chapter 3 psych 100
During lunch your friend tells you about a recent dream. In her dream, while at home she was attacked, beaten, and robbed. What would your response be? "That's a strange dream." "You should be extra careful. It may be a premonition." "I read recently that those types of dreams are very rare." "That's crazy! But being attacked is one of the most common themes in dreams."
"That's crazy! But being attacked is one of the most common themes in dreams."
It has been estimated that our five senses take in ________ bits of information per second while we process only ________ bits of information per second. 1,000; 10 11,000; 20 101,000; 30 11,000,000; 40
11,000,000; 40
Texting and talking on the cell phone while driving is responsible for ________ percent of traffic accidents. 12 28 45 76
28
For younger adults, the human sleep cycle repeats itself about every 30 minutes. 90 minutes. 2 1/2 hours. 4 hours.
90 minutes.
Which of the following is true in relation to serotonin and Ecstasy? Ecstasy interferes with serotonin's control of the circadian clock. Ecstasy encourages the reuptake of serotonin. Ecstasy doubles the reuptake of serotonin. Ecstasy use promotes serotonin's control of the circadian clock.
Ecstasy interferes with serotonin's control of the circadian clock.
Which of the following is a psychedelic drug? LSD cocaine heroin nicotine
LSD
After ingesting a small dose of a psychoactive drug, Laqueta experienced vivid visual hallucinations and felt as if she were separated from her own body. Laqueta most likely experienced the effects of cocaine. LSD. heroin. marijuana.
LSD.
Delta waves are most clearly associated with ________ sleep. NREM-1 NREM-2 NREM-3 REM
NREM-3
Delta waves are most clearly associated with ________ sleep. NREM-1 NREM-2 NREM-3 REM
NREM-3
Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through sleeptalking. EEG recordings. sleep apnea. REM sleep.
REM sleep.
When 909 working women reported on their daily moods, researchers noted that less time pressure at work mattered ________ and a good night's sleep mattered ________. little; a lot a lot; little little; little a lot; a lot
a lot; a lot
Jeremy spent several sleepless nights studying for final exams. During the first few days after the semester ended, he averaged nearly 12 hours of sleep. He then settled back to 7.5 to 9 hours of sleep a day. The unusually lengthy sleep time of the first few days after exams suggests that Jeremy ended the semester with sleep apnea. narcolepsy. low melatonin levels. a sleep debt.
a sleep debt.
Jordanna has decided to go to bed early. Although her eyes are closed and she's very relaxed, she has not yet fallen asleep. An EEG is most likely to indicate the presence of delta waves. alpha waves. sleep spindles. rapid eye movements.
alpha waves.
François was dismayed to discover that some of his football teammates were using drugs to enhance their footwork and endurance on the playing field. Which of the following drugs were the players most likely using? morphine derivatives marijuana amphetamines barbiturates
amphetamines
Dreams often involve sudden emotional reactions and surprising changes in scene. This best serves to support the theory that dreams strengthen our memories of the preceding day's events. reflect our level of cognitive development. prepare us for the stress and challenges of the following day. are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.
are triggered by random bursts of neural activity.
Shelley has not had enough sleep in the past week. She is at an increased risk of having a driving accident because her lack of sleep diminishes her cortisol levels. REM rebound. attentional focus. hypnagogic sensations.
attentional focus.
Depressants are drugs such as marijuana and LSD. barbiturates and opiates. nicotine and caffeine. cocaine and amphetamines.
barbiturates and opiates.
The school of thought in psychology that turned away from the study of consciousness during the first half of the last century was behaviorism. psychoanalysis. humanistic psychology. evolutionary psychology.
behaviorism.
Consciousness contributes to all of the following EXCEPT reflecting on past experiences. setting goals for the future. being shocked by the present situation. focusing our attention to learn complex tasks.
being shocked by the present situation.
A condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it is known as the cocktail party effect. change blindness. choice blindness. blindsight.
blindsight.
Cognitive neuroscience is most directly concerned with studying selective attention and accidents. evolution and natural selection. selective attention and daydreams. brain activity and thought processes.
brain activity and thought processes.
In two phone interview experiments, most participants failed to notice that the female interviewer to whom they were responding changed after the third question of the interview. This best illustrated the cocktail party effect. popout. change blindness. blindsight.
change blindness.
