Chapter 4

When people remember their behavior they often do so in a way that: A) makes them look better. B) makes them look worse. C) is representative of the truth. D) is purposefully deceitful

a

_____ is the process of keeping the experimental situation the same for everyone. A) Replication B) Social desirability C) Standardization D) Quota sampling

c

Which of the following is a quasi-independent variable? A) medication dosage B) sleep deprivation C) stress level D) gender

d

Which of the following people would be a WEIRD participant? A) an individual from a hunter gatherer community in Africa B) a man who has not attended college C) a woman from Pakistan D) a Canadian college student

d

Which portion of an APA-style report provides background information from previous research on the topic under investigation? A) abstract B) method C) results D) introduction

d

Which type of data are open to the LEAST amount of interpretation? A) behavioral trace B) archival C) informant D) self-report

d

With regard to sampling, what does WEIRD mean? A) women, eastern, intelligent, rich, and democratic B) women, eastern, industrialized, rich, and diplomatic C) western, educated, intelligent, rich, and diplomatic D) western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic

d

_____ is/are a behavioral measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present. A) Interviews B) Focus groups C) Observation D) Behavioral trace

d

(Scenario I) The Verbal Rating Scale used in Scenario I to measure pain intensity and unpleasantness is a(n): A) self-report measure. B) self-behavioral observation measure. C) observational self-report measure. D) social desirability measure.

a

(Scenario II) Less than half of the potential participants in Scenario II agreed to complete the telephone interviews. This could potentially result in: A) nonresponse bias. B) nonrandom sampling. C) nonprobability sampling. D) haphazard sampling.

a

If a researcher attempts to determine personality traits by examining clothes in a laundry basket, he is using: A) behavioral trace. B) behavioral observation. C) physiological measures. D) behavioral choice.

a

Purposeful sampling is to researcher as: A) snowball sampling is to participants. B) quota sampling is to collaborators. C) convenience sampling is to participants. D) quota sampling is to informants

a

Purposive sampling is used when: A) there are a limited number of people with expertise in a given area. B) when there are certain subgroups of interest within the population. C) when researchers need to meet a quota. D) when researchers want a representative sample to draw unbiased conclusions about the population

a

Researchers are LEAST likely to be able to control: A) random error. B) social desirability bias. C) observer bias. D) systematic error.

a

Researchers have _____ chance of eliminating bias as compared to random error. A) a greater B) a worse C) the same D) no

a

Researchers may fail to use simple random sampling because: A) they would need access to the entire population. B) it is a nonrandom sample, which limits the ability to draw conclusions from results. C) it requires the creation of complex strata. D) certain statistical analyses require more sophisticated sampling procedures.

a

Which of the following would be considered behavioral trace evidence? A) a recent call log from an individual's cell phone B) physiological measures C) responses to a self-report inventory D) demographic variables

a

Angelique sets her bathroom scale to read five pounds lighter than it should. She thinks that this will bolster her self-confidence and mood. Which type of error is she making? A) random error B) bias C) social desirability error D) demand characteristics

b

For which situation is the college sophomore problem NOT a concern? A) clinical psychology studies examining serial killers B) social psychology studies examining human emotion C) developmental psychology studies examining cognitions in the elderly D) health psychology studies examining risk for coronary heart disease

b

If Mauricio sets his watch to be fifteen minutes ahead of schedule, he has purposely created what type of error? A) random error B) bias C) social desirability error D) demand characteristics

b

In designing his study, Rashad knows that he does not have to worry about social desirability bias or demand characteristics if he uses _____ assessments. A) survey B) behavioral trace C) self-report D) informant

b

Rebecca is investigating conformity in males and females. She believes that females may be more likely than males to conform during high stress situations. In order to test this, she randomly assigns males and females to either a high or low stress situation and then assesses their conformity. What type of design is she using? A) correlational B) quasi-experimental C) true experimental D) nonexperimental

b

Removing observer bias completely is: A) easy. B) difficult. C) impossible. D) mandatory.

b

Standardization leads to _____ error, and scorer bias leads to ____ error. A) less; less B) less; more C) more; less D) more; more

b

To minimize the impact of demand characteristics, an experimenter should: A) ensure confidentiality. B) make the real purpose of the study difficult for participants to figure out. C) only use behavioral measures. D) have participants respond one at a time

b

A behavioral measure is: A) a measure of participants' feelings during a research study. B) an accounting of a participant's motivation given by a close other. C) a measure of participants' actions in a research design. D) what participants think they will do in a hypothetical situation.

