Chapter 4

Which of the following nutrients is made by gut microbiota?

Biotin

The primary function of the cardiovascular system is ___.

Circulation of blood throughout the body

People who have Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis have increased risk of ______ cancer.

Colorectal

Which of the following physiological changes is a result of anabolic chemical reactions?

Enlargement of muscle tissue after 3 weeks of regular exercise

Based on this information, the new chemical is an

Enzyme

Electrons are small, positively charged particles that surround the nucleus of a cell.

False

Prebiotics are substances in food that the human body digests to form probiotics.

False

Protons carry negative charges.

False

The edges of the tongue do not have any taste buds.

False

Ulcerative colitis is a temporary condition that develops after the large intestine is surgically removed.

False

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?

H. pylori

For several years, Corey has suffered from intermittent abdominal pain along with bouts of diarrhea and constipation. According to Corey, his "bad guts" worsen whenever he is "stressed out" or eats certain foods, especially raw fruit and baked beans. His doctor has determined that his intestinal tract is not inflamed. Based on this information, Corey probably has ___.

Irritable bowel syndrome

Which of the following statements is true?

Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that live in the human large intestine.

Devon adds a little salt to a pot of water before he boils the water to cook pasta. When added to the water, the salt is a

Solute

Which of the following statements is true?

The gallbladder makes bile and stores the compound in the liver.

Which of the following statements is true?

The pyloricsphincter controls the rate at which chyme enters the small intestine.

A mitochondrion is a type of organelle that is in human cells.

True

Antibiotic use can disrupt the normal balance and diversity of microbes in human intestinal tract.

True

When the pH of blood is lower than normal, the blood has become more akaline.

True

Which of the following physiological changes is a result of catabolic chemical reactions?

Weight loss as a result of starvation

A food has a pH that is higher than the pH of pure water but lower than the pH of oven cleaner. Based on this info, the food is

an egg white

Antonio has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce his likelihood of developing heartburn, his physician recommended that he

avoid overeating during meals

A liquid has a pH that is higher than the pH of pure water but lower than the pH of household ammonia. Based on this information, the liquid is

baking soda

Which of the following foods is a rich source of prebiotics?

berries

Which of the following compounds is not secreted by the human stomach?

bile

The ___ of a food describes the extent to which the body is able to absorb the nutrients from the food and use them.

bioavailability

The back (rear) portion of your tongue is very sensitive to foods that taste ___.

bitter

A substance has a pH that is higher than the pH of tomatoes and lower than the pH of blood. Based on this information, the substance is ___.

black coffee

A molecule forms when two or more atoms are attracted to each other and held together by ___.

bonds

Which of the following organs is not an accessory organ of the digestive system?

brain

A primary function of the digestive system is the ____.

breakdown of food into nutrients

After being absorbed, most lipids become incorporated into

chylomicrons

Blood and blood vessels are primary components of the ____ system.

circulatory

Dorothy is an 85-year-old woman who is having difficulty swallowing. Food seems to enter her stomach too slowly. Based on this information, Dorothy probably has a (an)

condition characterized by loss of peristaltic functioning.

Chyme moves from the stomach into the ________.

duodenum

Phosphorus, potassium, and sodium are ___.

elements

Which of the following structures normally prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx and trachea?

epiglottis

Last night, Sara ate French fries, fried fish, and creamy cole slaw. For dessert, she had a chocolate milk shake. About an hour after eating this food, she suddenly complained of severe abdominal pain. Based on this information, Sara probably has ___.

gallstones

Jillian drinks a couple of beers and smokes over a pack of cigarettes daily. Even though she's about 40 pounds overweight, she likes to wear tight-fitting clothes. Based on this information, Jillian has a high risk of developing

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Amanda is a three-year-old who has a condition that is characterized by the inability of her pancreas to produce cholecystokinin. Based on this information, she ___.

has difficulty digesting food

Bernetta has an autoimmune disease that affects salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Bernetta

has trouble swallowing

Which of the following substances is secreted by the human stomach?

hydrochloric acid

___ is a mineral nutrient.

iron

The ____ is the second segment of the small intestine.

jejunum

Which of the following organs helps maintain the body's acid-base balance by removing excess hydrogen ions?

kidneys

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome usually includes making dietary changes and ___.

learning ways to manage stress effectively

The ___ is an accessory organ of the digestive system.

liver

Coretta has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce her likelihood of developing heartburn, her physician recommended that she

lose excess body fat

Marcus has an infection that causes a temporary loss of villi. Based on this information, you would expect Marcus to _____ while he has this illness.

lose weight rapidly

____ is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living cells.

metabolism

A substance has a pH that is lower than the pH of household bleach but higher than the pH of egg whites. Based on this information, the substance is _____.

milk of magnesia

The brain and spinal cord are structures of the ___ system.

nervous

Paisley usually has four bowel movements each week. Based on this information, Paisley should

not worry, because she is not constipated.

An _____ is a body structure composed of tissues that have related functions.

organ

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?

pancreas

Tyler smokes cigarettes, drinks excess alcohol, and takes aspirins regularly to treat his headaches. Based on this information, Tyler has a high risk of developing ___.

peptic ulcers

Small amounts of food move through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called ___.

peristalsis

Which of the following foods is a rich source of prebiotics?

soybeans

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of ____ to be digested in the mouth.

starch

Rose has an autoimmune disease that destroyed her salivary glands. As a result of this condition, Rose probably

uses a lot of spices and sauces to season her foods