Research participants picked one of two photos of female faces as more attractive. When researchers cleverly switched the photos, participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. Their behavior illustrated the cocktail party effect. choice blindness. popout. blindsight.
choice blindness.
After flying from London to New York, Arthur experienced extra hours of daylight and had a restless, sleepless night. His problem was most likely caused by a disruption of his narcolepsy. circadian rhythm. hypnagogic sensations. sleep paralysis.
circadian rhythm.
Zachary experienced a surge of energy and feelings of self-confidence and euphoria that lasted less than an hour after taking a drug that blocked the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. The drug he used was most likely heroin. cocaine. LSD. marijuana.
cocaine.
Since 1960, psychology has regained an interest in consciousness as psychologists of all persuasions began affirming the importance of evolutionary psychology. choice blindness. neuroscience. cognition.
cognition.
Which theory emphasizes that dreams simulate reality by drawing on our current understandings of reality? wish-fulfillment theory neural activation theory information-processing theory cognitive development theory
cognitive development theory
Which specialty area would be most interested in identifying the brain-wave patterns associated with a person's conscious recognition of familiar faces or voices? evolutionary psychology cognitive neuroscience behavior genetics behaviorism
cognitive neuroscience
Sequential processing refers to the formation of complex neural networks. consciously processing one aspect of a problem at a time. the brain's ability to automatically regulate basic life-sustaining processes such as breathing. the coordinated brain-wide activity that triggers consciousness.
consciously processing one aspect of a problem at a time.
Repeated use of an opiate decreases the brain's production of endorphins. increases heart and breathing rates. is not associated with any serious withdrawal symptoms. triggers auditory as well as visual hallucinations.
decreases the brain's production of endorphins.
Haley plans to take a couple tablets of Ecstasy during a dance party that may last the entire night. One of the immediate dangers of using the drug at this event is increased appetite. dehydration. lethargy. pupil constriction.
dehydration.
An hour after going to bed, Mike was so soundly asleep his parents were unable to awaken him for a scheduled dose of medicine. At this point in Mike's sleep, an EEG would have most likely detected alpha waves. beta waves. delta waves. REM rebound.
delta waves.
An hour after going to bed, Mike was so soundly asleep his parents were unable to awaken him for a scheduled dose of medicine. At this point in Mike's sleep, an EEG would have most likely detected alpha waves. beta waves. delta waves. REM rebound.
delta waves.
At 1:00 A.M., Luis gets out of bed and begins to sleepwalk. An EEG of his brain activity is most likely to indicate the presence of alpha waves. sleep spindles. REM sleep. delta waves.
delta waves.
A visual perception track enables most people to recognize objects at nearly the same time that a visual action track enables them to avoid bumping into the objects. This best illustrates sequential processing. change blindness. dual processing. blindsight.
dual processing.
We know more than we know we know thanks to our capacity for sequential processing. consciousness. change blindness. dual processing.
dual processing.
Drug use is considered a substance use disorder when a person craves the substance. continues use despite social problems. continues use despite hazards. experiences all of these conditions.
experiences all of these conditions.
Narcolepsy is a disorder in which a person temporarily stops breathing during sleep. has sudden uncontrollable seizures. experiences uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness. has difficulty falling and staying asleep.
experiences uncontrollable attacks of overwhelming sleepiness.
Children who suffer night terrors typically fail to recall these episodes the next day. experience greater-than-average amounts of slow-wave sleep. have dreams that they are suffocating or drowning. require prescription drugs to recover from this condition.
fail to recall these episodes the next day.
Young teens are most likely to start smoking in order to gain social acceptance. develop drug tolerance. reduce their mental alertness. reduce their blood pressure.
gain social acceptance.
Oxygen deprivation, epilepsy seizures, and other insults to the brain are most clearly known to produce REM sleep. neuroadaptation. hallucinations. alcohol use disorder.
hallucinations.
Sensory experiences that occur without an external sensory stimulus are called night terrors. REMs. sleep spindles. hallucinations.
hallucinations.
Psychedelic drugs, which distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input, are called amphetamines. hallucinogens. barbiturates. opiates.
hallucinogens.
Identical twins have more similar sleep patterns than do fraternal twins, and people in industrialized nations go to bed later at night than their counterparts of a century ago. These facts best illustrate that sleep patterns are affected by both rapid eye movements and sleep spindles. latent content and manifest content. alpha waves and beta waves. heredity and environment.
heredity and environment.