c

Each of the following are potential disadvantages of self-report measures, EXCEPT: A) social desirability bias. B) demand characteristics. C) experimenter bias. D) retrospective bias.

c

Each of the following are self-report measures, EXCEPT: A) interview. B) survey. C) reaction time measures. D) questionnaires.

c

Jabari wants to understand why some people perform better in front of an audience and others do not. In order to investigate this research question he has participants run as fast as they can while alone or in the presence of an audience. What type of research design is Jabari using? A) behavioral trace B) self-report C) behavioral observation D) physiological measure

c

Jana takes a breathalyzer test and cannot believe the amount of alcohol that is reportedly in her system. If the officer assures her that the measure is accurate, then she knows: A) she should take it again, because it may not be valid. B) she should take it again, because it may not be reliable. C) she does not need to take it again, because it must also be reliable. D) she should explain to the officer that this measure is neither reliable nor valid.

c

On which of the following topics would a researcher most want to use a self-report measure? A) heart rate B) height C) confidence D) athleticism

c

One advantage of Amazon's Mechanical Turk is that it is _____, but a disadvantage is that it is subject to _____. A) open to volunteer bias; being more representative B) subject to volunteer bias; being less representative C) more representative; volunteer bias D) less representative; volunteer bias

c

The difference between stratified and cluster random sampling is that: A) in stratified random sampling, all members of a strata are sampled. B) in stratified random sampling, all members of a cluster are sampled. C) in cluster random sampling, all members of a cluster are sampled. D) in cluster random sampling, all members of a strata are sampled.

c

What is a quasi-independent variable? A) a variable that is manipulated by the researcher B) a variable that is measured by the researcher C) a variable that is treated as if it was manipulated by the researcher even though it wasn't D) a variable that is treated as if it was measured by the researcher even though it wasn't

c

_____ gives everyone in a given population an equal chance of selection, whereas _____ does not. A) Nonprobability sampling; probability sampling B) Nonprobability sampling: bias sampling C) Probability sampling; nonprobability sampling D) Probability sampling; random sampling

c

The floor effect is: A) when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading most participants to select the lowest response. B) when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading most participants to select the highest response. C) when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading most participants to select the highest response. D) when the lower boundary of a measurement tool is set too high, leading most participants to select the lowest response.

d

_____ is the extraneous influence that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true score. A) Validity B) The floor effect C) The ceiling effect D) Error

d

_____ is when researchers select participants who are readily available and easily accessible. A) Simple random sampling B) Cluster random sampling C) Biased sampling D) Convenience sampling

d

(Scenario I) Assuming participants were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment conditions, what design did the researchers in Scenario I use? A) true experiment B) quasi-experiment C) real experiment D) semi-experiment

a

The foundation for any research design is: A) the ability to measure participants' experiences in a way that provides useful information to answer questions. B) developing studies that can be examined using multiple research designs. C) investigating questions that can be applied to solve a problem. D) whether it is relevant to current cultural norms

a

The goal of a psychological measure is to: A) minimize error so that the raw score is similar to the true score. B) minimize error so that the raw score is distinct from the true score. C) maximize error so that the raw score is similar to the true score. D) maximize error so that the raw score is distinct from the true score.

a

The most common form of probability sampling is: A) simple random sampling. B) convenience sampling. C) stratified random sampling. D) cluster random sampling.

a

Which of the following is NOT an experimental design? A) survey research B) two-group research design C) repeated-measures D) mixed designs

a

(Scenario III) Religiosity was the independent variable in the study described in Scenario III. Religiosity was divided into three groups based on whether the participants reported being Christian, atheist, or Muslim. The method by which religious groups were established makes this a(n) ___________study. A) true experimental B) quasi-experimental C) pseudo-experimental D) absolute experimental

b

Random error is: A) systematic. B) organized. C) unpredictable. D) focused.

c

The refer a friend model of sampling is known as: A) quota sampling. B) convenience sampling. C) stratified random sampling. D) snowball sampling.

d

If a researcher is interested in assessing participants' private thoughts, then he would be best served to use: A) self-report measures. B) behavioral measures. C) informant reports. D) archival data.

