Chapter 5: Early Society in East Asia, history of world civilization midterm, HIS 111, WTWA Ch. 3, WTWA Fall Trimester Test, History 1110 Module 1 Test, GPS Test 1, GPS Test 2, gps test 3, WTWA Ch. 6-7, WTWA, Ch. 1-2, WTWA Ch. 1-2 Follow-up, WTWA Ch....
The Cro-Magnon were:
"Homo sapiens" who replaced the Neanderthals in Europe.
Among the western Bantu-speaking people of the rain forest regions, leadership in their communities often fell to female diviners who contacted the spirit world. popularly elected councils. witch doctors with knowledge of the supernatural and homeopathic medicines. "big men" who drew followers to them. women who were called the matriarchs.
"big men" who drew followers to them.
The Yellow River
(Huang He River). 2,920 miles long, periodically floods and devastates fields, communities, etc. Altered its course many times and caused so much destruction that is was nicknamed "China's Sorrow."
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what was the average life expectancy of an African slave brought to the Caribbean?
3 years
City life emerged between:
3500-2000 BCE.
At the time of the rule of Solomon, the Israelites practiced strict monotheism
8) False
What percent of the Amerindian population was killed by Afro-Eurasian diseases during the sixteenth century?
90%
What characterized the Code of Hammurapi?
A clear relationship between crimes and the severity of punishments.
The emergence of monotheism amongst the Israelites?
Came after a period of henotheism, in which one god has power and ascendancy over other spirit and deities that still exist.
What was the reason that the domestication of the camel was a major agent of change in overland trade in the first millennium BCE?
Camels facilitated caravan travel across deserts in Afro-Eurasia, encouraging long distance trade between regions.
Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?
Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century
The Yangzi Valley
Chang Jiang "Long River". 3,915 miles long, doesn't bring floods like the Yellow River. Intensive cultivation of rice depended on the construction and maintenance of an elaborate irrigation system that allowed cultivators to flood their paddies and release the waters at the appropriate time.
The Silk Road stretched from:
China to the Mediterranean.
The four major cultural regions of the Afro-Eurasian world between 1000 and 1300 were Korea, Japan, Persia, and Egypt. China, India, Europe, and the Islamic world. China, India, Turkey, and Egypt. India, Japan, sub-Saharan Africa and Europe. China, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the Islamic world.
China, India, Europe, and the Islamic world.
What was a global effect of the Seven Years' War
Great Britain emerged as the world's strongest colonial power, making it harder for indigenous people to pit European powers against one another
The magnificent new church built by Justinian in Constantinople was called:
Hagia Sophia.
Which of the following accurately characterize Han cities?
Han cities were organized according to their political functions.
Which one of the following does NOT characterize the era of the Song dynasty?
Han identity tended to diminish as foreigners moved into and merged with the Han people
All of the following are true regarding Harappan society EXCEPT which?
Harappan elites built palaces, grand royal tombs, and impressive monumental structure.
All of the following are true regarding Harappan society EXCEPT which?
Harappan elites built palaces, grand royal tombs, and impressive monumental structures.
Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death
He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession
Plato is characterized by all of the following except which?
He taught that the study of history provided the best model from which to learn moral lessons for governance.
Plato is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT which?
He taught that the study of history provided the best model from which to learn moral lessons for governance.
Aristotle is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT which?
He was a student of Socrates.
Which of the following is a valid explanation for the collapse of the Qin Empire?
Heavy Qin taxation and reliance on conscription led desperate workers to mutiny against the government.
The common portable form of Greek achievements that followed in the wake of Alexander the Great's armies was called the Greek Way. Greekism. the Athenian Model. Hellenism. Alexandrian culture.
Hellenism.
Which of the following accurately describes pastoral communities in Afro-Eurasia around 3500 BCE?
Herders traded meat and animal products for grains, pottery,, and tolls with settled agricultural communities.
Which of the following was among the new elements that the Shang added to the Longshan culture?
Hereditary rulers who derived power from their relationships to the gods.
Which of the following kingdoms controlled much of the territory between Mesopotamia and the Nile in the second millennium BCE?
Hitties
Which of the following kingdoms controlled much of the territory between Mesopotamia and the Nile in the second millennium BCE?
Hittites
The Cro-Magnon were:
Homo sapiens who replaced the Neanderthals in Europe.
The first modern humans were australopithecines. Homo habilis. Homo erectus. Homo sapiens. Neanderthals.
Homo sapiens.
What was a consequence of dualism in Zoroastrian beliefs?
