Chapter 4- Nutrition

Sarah's doctor wants to screen her for reactive hypoglycemia. If her doctor's suspicions are correct and Sarah does have reactive hypoglycemia, what would you expect her blood glucose cencentration to be at approximately TWO HOURS after she begun her glucose tolerance test?

depressed as compared to a healthy individual

A disorder of the large intestine characterized by infected and inflamed pockets forming in the intestinal wall is:

diverticuloisis

Trevor's doctor wants to screen him for type 1 diabetes by administering a glucose test. If his doctor's suspicions are correct and trevor does have type 1 diabetes, what would you expect his blood glucose concentration to be at approximately TWO HOURS after the test?

elevated as compared to a healthy individual

Which of the following is caused by alcohol exposure by a fetus during pregnancy?

fetal alcohol syndrome

Bran is the part of a grain kernel that is very high in:

fiber

The absorption of which monosaccharide does NOT require energy?

fructose

Chronic drinkers may show few signs of impairment or intoxication even at high blood alcohol levels. This condition is known as:

functional tolerance

Red blood cells and the brain rely on ___ for energy

glucose

Which monosaccharide is the preferred source of energy for the brain?

glucose

Which of the following carbohydrates is the end product of photosynthesis?

glucose

Which of the following fiber types includes fibers that can be classified as both soluble and insoluble?

hemicellulose

Which of the following is a potential health benefit of moderate alcohol consumption?

increased HDL cholesterol

After a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cell?

insulin

Which hormone works to lower blood glucose?

insulin

The BEST time to encourage a friend or family member with a drinking problem to seek help is:

when he or she is sober, shortly after an alcohol-related incident

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

xylitol

A 6-oz glass of wine is equivalent to one alcoholic drink.

False

Fetal alcohol syndrome is BEST described as a genetic disorder.

False

Protection against heart disease is a potential benefit of a diet rich in simple sugar.

False

Which of the following is a state in which the body producse too much insulin even before a meal has been consumed?

Fasting Hypoglycemia

Which of the following has the most calories in one tablespoon?

Honey

Which of the following is equivalent to one drink of alcohol?

12 oz of beer

How many grams of carbohydrate are recommended to prevent ketosis in healthy individuals?

130 grams

Carbohydrates contribute ________ kcal of energy per gram.

4

Alcohol provides how many kcal/g of energy?

7

Why does carbohydrate digestion NOT occur in the stomach?

Acid in the stomach inactivates salivary.

Trevor's doctor wants to screen him for type 1 diabetes by administering a glucose tolerance test. If his doctor's suspicions are correct and Trevor does have type 1 diabetes, what would you expect his blood glucose concentration to be at approximately TWO HOURS after the test?

Elevated as compared to a healthy individual

Plants store glucose in the form of the complex carbohydrate:

Starch

Individuals with the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) should not consume the artificial sweetener aspartame. Why?

They cannon metabolize the amino acid phenylalaine

The first enzyme in alcohol metabolism is:

alcohol dehydrogenase

One class of enzymes that breaks down carbohydrates is:

amylase

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which fasting blood sugar levels

are too low

Which of the following is a non-nutritive sweetener?

aspastame

Yogurt is tolerated better than milk by many lactose-intolerant people because

bacteria in yogurt help digest the lactose

Gram for gram, carbohydrate is more energy dense than fat.

False

Legumes do not contain fiber-rich carbohydrates.

False

Moderate alcohol consumption is always associated with health benefits.

False

Moderate alcohol consumption raises LDL cholesterol.

False

On average, a healthy adult can metabolize two drinks per hour.

False

Overconsumption of simple sugars causes hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children.

False

Alcohol does not require digestion before it can be absorbed.

True

Alcohol is considered a drug.

True

Excessive alcohol consumption is the third leading cause of preventable death for Americans.

True

Lactose intolerance is more common among African Americans than among Caucasian Americans.

True

Moderate alcohol consumption for men is up to two drinks per day.

True

The beta bond that produces lactose is difficult for the human body to break down.

True

The liver's ability to activate which of the following fat-soluble vitamins may be interrupted by chronic alcohol consumption?

Vitamin D

The current alcohol consumption recommendation for pregnant women is:

complete abstinence

The non-alcoholic components found in red wine, brandy, and whiskey that may cause some of the symptoms of a hangover are called:

congeners

Why are most types of fiber indigestible in the human GI tract?

beta bonds present in fiber are difficult for the body to break down

Which of the following might a doctor recommend to reduce a patient's risk for diverticulosis?

consume more dietary fiber

Alcohol is primarily metabolized by the:

liver

The primary function of liver glycogen is to:

maintain blood glucose

Which of the following is a condition is which the liver becomes more efficient in the breakdown of alcohol?

metabolic tolerance

The type of carbohydrates that consist of only a single molecule are called:

monosaccharides

In the body, the major storage sites for glycogen are the:

muscles and liver

The term complex carbohydrates refers to:

oligosaccharides and polysaccharides

Moderate alcohol consumption BEST defined as:

one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men

Which of the following diets is associated with the development of ketosis?

one that contains insufficient carbohydrate

Insulin is synthesized and released by the:

pancreas

Which of the following is a technique employed by some endurance athletes to increase their storage of muscle glycogen?

carbohydrate loading

Sugar alcohols are most often used in which of the following products?

chewing gum

Which of the following is classified as an oligosaccharide?

raffinose

Which of the following is a chemical found in red wine and grapes that may have health benefits?

reveratrol

Which of the following is a five-carbon monosaccharide?

ribose

Which artificial sweetener was once linked to cancer but later removed from the list of potential cancer-causing substance?

saccharin

Which of the following enzymes is found in the mouth?

salivary amylase

The MOST common source of added sugar in the US diet is:

soft drinks/sodas

Alcohol is absorbed directly from the small intestine and the:

stomach

When fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form:

sucrose

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

sucrose

Alcohol consumption,even at a moderate level, increases the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding if the drinker is:

taking aspirin or ibuprofen

Which of the following BEST describes the glycemic index?

the extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin levels

The glycemic load is:

the glycemic index multiplied by the grams of carbohydrate

Simple carbohydrates differ from complex carbohydrates by virtue of:

the number of molecules they are made up of

Gluconeogenesis is:

the synthesis of new glucose from amino acids or other sources that are not carbohydrates

Which of the following is MOST associated with diets high in added sugar?

tooth decay

A disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of:

two monosaccharides

Which of the following is the most prevalent form of diabetes?

type 2

Which of the following is an example of an insoluble fiber?

lignins

In type 1 diabetes, the _______ are destroyed by an autoimmune disease.

Beta cells of the pancreas

Excessive alcohol consumption can cause dizziness and lightheadedness due to fluid and electrolyte imbalances because alcohol:

is a diuretic

A potentially life-threatening consequence of low-carbohydrate intake is:

ketoacidosis

In the absence of carbohydrate, ___ are produced from the incomplete breakdown of body fat.

ketones