a

Psychologists would like their measurement tools to be as reliable as a(n): A) ruler. B) snowflake. C) price quote. D) opinion.

a

Upon conclusion of his study, Wilkinson asks participants how much they enjoyed participating. Most participants were aware that Wilkinson wanted them to say that they enjoyed the study a great deal. This best demonstrates the influence of: A) demand characteristics. B) social desirability bias. C) retrospective bias. D) scorer bias.

a

Each of the following is a nonexperimental research design, EXCEPT: A) interview. B) factorial design. C) survey research. D) observation.

b

Measuring how loud one yells when asked to cheer alone as compared to in a group is an example of: A) behavioral trace. B) behavioral observation. C) physiological measures. D) behavioral choice.

b

A _____ is the entire group of interest in a research study, whereas a _____ is a subset of individuals from which the researcher collects data. A) sample; population B) sample; quasi-experimental variable C) population; sample D) population; quasi-experimental variable

c

The type of behavioral measure that involves measuring heart rate and sweat response is called: A) behavioral trace. B) diary study. C) physiological measure. D) reaction time measure

c

In what section of an APA-style report would researchers interpret their research findings? A) abstract B) method C) results D) discussion

d

What is social desirability bias? A) the tendency for participants to give responses that are politically incorrect B) the tendency for participants to give responses that are socially acceptable C) the tendency for participants to give responses that are unique D) the tendency for participants to give responses that are arousing

b

Which is the most appropriate number of response options for a selfreport measure? A) 1 B) 5 C) 50 D) 100

b

(Scenario I) Systematic error in measurement in Scenario I would have occurred if: A) the researchers cringed when participants in the control condition self-reported their pain. B) the researchers cringed when participants in the experimental condition self-reported their pain. C) A and B D) either A or B

c

(Scenario I) The researchers in Scenario I recruited participants from a fibromyalgia support group. This method of obtaining participants is most accurately described as: A) simple random sampling. B) probability sampling. C) convenience sampling. D) nonprobability sampling.

c

Estefan wants to determine the presence of an anxiety disorder by revealing a persistently elevated heart rate and unusually high rates of cortisol. In this case, he is using which of the following to diagnose anxiety? A) behavioral trace B) behavioral observation C) physiological measures D) behavioral choice

c

Nonresponse bias is an issue, because studies show that people who volunteer generally _____ than non-volunteers. A) have less education B) are of lower socioeconomic status C) are higher in the need for social approval D) have higher emotional intelligence

c

Professor Simpkins designs a self-report measure to assess his students' perceptions of a lesson plan. In one section he lectures on the course material. In another section of the same course he supplements his lecture with a class activity. Then, his students rate the educational value of the class. Unfortunately, he doesn't learn anything about the distinction between lecturing and active learning, because both classes rated the education value as a three (very educational) on a scale from one to three. What is wrong with Professor Simpkins' research? A) scorer bias B) floor effect C) ceiling effect D) random error

c

Researchers may choose to wear white lab coats during a study, as it helps to _____ participants' perceptions of the researcher. A) confuse B) inflate C) standardize D) humanize

c

The ceiling effect is when most participants to select the _____ response, and the floor effect is when most participants to select the _____ response. A) lowest; lowest B) lowest; highest C) highest; lowest D) highest; highest

c

Which of the following minimizes participant reactivity? A) the use of questionnaires B) answering in front of a group C) unobtrusive measures D) behavioral measures

c

_____ is any outside influence that affects the true score in a consistent way, whereas _____ is variation from the measure's true score due to unsystematic or chance factors. A) Random error; systematic error B) Raw score; random error C) Systematic error: random error D) Random error; raw score

c

A behavioral choice is: A) a measure that relies on directly seeing behavior as it occurs. B) a measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present. C) a measurement technique that directly asks participants how they think or feel. D) a measure that requires participants to make a purposeful selection from several options.

d

A representative sample is one that is: A) similar to the population on dimensions of interest. B) similar to the population on all dimensions. C) dissimilar to the population on dimensions of interest. D) dissimilar to the population on all dimensions.