One study simultaneously delivered a recording of men talking in participants' one ear and a recording of women talking in participants' other ear. When participants were assigned to pay attention to the women, 70 percent failed to hear one of the men repeatedly say "I'm a gorilla." This failure best illustrated dual-processing. inattentional deafness. popout. blindsight.
inattentional deafness.
Brian has greater difficulty remembering what he learns during a foreign language vocabulary tutorial if he experiences less than his normal amount of REM sleep the night after the tutorial. Which theory best accounts for Brian's experience? wish-fulfillment theory cognitive development theory neural activation theory information-processing theory
information-processing theory
According to Freud, the latent content of a dream refers to its accompanying brain-wave pattern. the previous day's events that prompted the dream. the sensory stimuli in the sleeper's environment that are incorporated into the dream. its underlying but censored meaning.
its underlying but censored meaning.
The best time for athletes to engage in heavy exercise workouts is early in the morning. shortly before noon. late afternoon. within three hours of bedtime.
late afternoon.
While sound asleep people cannot talk and dream at the same time. incorporate environmental changes into the content of their dreams. learn recorded messages to which they are repeatedly exposed. do any of these things.
learn recorded messages to which they are repeatedly exposed.
Research indicates that Canadian, American, British, German, and Japanese adults tend to sleep ________ on workdays than on other days. They also tend to go to bed ________ than did their counterparts a century ago. more; earlier more; later less; earlier less; later
less; later
Which synthetic opiate is sometimes prescribed as a substitute for heroin? methamphetamine melatonin methadone THC
methadone
Doug is a drug addict. The drug he is using gives him lots of energy but drastic mood changes and reduced dopamine levels. Which drug is he most likely using? nicotine alcohol methamphetamine Ecstasy
methamphetamine
When cocaine is injected or smoked, it produces only a brief rush of euphoria. But the stimulant drug ________ can trigger eight hours or so of heightened energy and euphoria. LSD heroin Amytal methamphetamine
methamphetamine
Fran uses ecstasy each weekend with her friends at the club. During the week, she craves the drug and spends most of her week planning how she will obtain and use the drug. During the early part of the week, she has difficulty getting back on track and recovering from her use over the weekend. She has missed work several times because of her drug use. Because she has been using the drug for an extended period of time, she needs more of the substance to obtain the desired effect. Which of the following best describes the severity of her substance use disorder? mild moderate severe extreme
moderate
Compared with adults, children are more likely to experience night terrors and less likely to experience sleepwalking. less likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking. less likely to experience night terrors and less likely to experience sleepwalking. more likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking.
more likely to experience night terrors and more likely to experience sleepwalking.
Compared with parallel processing, sequential processing tends to be ________ conscious and better for solving ________ problems. less; novel more; familiar less; familiar more; novel
more; novel
During a heated argument with his teenage daughter, Mr. Reid suddenly fell asleep. Mr. Reid apparently suffers from narcolepsy. insomnia. sleep apnea. REM rebound.
narcolepsy.
On the Monday after the "spring forward" to daylight savings time, people show a higher-than-normal incidence of sleep apnea. narcolepsy. cyberloafing. night terrors.
narcolepsy.
On the Monday after the "spring forward" to daylight savings time, people show a higher-than-normal incidence of sleep apnea. narcolepsy. cyberloafing. night terrors.
narcolepsy.
Sitting up in bed, talking nonsense, and appearing highly distressed during REM-3 sleep is most characteristic of narcolepsy. sleep apnea. night terrors. REM rebound.
night terrors.
Particularly among men, sleep apnea is linked with night terrors. sleepwalking. narcolepsy. obesity.
obesity.
Morphine and heroin are amphetamines. opiates. hallucinogens. barbiturates.
opiates.
REM sleep is called paradoxical sleep because our heart rate is slow and steady, while our breathing is highly irregular. we are deeply asleep but can be awakened easily. our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move. it leads to highly imaginative dreams that are perceived as colorless images.
our nervous system is highly active, while our voluntary muscles hardly move.
Training young people in drug refusal skills is a tactic that is most clearly designed to "inoculate" them against hallucinations. peer pressure. excess dopamine receptors. painkilling neurotransmitters.
peer pressure.
