomics

During S phase, the ________ bonds between the nitrogenous bases of the double-helix must be broken so that bonds can form with a newly-replicated strand.

hydrogen

What keeps sodium ion channels from flipping 180-degrees and transporting sodium ions the opposite direction?

hydrophilic parts of the channel cannot pass through hydrophobic parts of the membrane

Angiogenesis

is the growth of blood vessels into a tumor; this serves to supply nutrients to the tumor and take away wastes.

Between nucleosomes, you would find ________.

linker DNA

A mutation in the telomeres that allowed them to stay long even when the cell undergoes mitosis could contribute to a(n)

longer lifespan for the cell

Digestive enzymes that fill the ________________ can be delivered via transport vesicles that bud from the Golgi complex.

lysosome

Daughter cells become haploid for the first time after cytokinesis in

meiosis 1

A medication that stops microfilament formation by preventing actin assembly would affect which stage of the mitotic phase, and why?

microfilaments form the cleavage furrow for cytokinesis, so the cell cannot complete the mitotic phase

Ixabepilone is a chemotherapy drug that stabilizes microtubules so that they do not break down. How could a drug like this help treat cancer?

microtubules are supposed to break down during telophase, so the cell cannot complete mitosis

Griseofulvin is an antibiotic that is used to treat systemic ringworm infections in humans. It works by preventing assembly of tubulin proteins, which form the microtubules. Which of the following is a reason that this medication might work to prevent cell division?

microtubules are supposed to form during prophase, so the cell cannot initiate the mitotic phase

Cells in the intestines have ____________ to increase each cell's surface area so that the cell can absorb more nutrients

microvilli

The largest type of human cell is a(n) __________.

oocyte

The ___________ proteins help move organelles around inside the cell, particularly those close to the plasma membrane.

peripheral

A protein attached to membrane lipids but not embedded in the membrane is a(n) __________.

peripheral proteins, which are hydrophilic

The sequence of DNA bases that precedes the gene and to which RNA polymerase binds is called the _________.

promoter

A pancreatic cell in which the nucleus is breaking down and the mitotic spindle is forming must be in which of the following stages?

prophase

In a primary spermatocyte, the allele for brown eye color on maternal chromosome 15 has been exchanged with an allele for blue eye color on paternal chromosome 15. This process happens during _________.

prophase 1

Which of the following correctly lists events of prophase I and anaphase I?

prophase I involves pairing of homologues while anaphase I splits the homologues apart

Ixabepilone is a chemotherapy drug that stabilizes microtubules so that they do not break down. Which of the following stages of mitosis could be affected by this drug? Select all that apply.

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Which type of integral protein can be bound by a ligand?

receptors

Glucagon is a peptide hormone synthesized in the pancreas. Where in the pancreatic cells would glucagon be made?

ribosomes

Growth hormone is secreted from cells in the anterior pituitary gland; it moves through the bloodstream and acts on cells in the bones, muscles, and other places. In which part of the anterior pituitary cell is growth hormone synthesized?

ribosomes

Which of the following would be found in the nucleus?

ribosomes, chromatin, nucleolus, dna

During metaphase in an intestinal cell, which of the following events occurs?

sister chromatids align at the equatorial plate of the cell

Microvilli are commonly found on cells located in the __________.

small intestine

Microvilli are found in several places in the body, such as the kidney and ___________ ; these structures increase the cell's surface area for absorption.

small intestine

Which organelle is responsible for the detoxification of alcohols, medications, and other potentially-harmful substances?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth er)

Which of the following choices shows the correct order of cell diameters, from smallest to largest?

sperm, red blood cell, oocyte

When the chromosomes reach the poles of a cell to signal the start of ___________ , a nucleus forms around each set and the chromosomes de-condense into chromatin.

telophase

Which part(s) of the phospholipid is/are nonpolar?

the fatty acid chains

Which part(s) of the phospholipid molecule is/are amphipathic?

the molecule overall

Cell shape is related to its function. The function of a cell with a flagellum would be

to move a considerable distance