a

Behavioral trace requires the researcher to make _____ inferences than behavior observation. A) more B) the same amount of C) less D) riskier

a

By _____ the potential bias in a sample, researchers can _____ their confidence in the generalizability of their research conclusions. A) decreasing; increase B) decreasing; hold constant C) increasing; increase D) increasing; hold constant

a

Consistency is to reliability as: A) accuracy is to validity. B) accuracy is to bias. C) standardization is to consistency. D) bias is to validity.

a

Data obtained from self-report and behavioral measures often: A) complement each other and increase confidence in conclusions. B) compete with each other. C) yield the same results. D) cannot be compared, because they measure fundamentally different things.

a

Error can be reduced: A) by the use of scripts. B) by running participants in different conditions at different geographic locations. C) when the researcher varies his treatment of participants. D) when social desirability bias is high.

a

If a researcher wanted to minimize participant reactivity, which one of the following would he/she want to employ? A) a one-way mirror B) self-report measures C) a research lab as opposed to a natural setting D) visible recording equipment

a

In line with the social desirability bias, which of the following is a female participant most likely to lie about on a self-report measure? A) weight B) level of self-esteem C) gender D) height

a

Marko takes an IQ test at the beginning and end of his freshman year of college. If the test is known to be reliable then: A) Marko should score similarity both times he takes the test. B) Marko's results will be accurate both times he takes the test. C) the test has adequate sensitivity to assess intelligence. D) the test is not vulnerable to random error

a

Muhammad is conducting a research study and would like to minimize the effect of social desirability bias on his results. Which of the following should he do? A) conduct the study online to ensure confidentiality B) have participants read their responses aloud in front of the group C) ask participants to put their name on the study questionnaires D) ask questions that are sensitive in nature

a

Random sampling ensures that the sample is _____ the population. A) representative of B) more diverse than C) less biased than D) larger than

a

Raw score = A) true score + error B) true score + reliability C) validity + error D) error + quota sampling

a

Researchers want to _____ retrospective bias and _____ demand characteristics. A) minimize; minimize B) minimize; maximize C) maximize; maximize D) maximize; minimize

a

Sample is to population as: A) part is to whole. B) whole is to part. C) puzzle is to piece. D) key is to ignition.

a

Sensitivity is: A) the range of data a researcher can gather from a particular instrument. B) when respondents choose responses that are consistent with social values but not necessarily accurate. C) the extent to which a research method measures what it is intended to measure. D) the extent to which a research method will produce the same results each time it is used.

a

The _____ is the dependent measure, composed of the true score and the error, whereas the _____ is the extraneous influence that will cause the raw score to deviate from the true score. A) raw score; error B) raw score; true score C) error: raw score D) error; true score

a

The _____ occurs when the upper boundary of a measurement tool is set too low, leading most participants to select the highest response. A) ceiling effect B) floor effect C) elevator effect D) door effect

a

What is a behavioral observation? A) a measure that relies on directly seeing behavior as it occurs B) a measure that relies on evidence left behind by a participant who is no longer present C) a measurement technique that directly asks participants how they think or feel D) a design where variables are treated like independent variables even though they are not able to be manipulated

a

What is the difference between a true experiment and a quasiexperimental design? A) one involves manipulation of all independent variables B) one involves manipulation of all dependent variables C) one fails to manipulate any of the independent variables D) one fails to measure any of the dependent variables

a

Which is the correct order of steps in the research process? A) select a research design, obtain results, share findings B) obtain results, share findings, select a research design C) share findings, select a research design, obtain results D) select a research design, share findings, obtain results

a

Which of the following is the LEAST problematic for a research study? A) random error B) bias C) systematic error D) lack of validity

a

Why are self-report measures so informative? A) because people have a wealth of self-knowledge B) because self-report measures use behaviors to infer internal processes C) because the inclusion of a self-report measure distinguishes a true experiment from a quasi-experimental design D) because they are subject to demand characteristics

a

Xavier designs a measure that has two response options, either yes or no. When he analyzes his data he is likely to find: A) his measure lacks sensitivity. B) his measure is overly sensitive. C) his measure has the optimum sensitivity. D) his measurement is vulnerable to too much observer bias.

a

_____ is any measurement technique that directly asks participants how they feel or think. A) Self-report B) Informant report C) Behavioral trace D) Observation

a

(Scenario I) Which of the following was a behavioral measure used in Scenario I? A) music choice B) pain intensity C) fibromyalgia D) noise

b

(Scenario II) If the researchers in Scenario II had measured social activity, family ties, and depression by watching participants engage with others and their family, which type of behavioral measure would they have obtained? A) behavioral trace B) behavioral observation C) behavioral choice D) behavioral delay

b

(Scenario II) The questions the researchers in Scenario II asked participants to assess depression came from the Geriatric Depression Scale, a widely used instrument known to accurately quantify depression in the elderly population. With this information, you conclude that their assessment of depression is: A) accurate. B) valid. C) effective. D) precise

b

A potential systematic difference between individuals who refused to participate in a study and those who participated is called: A) demand characteristics. B) nonresponse bias. C) social desirability bias. D) ceiling effect

b

Behavioral observation is to real time as: A) self-report is to the past. B) behavioral trace is to the past. C) behavioral trace is to the future. D) self-report is to the future.

b

Bias is: A) an extraneous influence that causes the raw score to deviate from the true score in unpredictable ways. B) error that consistently pushes scores in a given direction. C) the extent to which a measure will produce the same results each time it is used. D) the extent to which a research method measures what it is intended to measure.

b

Given the tendency of participants to engage in the social desirability bias, behavioral observation should provide _____ responses than selfreport measures, particularly on sensitive topics. A) less genuine B) more genuine C) less detailed D) more detailed

b

How do research psychologists decide upon a study design? A) There is only one 搑ight? design for psychological research studies. B) They pick the design that provides the best test of the hypothesis under investigation. C) Each person is trained to use a particular design based upon their graduate program. D) They look to other psychologists to see what design is currently most popular.

b

How is behavioral observation different from behavioral trace? A) One is self-report and the other is based on observation. B) One happens in real time and the other examines past events. C) One happens in real time and the other examines future events. D) One examines past events and the other examines future events

b

If a researcher were using stratified random sampling to study gender differences and the population was known to be composed of 60% females and 40% males, then for every 100 participants recruited, how many people should be selected from each gender strata? A) 50 females; 50 males B) 60 females; 40 males C) 40 females; 60 males D) 30 females 20 males

b

If an APA-style research paper were a board game, which piece would be the instruction manual for anyone who may want to play? A) abstract B) method C) results D) introduction

b

In a self-report measure, participants are: A) observed in order to make inferences about their behaviors. B) asked directly about how they feel about a particular topic. C) recorded so that their actions can be coded by experimenters. D) asked to select close friends or family who can report on their thoughts and feelings.

b

Nonresponse bias _____ a researcher's confidence in his/her ability to generalize the results of a study to the targeted population. A) increases B) decreases C) has no effect on D) eliminates

b

Observer bias can be minimized in behavioral data by: A) making measures more sensitive. B) training observers how to objectively code the variable of interest. C) eliminating random error. D) using a representative sample.

b

Observer bias is: A) the misinterpretation of an observation based on the participants' beliefs, experiences, or expectations. B) the misinterpretation of an observation based on the researcher's beliefs, experiences, or expectations. C) unpredictable influences that impact the true score. D) an outside influence that affect the true score in a consistent way.

b

Probability sampling is when: A) experimenters select participants from different strata or subpopulations. B) everyone in a given population has an equal chance of selection for participation. C) participants are asked to recruit other participants for the study. D) participants are selected because they are readily available to the researcher.

b

Random error is to chance as: A) systematic is to accidental. B) bias is to systematic. C) bias is to haphazard. D) chance is to systematic.

b

Random error is: A) the extent to which a measure will produce the same results each time it is used. B) unsystematic influence on the true score. C) an outside influence that affects the true score in a consistent way. D) the extent to which a research method measures what it is intended to measure

b

Random error: A) can be eliminated. B) is minimized in large datasets. C) is minimal in small datasets. D) does not need to be eliminated because it is not a point of concern for researchers.

b

Reality television shows demonstrate the potential issue of _____ when observing the behavior of others. A) observer bias B) participant reactivity C) behavioral trace D) demand characteristics

b

To examine the opinions of individuals living in her jurisdiction, Gloria administers a survey outside of her local polling center on Election Day. However, she is weary of drawing conclusions about the population from this sample when she learns that people without a driver's license are unable to vote. As a result, she fears the opinions of elderly members of her community (who no longer drive or have a valid driver's license) may be unrepresented. Gloria is worried about: A) random error. B) bias. C) raw score. D) true score.