REM sleep is reduced by alcohol and reduced by sleeping pills. increased by alcohol and reduced by sleeping pills. reduced by alcohol and increased by sleeping pills. increased by alcohol and increased by sleeping pills.
reduced by alcohol and reduced by sleeping pills.
Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus is called blindsight. parallel processing. change blindness. selective attention.
selective attention.
Our inability to consciously process all the sensory information available to us at any single point in time best illustrates the need for blindsight. selective attention. choice blindness. popout.
selective attention.
The cocktail party effect provides an example of change blindness. dual processing. selective attention. blindsight.
selective attention.
Which of the following poses the greatest risk of an accident while driving? sending text messages talking on a cell phone listening to the car radio talking with others in the vehicle
sending text messages
Adding two large numbers together by consciously focusing on and solving each subcomponent of the task in serial order best illustrates popout. the two-track mind. sequential processing. choice blindness.
sequential processing.
In which of the following disorders does the person repeatedly stop breathing while asleep? narcolepsy sleep apnea night terrors insomnia
sleep apnea
Although Stephanie is starting to wake up, she is still half asleep and is unable to move. She feels frightened! She is experiencing paradoxical sleep. sleep paralysis. delta waves. hallucinations.
sleep paralysis.
Gregory suffers from insomnia and is often sleep deprived. Which of the following effects is he NOT likely to experience? decreased ability to focus attention increased risk of hypertension decrease in hunger-suppressing ghrelin slower reaction time
slower reaction time
Compared with young adults, older adults are especially likely to spend less time in deep sleep. spend less time in NREM-1 sleep. spend more time in paradoxical sleep. complete the sleep cycle more slowly.
spend less time in deep sleep.
Compared with young adults, older adults are especially likely to spend less time in deep sleep. spend less time in NREM-1 sleep. spend more time in paradoxical sleep. complete the sleep cycle more slowly.
spend less time in deep sleep.
Cocaine is classified as a(n) a.hallucinogen. stimulant. c.depressant. d.opiate.
stimulant
Cocaine, amphetamines, Ecstasy, nicotine, and even caffeine are examples of barbiturates. opiates. stimulants. amphetamines.
stimulants.
Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions are called barbiturates. opiates. stimulants. amphetamines
stimulants.
Amphetamines are classified as ________ and barbiturates are classified as ________. hallucinogens; depressants stimulants; depressants hallucinogens; stimulants stimulants; hallucinogens
stimulants; depressants
The circadian rhythm is influenced by light-sensitive retinal proteins that trigger signals to the suprachiasmatic nucleus. hippocampus. amygdala. brainstem.
suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Research on sleep and dreaming confirms that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams. while some people dream every night, others seldom dream. the brain's auditory cortex responds to sound stimuli even during sleep. older adults sleep more than young adults.
the brain's auditory cortex responds to sound stimuli even during sleep.
When working an occasional night shift, people often feel groggiest in the middle of the night but experience new energy around the time they normally would wake up. This best illustrates the impact of sleep apnea. memory consolidation. the circadian rhythm. REM rebound.
the circadian rhythm.
Corolina was not aware of what her mother was telling her while she was focused on a phone voice message from a friend. Her experience best illustrates dual processing. the cocktail party effect. popout. blindsight.
the cocktail party effect.
Research has documented a cultural influence on drug use, as indicated by drug users' feeling that life is meaningless and directionless. heavy drug use among those suffering from depression. drug use by identical twins. the glamorization of drug use in movies.
the glamorization of drug use in movies.
Research has documented a cultural influence on drug use, as indicated by drug users' feeling that life is meaningless and directionless. heavy drug use among those suffering from depression. drug use by identical twins. the glamorization of drug use in movies.
the glamorization of drug use in movies.
Arlette often consumes up to six cocktails in a row before she experiences any noticeable symptoms of intoxication. This suggests that Arlette has developed disinhibition. tolerance. withdrawal. hallucinations.
tolerance
t has been found that night terrors are usually recalled vividly for days following their occurrence. are typically accompanied by a state of temporary muscular immobility or paralysis. jolt the sleeper to a sudden state of full waking alertness. typically occur during NREM-3 sleep.
typically occur during NREM-3 sleep.
Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep. dreams during NREM-1 rather than during REM sleep. experiences more NREM-2 sleep than most people. cycles through the distinct sleep stages much more rapidly than most people.
would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep.