Chapter 4 nutrition

Which of the following are functions of the stomach?

- Begins chemical digestion of protein - Produces and secretes HCl - Secretes protective lubricant

Diarrhea is most often caused by _____.

- bacterial infections - viral infections

How much bile does the liver make every day?

2-4 cups

what is lumen

A hollow space through which food and fluid pass.

Which of the following can contribute to constipation?

Changes in routine Lack of dietary fiber Low water intake

is a condition characterized by the presence of tiny pouches that form in the wall of the colon.

Diverticulosis

Which of the following represents the sections of the small intestine in order?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Which statement about the digestion of nutrients is true?

Very little carbohydrate, protein, or fat escapes digestion and absorption in the small intestine.

where is the accessory organ located?

liver and gallbladder

Chyme is formed in the

stomach

What are causes of diarrhea?

- The GI tract absorbs less water than normal. - More water than normal is secreted into the GI tract.

Symptoms of a peptic ulcer include

- deep dull upper abdominal pain - feeling of fullness that occurs about 2 hours after eating

Choose helpful strategies to reduce the risk of heartburn.

- do not wear tight belts or clothes with tight waistbands - lose excess body weight - do not overeat at mealtimes - avoid smoking cigarettes

are live microorganisms that play a role in maintaining good health for their human hosts.

Probiotics

Choose the most accurate description of the GI tract.

a hollow, muscular tube that extends approximately 16 feet in length

The breakdown of food due to the action of enzymes would be an example of

chemical digestion

When an intestinal sphincter contracts, it _____ the passageway and restricts the flow at that point in the digestive tract.

closes

The FDA ______ approved health claims for probiotics.

has not

When we have a cold, food often does not taste as good because

our noses are blocked, and our sense of smell contributes to our sense of taste.

Which of the following is a primary taste sensation?

umami

The two major components of the digestive system are the

1) GI tract 2) accessory organs

order the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract (starting at the beginning of the small intestine).

1. duodenum 2. jejunum 3. lleum

Constipation can be caused by a diet that is______

Low

Hydrochloric acid contributes to the ______ pH of gastric juice.

low

Almost all of the macronutrients are digested and absorbed in the

small intestine

Which of the following senses has the greatest effect on taste?

smell

Choose characteristics of simple diffusion.

- many water-soluble vitamins, lipids, and some minerals are absorbed this way -the movement of a nutrient from higher concentration to an area of lower concentration -does not require energy

Irritable bowel syndrome can be characterized by

- sensation of incomplete elimination. - constipation. - loose stools.

A physical activity that prepares solid foods for swallowing and chemical digestion is called

mastication

Waves of muscular contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract are called

peristalsis

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called , which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva

Which of the following is not a typical cause of vomiting?

smelling a pleasant odor

are thickened regions of muscle that function like valves to control the flow of contents at various points in the GI tract

sphincters

Chyme is formed in the____________ as food is mixed with digestive secretions.

stomach

The acid in the ________ helps to activate digestive enzymes, makes proteins easier to digest, and kills many disease causing microorganisms.

stomach

Where is the GI tract located?

stomach and small intestine

uses cholesterol to make bile

the liver

What is the purpose of mastication?

to make the food easier to swallow to increase the surface area of food to allow greater access for enzymes

Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in

women

Choose the functions of intestinal bacteria.

- synthesis of vitamins and certain neurotransmitters - controls inflammation

A "fecal transplant" (taking feces from a healthy person and introducing it into the large intestine of a patient) is used to treat

c-diff

Components of saliva include

salivary amylase and lingual lipase

In cases of _____, the inflammatory process causes ulcers to form in the mucosa of the colon and rectum.

ulcerative colitis

The 5 primary taste sensations are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and

umami

are tiny, fingerlike projections that provide an increased surface area for absorption in the small

villi

An unpleasant experience but helpful because it prevents toxic substances from entering the small intestine is referred to as

vomiting

The amount of a nutrient in a food is not as important as how much of that nutrient is used by the body, called the nutrient's

bioavailability

Researchers are testing the safety and effectiveness of using ______ to treat a Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infection.

fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)

The acidic environment of the stomach is beneficial in

killing disease causing microorganisms. activating some digestive enzymes. partially digesting protein.

Match the digestive organ with its function

mouth: begins the chemical digestion of starch stomach: muscular sac that can hold up to four cups of food small intestine: Major site of chemical digestion and absorption large intestine: elimination of waste products esophagus: transfer of food from mouth to stomach

A primary purpose of the villi is to increase the _______ of the small intestines in order to enhance absorption rates.

surface area

The pressure commonly found with chronic constipation can sometimes force small pouches to form in the wall of the colon is called ______.

diverticuli

The gut microbiota is an ecosystem of ______ that colonize the intestinal tract.

bacteria viruses fungi

The cavity or channel within a tube such as the GI tract is called the

lumen

The mixing of food by muscular contractions is an example of

mechanical digestion

Lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _______, which is produced by glands in the mouth.

saliva