chapter 3 medical terminology

podiatrist(s)

"A specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot"

scoli/o

"Curved or bent."

hemopoietic

"Pertaining to the formation of blood cells."

synovi/o, synov/o

"Synovial membrane, synovial fluid"

subluxation(s)

"The partial displacement of a bone from its joint."

malleolus(i)

"The rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint."

Ewing's sarcoma

A cancer that most often occurs in and around the bones.

orthopedic surgeon

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles; also known as an orthopedist

hemarthrosis(es)

Abnormal condition of blood in the joint ============>is blood within a joint ( hem means blood, arthr means joint, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). This condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It also can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia

-osis

Abnormal condition, disease

acetaminophen/APAP

An analgesic that reduces pain and fever, but does not relieve inflammation

bone density testing = BDT

BDT = bone density testing

closed reduction = CR

CR = closed reduction

ankyl/o

Crooked, bent, stiff

bone resorption inhibitor

Decrease release of enzyme that causes bone cell breakdown

fracture = Fx

Fx = fracture

-itis

Inflammation

acetaminophen/APAP

Non-aspirin pain reliever for mild to moderate pain, antipyretic

osteoarthritis = OA

OA = osteoarthritis

osteoporosis = OP

OP = osteoporosis

lumb/o

Of or relating to the part of the trunk between the lowest ribs and the pelvis

partial knee replacement = PKR

PKR = partial knee replacement

polymyalgia rheumatica = PMR

PMR = polymyalgia rheumatica

calcium supplement

Prevent and treat hypocalcemia

rheumatoid arthritis = RA

RA = rheumatoid arthritis

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug/ NSAID

Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation

salicylate

Relieve mild to moderate pain, reduce inflammation, antipyretic

opioid/opiate

Relieve moderate to severe pain

-ectomy

Surgical removal, cutting out

-rrhaphy

Surgical suturing

total hip arthroplasty = THA

THA = total hip arthroplasty

total knee arthroplasty = TKA

TKA = total knee arthroplasty

metatarsal(s)

The bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached"

vertebra/vertebrae

The bony structural units of the spinal column

manubrium(a)

The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum.

metacarpal(s)

The five bones that form the palms of the hand.

acetabulum(a)

The large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint; commonly known as the hip socket.

-desis

To bind or tie together

-oma

Tumor or neoplasm

-stenosis

abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure

osteomalacia

abnormal softening of the bone =============> also known as adult rickets, is abnormal softening of bones in adults ( oste/o means bone, and -malacia means abnormal softening). This condition is usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphate.

-ation

action or state

osteoporotic hip fracture

also known as a broken hip, is usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall. Complications from these fractures can result in the loss of function, mobility, and independence, or death. Osteoporotic means pertaining to or caused by the porous condition of bones

hallux valgus(i)

also known as a bunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe (hallux is Latin for big toe, and valgus means bent

open fracture(s)

also known as a compound fracture, is one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin

Baker's cyst

also known as a popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac behind the knee. This usually results from a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid. The condition is named for British surgeon William Baker

total hip replacement/THR

also known as a total hip arthroplasty, is performed to restore a damaged hip to full function. During the surgery, a plastic lining is fitted into the acetabulum to restore a smooth surface. The head of the femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball attached to a metal shaft that is fitted into the femur (see Figure 3.25). These smooth surfaces restore the function of the hip joint.

compression fracture(s)

also known as a vertebral crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself. These fractures are sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury. This results in pain, loss of height, and development of the spinal curvature known as dowager's hump

crepitation/crepitus

also known as crepitus, is the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. This term refers to any unusual crackling sound or sensation within the body. It is frequently used to describe the popping or clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints

adhesive capsulitis

also known as frozen shoulder, is painful ankylosis of the shoulder ( capsul means little box, and -itis means inflammation). It is caused by adhesions (see Chapter 4) forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter

gout

also known as gouty arthritis, is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning with the big toe. Joints affected by gout are typically warm, red, and excruciatingly sensitive

lumbago

also known as low back pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine ( lumb means lumbar, and -ago means diseased condition

dislocation

also known as luxation (luck-SAY-shun), is the total displacement of a bone from its joint

closed reduction/CR

also known as manipulation, is the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. The affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied force and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing

open reduction internal fixation/ORIF

also known as open reduction internal fixation (ORIF), is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixation is not usually removed after the fracture has healed

avascular necrosis

also known as osteonecrosis, is an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow ( a- means without, vascul means blood vessels, and -ar means pertaining to; and necrosis means tissue death). It most commonly occurs in the hip joint, and often requires a hip replacement

arthrodesis(es)

also known as surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder (arthr/o means joint, and -desis means to bind, tie together). This procedure is performed to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint. Compare with arthrolysis.