Humans' choices between good and evil determined their reward or punishment in the afterlife
The nomadic peoples who demanded thousands of pounds of gold from the Roman Empire as tribute from 422 to 453 CE were the:
Huns.
Which of the following is an accurate description of Ibn Sina?
Ibn Sina's 'Canon of Medicine' was the standard medical text in both Southwest Asia and Europe for centuries.
What was the political rationale for monarchs such as Louis XIV and Charles II to support scientific academies?
If the crown was seen to support scientific progress, the great minds of the academies would also be seen to support the crown
Which of the following led to upheavals during the axial age in China, South Asia, and Greece?
Incessant warfare
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of life in the Tang capital of Chang'an?
Inhabitants were free to roam the city streets at all hours of the day and night.
What undermined Etruscan power on the Italian peninsula?
Invasion by the Gauls
In the first millennium BCE, which of the following techniques aided the rise of regional empires?
Iron weapons
In what way was the U.S. Declaration of Independence an Enlightenment document?
It announced that all men were endowed with equal rights
How did an occupation-based social hierarchy support Zhou rule?
It asserted power over the empire's diverse peoples and creating social stability.
What was a consequence of the development of cuneiform?
It enhanced urban elites' ability to control trade, property, and sacred and political ideas.
What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?
It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.
Which of the following is an accurate description of life in the Tang capital Chang'an?
It had a large foreign population, including Christians, Buddhists, and Zoroastrians
Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty?
It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after the catastrophes of the fourteenth century.
Which of the following were first domesticated in the Americas?
Maize, potatoes, and guinea pigs
Mansa Musa ruled over __________, a West African kingdom, during the fourteenth century.
Mali
The growth of early Christianity in the first three centuries AD coincided with the appearance of what central figures in Christian communities?
Martyrs
The invaders who overthrew the Greek kingdoms located in present-day Iraq and Iran were the:
Parthians.
All of the following characterize the Muslim thinker Ibn Rushd EXCEPT:
he believed faith and reason were NOT compatible.
Emperor Zheng of the Qin dynasty accomplished all of the following EXCEPT:
he eliminated the nobility as a distinct designation of status in society.
As Liu Bang seized power and established the Han dynasty:
he established an image of the Qin dynasty as cruel and oppressive, and Han rule as a return to morality
All of the following characterize Charlemagne EXCEPT:
he introduced to Europe an urban-based culture that valued educated citizens over warriors.
When the Mongol leader Hulagu captured Baghdad:
he permitted his troops to savagely slaughter the city's population.
What important effect of environmental change led to the collapse of urban societies and administrative centers around 1200 BCE?
Pastoralists from peripheral societies migrated because of prolonged drought
What was one effect of agricultural surpluses on early riverine urban societies?
People could specialize in making goods for the consumption of others
Which of the following statements is supported by John Locke's notion of the tabula rasa?
People should be free to rise in society according to their talents.
The Persian capital built by Darius I was:
Persepolis.
The vast Persian capital built by Darius I was:
Persepolis.
Aside from expanding the state's borders, which of the following was the prime motivation for ambitious Roman military leaders during the first few centuries bce?
Personal glory and acquiring great wealth
The city that the Nabataeans built out of rocky mountain caves was called:
Petra.
The Nile River was characterized by which of the following? Predictable annual flood waters that could be dammed for their rich silt, thus helping agriculture. Wild and uncertain volume like the Tigris and Euphrates. Two main branches, the Blue and the White Niles that meet in Ethiopia. The Blue Nile originated from underground springs in the desert, while the White Nile originated from the monsoon rains in East Africa. The White Nile and the Blue Nile remained separate until reaching the Mediterranean Sea.
Predictable annual flood waters that could be dammed for their rich silt, thus helping agriculture.
The Japanese prince who was credited with introducing Buddhism and Confucianism into Japan was:
Prince Shotoku.
The Japanese prince whom the Soga kinship group identified as the primary political innovator of the Yamato dynasty was Prince Horyuiji. Prince Kaya. Prince Yayoi. Prince Nakatomi no Kamatari. Prince Shotoku.
Prince Shotoku.
Where is the region known as the Fertile Crescent?
The region of Southwest Asia with rich soils and regular rainfall in which the agricultural revolution first appeared
Which of the following is NOT an accurate assessment of the dynamic within the Islamic heartland by the sixteenth century?
The religious differences between the Sunni Ottomans, Persian Safavids, and Mughals prevented the movement of goods and ideas across political boundaries.
Minoan culture mixed imported and indigenous influences. Which of the following represents an indigenous trait? Massive architectural structures such as palaces. Grandiose temples to worship the gods. Worship of a female deity, known as the "Lady." Fortifications and defenses for regional palaces. A priestly class to manage religious affairs.
Worship of a female deity, known as the "Lady."
11) Around 2300 BCE, because of its rich reserves of copper:
a. Cyprus became a focal point of trade between Egypt, Crete, and the Euphrates river
Around 3500 BCE, in the Afro-Eurasia pastoral communities:
herders traded meat and animal products for the grains, pottery, and tools in settled agricultural communities.
During the Late Republic, to whom did Rome's poor citizens look for protection of their interests?
To army commanders to provide them with land and a decent income
Instead of relying on the church's teachings to analyze the world, the scholars and artists of the Renaissance turned to:
the classical texts of Greece and Rome.
Koine Greek was:
the common Greek language that became the international language of the Hellenistic world.
In the Assyrian empire:
the conquered people who lived outside Assyria provided tribute that went to the king to support the court and the military.
In the Assyrian empire:
the conquered people who lived outside Assyria provided tribute that went to the king to support the court and the military.
All of the following characterize the Spring and Autumn period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty EXCEPT:
the consolidation of political authority in the hands of the Zhou emperor.
All of the following characterize the Spring and Autumn period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty except:
the consolidation of political authority in the hands of the Zhou emperor.
The key development that marked the arrival of "Homo sapiens" was:
the development of language.
The key development that marked the arrival of Homo sapiens was:
the development of language.
Hellenism and Buddhism demonstrate all of the following except:
the distinct and separate development of isolated cultures in the Mediterranean, North Africa, and Asia.
In Ancient Egypt:
the divide between rural and urban settings was not stark as there were no massive
In Ancient Egypt:
the divide between rural and urban settings was not stark as there were no massive cities.
All of the following were reasons leading to the many societal changes in the first millennium BCE except the creation of infrastructure of roads, garrisons, and relay stations. advancements in the production and use of iron. the domestication and use of the ox as a beast of burden. the creation of standing armies. the policy of deportation of conquered peoples.
the domestication and use of the ox as a beast of burden.
What two significant innovations decisively affected the development of Europe?
the domestication of horses and the emergence of wheeled chariots and wagons
As trade expanded following the conquests of Alexander the Great:
the early culture/societies of Egypt and Mesopotamia faded as sources of innovation and knowledge.
The Four Truths of the Buddha include all the following EXCEPT:
the embrace of desire is the key to reaching a state of contentment.
One element vital to the creation of Europe's Christian identity was:
the emergence of universities and a class of intellectuals associated with them.
In the Han Empire, a cluster of calamities, prodigies, and heavenly omens usually meant:
the emperor had lost the mandate of heaven.
The architectural decorations of the Persian Empire show:
the empire's religious beliefs.
Speciation refers to the ability to domesticate plants by controlling seed populations. the development of animal breeds through controlling reproduction. the formation of various species in response to climatic and environmental conditions. the emergence of language families. the need for hominids to provide for the lengthy childhoods of their offspring.
the formation of various species in response to climatic and environmental conditions.
The Sunnis believed that the rulers of Islam should be:
the four rightly guided caliphs and the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties.
In 'The Prince,' Niccoló Machiavelli argued that:
the goal of princely rule was holding and exercising power.
During the Song dynasty era, a shift in power occurred from:
the hereditary aristocracy to educated scholar officials.
The flight by Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina is called the caliph. the Flight of the Faithful. the umma. the jihad. the hijra.
the hijra
All of the following characterize the Hellenistic cities of south and central Asia EXCEPT:
the influence of Hellenism vanished when the Hellenistic regimes collapsed.
Under the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain:
the last Muslim stronghold in Spain--Granada--fell to Christian forces.
In Mycenaean society:
the main palace centers were the hulking fortresses of warlords.
The Zhou doctrine that legitimized the rule of a dynasty was called:
the mandate of heaven.
10) Which of the following demonstrates Cyrus the Great's policy toward conquered peoples?
a. Cyrus the Great claimed to liberate conquered peoples from the oppression of their own kings
1) Which of the following accurately describes the early integration of Vedic society in South asia?
a. Early Vedic political life was organized through kin and clan structures
9) The Parthians destroyed the Hellenistic cities of central Asia, forcing them to abandon Hellenistic culture and to adopt Buddhist beliefs and practices.
a. False
3) Which of the following was an important cultural effect of Hellenism?
a. Hellenism was a Greek-based cultural system that linked disparate regions.