b

Tristan is interested in understanding the study habits of college freshmen. He hypothesizes that males are more likely than females to procrastinate when stressed. For his study, Tristan randomly assigns participants to different stress conditions and measures their behavior. What type of study design is Tristan using? A) correlation B) quasi-experimental design C) interview D) true experiment

b

What is a true experiment? A) a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the dependent variables B) a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the independent variables C) a research design where the researcher treats variables as if they are independent variables even though the variables cannot be manipulated D) a research design where the researcher treats variables as if they are dependent variables even though the variables cannot be manipulated

b

What is retrospective bias? A) when participants interpret past events in overly optimistic ways B) when participants interpret past events in inaccurate ways C) when participants interpret past events in overly negative ways D) when participants interpret past events in highly accurate ways

b

Which of the following is NOT a quasi-independent variable? A) gender B) amount of sleep C) ethnicity D) intelligence

b

Which of the following is an example of probability sampling? A) quota sampling B) cluster random sampling C) convenience sampling D) purposive sampling

b

Which of the following would likely provide the most accurate selfreport data? A) questions about the past B) questions about the present C) questions about the future D) questions about sensitive topics

b

_____ is the degree to which a tool measures what it claims to measure. A) Reliability B) Validity C) Standardization D) Bias

b

(Scenario II) Suppose the researchers in Scenario II obtained their sample by asking for volunteers at a local assisted living home. This method of sampling would be best described as being a: A) random sample. B) haphazard sample. C) convenience sample. D) biased sample.

c

(Scenario III) Suppose Ken, a participant of this study, is a homosexual atheist who is not out of the closet. Understanding the culture of the university he is at, when asked about his sexual orientation he says he is a heterosexual Christian. The results of Ken's responses on the survey will likely produce: A) raw scores. B) true scores. C) bias. D) random error.

c

A drawback of using behavioral trace is that it: A) requires expensive machinery to measure. B) is often influenced by demand characteristics. C) relies on inferences made by the experimenter. D) is subject to social desirability bias.

c

A primary advantage of self-report measures over behavioral measures is: A) that they are more tedious to administer. B) the ability to accurately predict actions. C) the ability to get firsthand information from the source. D) the need to consider social desirability bias.

c

A researcher may not question all members of a population for each of the following reasons, EXCEPT: A) populations can be very large. B) members may not be available or interested in participating. C) data from samples provide more accurate results than data from populations. D) it would be too costly to examine all members of the population.

c

A sample is made up of: A) a participant's friends. B) the entire group under investigation. C) the people who took part in a study. D) the experimenter and his/her collaborators.

c

A sampling plan is: A) a loose approximation of how experimenters will recruit participants from the sample. B) an explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the sample. C) an explicit strategy used for recruiting participants from the population. D) a loose approximation of how experimenters will recruit participants from the population.

c

Alec is designing a self-report measure to assess participants' feelings toward salary caps on professional athletes. Which of the following would be the appropriate number of response items for each measure to ensure sensitivity and flexibility, as well as meaningful distinctions? A) 1 B) 2 C) 7 D) 15

c

As a psychology professor who is also a researcher, you notice that your own students sometimes end up as participants in your research studies. Assuming that they want to impress you, which of the following should you worry about? A) retrospective bias B) participant reactivity C) demand characteristics D) behavioral trace

c

Beginning is to end as: A) method is to introduction. B) results are to abstract. C) abstract is reference page. D) introduction is to abstract.

c

Ceiling effect is to upper boundary as: A) elevator effect is to no boundary. B) elevator effect is to arbitrary boundary. C) floor effect is to lower boundary. D) floor effect is to highest boundary.

c

Dr. Thigpen continued to use his original scale to measure his patients' weights even though it no longer gave an accurate reading. Despite its inaccuracy, it did consistently give the same wrong weight each time a patient stepped on it. In this case, his scale lacks: A) sensitivity. B) reliability. C) validity. D) sensitivity, reliability, and validity

c

Dr. Tomero asks his graduate students to code his interview tapes for the appearance of micro-expressions. If one of his graduate students believes that she sees disgust, while another rates the same microexpression as sadness, what type of error should Dr. Tomero be concerned with? A) random error B) social desirability error C) observer bias D) demand characteristics

c

Each of the following is an example of random error, EXCEPT: A) environmental distraction. B) experimenter recording error. C) a clock set fifteen minutes fast. D) participant misunderstanding.

c

How can a researcher minimize the likelihood of social desirability bias in participants' self-report responses? A) provide adequate compensation for participation B) design the study in accord with the ethical principle of justice C) ensure confidentiality D) have participants sign their name to each page of the questionnaire

c

If a researcher hopes to draw conclusions about women, then all women in the world would be the: A) quota. B) comparison group. C) population. D) sample.

c

In which behavioral measure does a participant make a purposeful selection from several options? A) behavioral trace B) physiological measure C) behavioral choice D) behavioral observation

c

Nonresponse bias is: A) when participants choose responses that are socially acceptable. B) an outside influence that affects the true score in consistent ways. C) a potential systematic difference between those who refuse to participate and those who choose to participate. D) when participants are aware of the research question and change their response as a result

c

Participant reactivity is: A) the tendency for participants to give responses that are politically incorrect. B) the tendency for participants to give responses that are socially acceptable. C) the tendency for participants to act differently when someone is watching them. D) the tendency for participants to give responses that are arousing

c

School uniforms are designed to _____ the learning environment and have been shown to increase academic performance. A) confuse B) frustrate C) standardize D) humanize

c

Self-report is to behavioral as: A) reaction time is to focus groups. B) informant is to archives. C) questionnaires are to reaction time. D) archives are to questionnaires.

c

The _____ misdirection in the cover story, the _____ naturally participants respond to the variables under investigation. A) less; less B) less; more C) more; more D) more; less

c

What is APA style? A) a form of sampling B) a data-collection strategy C) a format for writing a research report D) statistical analysis for experimental designs

c

What is a quasi-experimental design? A) a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the dependent variables B) a research design where the researcher manipulates all of the independent variables C) a research design where random assignment cannot be used D) a research design where the researcher treats variables as if they are dependent variables even though the variables cannot be manipulated

c

What is one advantage of behavioral observation? A) It requires the researcher to make assumptions. B) It is open to social desirability biases. C) It allows a researcher to see the behavior in its entirety so there is less need for inferences of meaning. D) It is not vulnerable to demand characteristics.

c

What is reliability? A) the extent to which a research method measures what it is intended to measure B) the range of responses an experimenter can gather from a particular instrument C) the stability or consistency of a measure D) when an experiment proceeds in exactly the same way for every participant

c

What is the biggest disadvantage of convenience sampling? A) Recruiting participants is difficult B) It is cost prohibitive, because you have to pay participants. C) It is difficult to generalize conclusions to the population based on this type of sample. D) It is time consuming to find the diversity of participants needed for this type of sampling.

c

Which of the following is an example of probability sampling? A) quota sampling B) convenience sampling C) stratified random sampling D) snowball sampling

c

Which of the following is most true? A) Self-report data are more accurate than behavioral data. B) Behavioral data are more accurate than self-report data. C) Measurements are not perfect regardless of whether they are self-report or behavioral. D) Informant data are more accurate than self-report or behavioral data.

c

Which of the following is the correct order of sections for an APAstyle report? A) results, method, discussion, reference page B) discussion, method, results, reference page C) method, results, discussion, reference page D) reference page, method, results, discussion

c

_____ allow(s) for observation and assessment of participants without their awareness. A) Behavioral choice B) Self-report C) Unobtrusive measures D) Quasi-experiments

c

(Scenario II) Which of the following is a potential disadvantage to how data were collected in Scenario II? A) The participants may not have enough self-knowledge to accurately report their thoughts and feelings. B) The participants may have downplayed their depression and overstated their social life and family ties. C) Given the age of the participants, their answers may be subject to retrospective bias. D) All of the above are potential disadvantages. Page

d

(Scenario III) A self-report measure was used to assess religiosity. A major advantage of self-report methods is: A) they are easy to administer. B) they are inexpensive and efficient. C) that information is obtained directly from the source. D) All of the above are advantages of self-report measures.

d

(Scenario III) Suppose you are a confederate of this study and become a roommate of a Christian student who reports high religiosity and appears to exhibit intergroup bias and outgroup discrimination. After living with him for some time you decide to examine the behavioral traces he leaves that may provide evidence of his intergroup bias. Which of the following behavioral traces may be MOST informative for the goal of this study? A) church pamphlets describing the best allies for his particular church B) church pamphlets describing what kind of people their followers should recruit for their church C) your roommate's diary, which describes the women he has dated and the women he has not yet dated D) a list of Christian-friendly individuals and a list of Christianunfriendly individuals

d

A cover story can often _____ demand characteristics, as they make the actual purpose of the study _____ to figure out. A) increase; easier B) increase; harder C) decrease; easier D) decrease; harder

d

A reliable measure is like a _____ friend. A) funny B) interesting C) intelligent D) dependable

d

APA-style reports begin with a: A) method section. B) discussion. C) reference page. D) title page.

d

Advantages of self-report measures include all of the following, EXCEPT: A) they are inexpensive. B) they are easy to administer. C) they are relatively fast to complete. D) they accurately predict behavior.

d

Angelique is running a research study in which current participants are asked to recruit their friends for participation. What type of sampling is she using? A) cluster random sampling B) simple random sampling C) convenience sampling D) snowball sampling

d

Each of the following is a type of sampling, EXCEPT: A) random sampling. B) probability sampling. C) convenience sampling. D) true sampling.

d

For which of the following would a researcher NOT use a self-report measure? A) perceptions of a political candidate B) feelings of love C) memories D) eye blink response

d

For which study design should experimenters be most concerned about demand characteristics? A) behavioral measures B) informant reports C) archival data D) self-report measures

d

Gael is interested in examining people's feelings toward the works of art in her new exhibition. In order to assess their feelings and opinions, she should use: A) an informant report. B) a behavioral measure. C) archival data. D) a self-report measure.

d

Generally speaking, the ____ response options a scale has the _____ sensitivity that measure is. A) fewer; less B) fewer; more C) more; less D) more; more

d

Given their unique vantage point, the observer in a research study is often the: A) participant. B) IRB. C) experimenter. D) confederate.

d

Lorenzo asks his participants whether they would like to solve anagram tasks alone or with a teammate. He is using: A) behavioral trace. B) behavioral observation. C) physiological measures. D) behavioral choice.

d

Ollie drafted a script for his study, which should ____ in his study. A) maximize the amount of observer error B) minimize the amount of observer error C) maximize the amount of bias D) minimize the amount of bias

d

The _____ is the entire group of interest in a research study. A) control group B) quota C) sample D) population

d

The portion of the APA-style report that ensures authors are avoiding plagiarism by giving credit where credit is due is called the: A) abstract. B) method. C) results. D) reference page.

d

The reason why response scales are generally limited to less than nine options is that anything: A) higher is difficult to statistically analyze. B) more than nine is subject to a floor effect. C) over nine fails to provide adequate flexibility in responding. D) over nine creates meaningless distinctions.

d

Two main types of measurement are: A) self-report and quasi-experimental. B) quasi-experimental and self-report. C) behavioral and quasi-experimental. D) self-report and behavioral.

d

Viola hypothesizes that individuals who become police officers are more aggressive than people who choose other professions. A representative sample for her study would be: A) all police officers. B) female police officers. C) police officers that she knows. D) a variety of police officers with different demographic backgrounds and from different locations.

d

What are demand characteristics? A) the tendency for respondents to give answers that make them look good B) variables that cannot be manipulated but that are treated like independent variables C) when the range of a dependent measure is set too high and all participants select the lowest alternative D) cues that make participants potentially aware of what the experimenter expects

d

Which of the following is NOT a reason why participants may inaccurately respond to a self-report measure? A) they are deceiving themselves because it is uncomfortable to admit certain things B) they are purposefully misleading experimenter to appear better than they are C) lack self-knowledge on a topic D) the self-report measure is happening outside of their conscious awareness

d

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic steps in designing research? A) determine the best measures B) choose the right research design for the question C) recruit research participants D) identify the independent and dependent variables

d

Which of the following represents a societal example of systematic error? A) the national debt B) the elevated divorce rate C) the unpredictable nature of hurricanes D) bias SAT scores against minorities

d

Which of the following statements is correct? A) A measure that has reliability must also have validity. B) A measure can have validity without having reliability. C) Measures either have reliability or validity, but not both. D) A measure that has validity must also have reliability.

d