osteoarthritis/OA

also known as wear-and-tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging

osteitis

also spelled ostitis, is an inflammation of a bone ( oste means bone, and -itis means inflammation

dys-

bad, difficult, defective, abnormal

sub-

beneath under

kyph/o

bent or hump

oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o

bone

myel/o

bone marrow or spinal cord

-clasis, -clast

break

burs/o

bursa (fluid sac between the bones

chondr/o, chondr/i

cartilage

rheumatoid arthritis/RA

commonly known as RA, is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked.

lord/o

curve sway back bent

-penia

deficiency, too few, lack

talip/o

deformity; foot or ankle deformity

partial knee replacement/PKR

describes a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced

-ago

diseased condition

short status

formerly known as dwarfism, is a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk. More than 200 different conditions can cause short stature, which is defined as an average adult height of no more than 4 feet 10 inches. Some adults of short stature prefer to be referred to as little people

osteochondroma

is a benign bony projection covered with cartilage ( oste/o means bone, chondr means cartilage, and -oma means tumor). Benign means something that is not life-threatening and does not recur. This type of tumor is also known as an exostosis (plural, exostoses).

Paget's disease/osteitis deformans

is a chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. The condition is characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is often structurally enlarged, misshapen and weak

spina bifida

is a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it. Spina means pertaining to the spine. Bifida means split. Some cases of spina bifida are due to a lack of the nutrient folic acid during the early stages of pregnancy

rickets

is a deficiency disease occurring in children. This condition is characterized by defective bone growth resulting from a lack of vitamin D necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the bones. Although rickets is uncommon in the United States, its incidence is increasing.

ankylosing spondylitis(ides)

is a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae ( ankylosing means the progressive stiffening of a joint or joints, spondyl means vertebrae, and -itis means inflammation). This type of chronic inflammatory back disorders is collectively called spondyloarthropathies.

spiral fracture(s)

is a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart. This type of fracture occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion such as in a sports injury

dual x-ray absorptiometry/DXA

is a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. This test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing

craniostenosis

is a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures ( crani/o means skull, and -stenosis means abnormal narrowing

osteoporosis/OP

is a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging ( oste/o means bone, por means small opening, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease

orthotic

is a mechanical appliance, such as a shoe insert, leg brace, or a splint, which is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function

arthroscopic surgery

is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint. For example, torn cartilage can be removed with the use of an arthroscope and instruments inserted through small incisions

prosthesis(es)

is a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated (plural, prostheses)

craniotomy

is a surgical incision or opening into the skull (crani means skull, and -otomy means a surgical incision). This procedure is performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical

spinal fusion

is a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae. Fusion means to join together

myeloma

is a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow ( myel means bone marrow, and -oma means tumor). This condition can cause pathologic fractures and is often fatal

spondylosis(es)

is also known as spinal osteoarthritis. This degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function ( spondyl means vertebrae, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease

lordosis

is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine ( lord means bent backward, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). This condition is also known as swayback

kyphosis

is an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side ( kyph means hump, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). This condition, also known as humpback or dowager's hump, is frequently associated with aging

scoliosis

is an abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine ( scoli means curved, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis/ JRA

is an autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue. Many children with JRA outgrow it.

periosteotomy

is an incision through the periosteum to the bone (peri- means surrounding, oste means bone, and -otomy means surgical incision

bursitis

is an inflammation of a bursa ( burs means bursa, and -itis means inflammation

osteomyelitis

is an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone ( oste/o means bone, myel means bone marrow, and -itis means inflammation). The bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis often originates in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood

costochondritis

is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum ( cost/o means rib, chondr means cartilage, and -itis means inflammation

periostitis

is an inflammation of the periosteum ( peri- means surrounding, ost means bone, and -itis means inflammation). This condition is often associated with shin splints, which are discussed in

arthritis(ides)

is an inflammatory condition of one or more joints ( arthr means joint, and -itis means inflammation). There are more than 100 types of arthritis with many different causes. Some of the more common types of arthritis follow.

polymyalgia rheumatica

is an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs ( poly- means many, my means muscle, and -algia means pain). Rheumatica is the Latin word for rheumatism, an obsolete term for arthritis and other disorders causing pain in the joints and supporting tissue.

synovitis(ides)

is inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint ( synov means synovial membrane, and -itis means inflammation). This condition can be caused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damaged cartilage

comminuted fracture(s)

is one in which the bone is splintered or crushed. Comminuted means crushed into small pieces

percutaneous diskectomy

is performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk. In this procedure, a thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser. Percutaneous means performed through the skin

percutaneous vertebroplasty

is performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures (vertebr/o means vertebra, and -plasty means surgical repair). In this minimally invasive procedure, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column

arthrosclerosis(es)

is stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly ( arthr/o means joint, and -sclerosis means abnormal hardening).

chondromalacia

is the abnormal softening of cartilage ( chondr/o means cartilage, and -malacia means abnormal softening

spondylolisthesis(es)

is the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it ( spondyl/o means vertebrae, and -listhesis means slipping

ankylosis(es)

is the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure ( ankyl means crooked, bent, or stiff, and -osis means abnormal condition or disease). Mobility means being capable of movement.

osteotomy

is the surgical cutting of a bone (oste means bone, and -otomy means a surgical incision). This may include removing part or all of a bone, or cutting into or through a bone

osteoclasis

is the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity (oste/o means bone, and -clasis means to break

arthrolysis(es)

is the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint (arthr/o means joint, and -lysis means loosening or setting free). Note: The suffix -lysis also means breaking down or destruction and may indicate either a pathologic state or a therapeutic procedure. Compare with arthrodesis.

laminectomy(ies)

is the surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebra (lamin means lamina, and -ectomy means surgical removal

craniectomy

is the surgical removal of a portion of the skull (crani means skull, and -ectomy means surgical removal). This procedure is performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain. The term intracranial pressure describes the amount of pressure inside the skull

synovectomy(ies)

is the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint (synov means synovial membrane, and -ectomy means surgical removal). One use of this procedure, which can be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage caused by rheumatoid arthritis.

ostectomy

is the surgical removal of bone (ost means bone, and -ectomy means the surgical removal

osteorrhaphy

is the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones (oste/o means bone, and -rrhaphy means surgical suturing

arthroscopy(ies)

is the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint (arthr/o means joint, and -scopy means visual examination) using an arthroscope

osteopenia

is thinner-than-average bone density ( oste/o means bone, and -penia means deficiency). This term is used to describe the condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis but has a greater-than-average chance of developing it. Risk factors for osteopenia include aging, smoking, drinking, and a lack of calcium in the diet. Young females who do not consume enough calories may also develop the condition

bone density testing/BDT

is used to determine losses or changes in bone density. These tests are used to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and Paget's disease

bone marrow transplant/BMT

is used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, which affect bone marrow. Leukemia is discussed in Chapter 5, and lymphomas are discussed in

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

lower back, loin "Vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone"

poly-

many

total knee replacement/TKR

means that all of the parts of the knee were replaced. This procedure is also known as a total knee arthroplasty

oblique fracture(s)

occurs at an angle across the bone

transverse fracture(s)

occurs straight across the bone

sprain(s)

occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn

pathologic fracture(s)

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain. This is due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as cancer.

greenstick fracture(s)

or incomplete fracture, is one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken. This type of fracture occurs primarily in children.

-algia

pain suffering

-ous

pertaining to

cost/o

rib

aut/o

self

-lysis

setting free or loosening

crani/o

skull

-listhesis

slipping

-malacia

softening

bifid/o

split divide into two

-plasty

surgical repair

ossification

the natural process of bone formation

autologous

the patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient's body is destroyed. play audio Autologous (aw-TOL-uh-guss) means originating within an individual

per-

through

lux/o

to slide

osteoclasis/ or was it osteroclasia

to surgically break a bone

allogenic

uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling. However, unless this is a perfect match, there is the danger that the recipient's body will reject the transplant. play audio Allogenic (al-oh-JEN-ick) means originating within another

fracture/fx

which is a broken bone, is described in terms of its complexity

talipes

which is also known as clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus

stress fracture(s)

which is an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact. Additional overuse and sports injuries are discussed in Chapter 4.

Colles' fracture

which is named for the Irish surgeon Abraham Colles, is also known as a fractured wrist. This fracture occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands. The impact of this fall causes the bone weakened by osteoporosis to break