6) Which of the following was among the new elements that the Shang added to the Longshan culture?
a. Hereditary rulers who derived power from their relationship to the gods
1) In Mesopotamia around 2000 BCE, what caused political and economic power to move away from the delta region?
a. Intensive cultivation for a millennium combined with drought
12) In the first millennium BCE, which of the following technologies aided the rise of regional empires?
a. Iron weapons
12) How did Kushan rule affect central Asia?
a. It stabilized the trading routes through central Asia.
11) Which of the following best illustrates the value of Chinese silk?
a. It was used as payment in China's diplomatic and military activities.
5) What was the impact of koine in the Hellenistic world?
a. Koine Greek became the international language of the Hellenistic world.
3) With who did the Amorite kings in Mesopotamia ally themselves in order to bolster their political power?
a. Merchants and nobles
13) Which of the following is a part of the teaching of the Epicurean school fo philosophy?
a. Peace could only be found by seeking pleasure, avoiding pain, and not caring about life's worries.
13) What characterized Austronesian settlements in the South Pacific?
a. Pottery, stone tools, and domesticated pigs
10) Which of the following best characterized economic changes in China's economy in the first few centuries BCE?
a. Power shifter away from the agrarian elite and into the hands of traders and financiers.
15) Which of the following accurately describes an environmental cause and effect for riverine societies around 2200 BCE?
a. Prolonged drought let to famine, which caused the downfall of ruling elites
7) In the first few centuries BCE, how did Rome respond to Greek culture?
a. Roman elites immersed themselves in Greek culture in order to appear "civilized"
5) What led to the development of Shang writing?
a. Scribes inscribed queries to ancestors on oracle bones
4) Which two riverine societies shared the most intense diplomatic interaction during the second millennium BCE?
a. The Nile Delta and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
7) In what ways did the Shang state in China differ from states in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley?
a. The Shang did not have clearly defined borders or a permanent capital
13) What provided the primary unifying structure for South Asian societies?
a. The caste system
6) Which of the following was a characteristic of the Neo-Assyrian administration?
a. The conquered people who lived outside Assyria provided tribute that went to the king to support the court and the military
15) What was a significant change that resulted from the expansion of trade routes in the first centuries BCE?
a. The cultures of Egypt and Mesopotamia faded as sources of innovation and knowledge.
9) What was a consequence of the defeat of the Persians at Thermopylae and Salamis in 480 BCE?
a. The defeat of the Persians quickly led to a permanent Persian withdrawal from Anatolia
15) What led to nomadic warriors on the northern frontiers gradually settling into more peaceful relations with the Zhou?
a. The nomads came to depend on trade with the fertile farmland near the Yellow River
14) Which of the following characterized the large territorial states of Southwest Asia and North Africa between 1400 and 1200 BCE?
a. They created a balance of power based on international treaties and diplomacy
7) Which of the following is true of the Sea Peoples?
a. They disrupted the social order of the Minoans on the island of Crete
8) The revolution in navigational techniques and knowledge dramatically reduced the cost of long-distance shipping and multiplied the number of ports around large bodies of water such as the Indian Ocean.
a. True
3) In addition to climate change, which of the following was an important factor that challenged the foundations of states in the first millennium BCE?
a. War
2) Which of the following was true of women's roles in Hellenistic kingdoms?
a. Women's political roles included becoming ruling queens.
The general attitude of Islamic rulers toward religious minorities was characterized by acceptance of religious minorities as long they accepted Islam's ultimate political hegemony. conversion efforts of non-Muslims by the Ulama. lack of concern with the activities of Christians in borderland regions. persecution of all non-Muslim religious groups. privileged treatment of minorities who spoke Arabic.
acceptance of religious minorities as long they accepted Islam's ultimate political hegemony.
The Later Han dynasty:
accepted social, political, and economic inequalities.
Day-to-day control of the Tang Empire rested on:
an efficient and loyal civil service versed in Confucian political culture.
The system of political legitimacy established by the Zhou dynasty was called the mandate of heaven. the gift of the sky god. the right of rulership. the blessing of the people. kingly authority.
the mandate of heaven.
According to Assyrian ideology:
the national god Ashur commanded all Assyrians to support the endless growth of the empire.
Muhammad's most insistent message was:
the oneness of God.
The Egyptian Queen Berenice was an example of:
the potential for expanded political roles of women in the kingdoms Alexander's conquests had created.
All of the following characterize the Warring State period in China except the Warring States sought to maintain a balance of power amongst themselves. the regional Warring States had armies of modest size. all of the states remained under the overlordship of the Zhou ruler. scholars, merchants, peasants, and artisans thrived during the Warring State period. seven large regional states vied for power.
the regional Warring States had armies of modest size.
Among the states that emerged following Alexander the Great:
the relative parity among states meant that warfare rarely achieved substantial gains for one power.
The Christian churches that emerged after the conversion of Constantine gained all of the following EXCEPT:
the right to persecute heretics.
All of the following characterized the new cities in South Asia around 500 BCE EXCEPT:
the rigidity of the caste system prevented most social mobility.
The political states that emerged following Alexander the Great:
believed that their culture could allow diverse people in a large state to unite behind a powerful monarch.
Long-distance trade in Mesopotamia:
benefited from commercial rules and early insurance schemes developed by merchant households
The two main features of Homo erectus that distinguished them from their competitors were bipedalism and plant domestication. plant domestication and control of fire. toolmaking and plant domestication. control of fire and toolmaking. bipedalism and control of fire.
bipedalism and control of fire.
The trait that gave early hominids a significant advantage for survival was bipedalism. toolmaking. language acquisition. domestication of plants and animals. self-consciousness.
bipedalism.
In Mahayana Buddhism, the enlightened demigods who helped individuals obtain 'nirvana', were called:
bodhisattvas.
The Abbasid rulers were like the Roman emperors in that:
both increasingly relied upon diverse populations far from the imperial center to fill their armies.
The Renaissance was characterized by all of the following except rising interest in Roman and Greek antiquity. increased attention to the arts. new visions and models of government. heightened emphasis on education. broadening recognition that humans are worthless.
broadening recognition that humans are worthless.
Ancient Egyptian society used the Nile River by:
building basins that trapped rich topsoil as the Nile overflowed its banks.
The emperor Justinian abandoned all efforts to save the western Roman Empire based in Rome and its lands. capitulated to the Huns and abdicated the throne, marking the end of the western Roman Empire. built the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, which symbolized the marriage of Christianity and empire. declared Constantinople the new capital of the eastern Roman Empire. established a new legal system for his empire based on the traditions of Jewish law.
built the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, which symbolized the marriage of Christianity and empire.
The Zhou rulers sought to legitimize their takeover of the Shang dynasty:
by asserting moral superiority.
All of the following characterize the 'sharia' EXCEPT:
the role of Muslim scholars in defining and interpreting Islamic law prevented division between the religious and secular spheres.
In most city-states in the Mediterranean basin:
the small family unit was the most important social unit.
In the Christian churches built after the conversion of Constantine:
the spaces for the bishop and clergy were marked off from the rest of the church.
The most spectacular evidence of the economic growth of the Mediterranean city-states was:
the speed with which they established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.
After the collapse of the Carolingian Empire, what was the most important political change?
the subjugation of the peasantry to the knightly class
Which of the following is often seen as the epitome of the blending of Persian, Islamic, and Indian traditions?
the taj mahal
Roman economic activity included all of the following EXCEPT:
the transformation of economic relations that marked an industrial economy.
Islam supplanted family, clan, and tribal communities and created a new community of believers that was called:
the umma
All of the following are true of the Sea Peoples EXCEPT:
their invasions stretched into the Indus River valley.
We know very little about Harappan society today because:
their writing has not been translated.
As the Mediterranean city-states founded colonies:
these colonies became completely independent entities.
When nomadic peoples entered into the weakened riverine societies:
they adapted their own cultural practices to fit with those of the riverine people they joined.
The Ottomans triumphed over other warrior bands because:
they attracted artisans, merchants, bureaucrats, and clerics.
The Fatimids differed from earlier Muslim dynasties in that they were Sufi mystics. were Sunni. were Shiite. repressed Christianity sought to build links with the Pope.
were Shiite.
The Vedic people:
were an Indo-European speaking nomadic people who settled in South Asia.
The teachings of Muhammad:
were compiled into a single, authoritative text after the Prophet's death.
The form of Buddhism that became a universalistic religion was:
Mahayana.
Vedic migrations into South Asia resulted in all but which of the following? Vedic people bringing in pastoralism and adapting to settled agriculture. Violent expansion over hundreds of years. A complete erasing of previous cultures, replaced with a completely Vedic one. The arrival of Sanskrit to the region. New religious practices in the region, which were much more elaborate than indigenous worship.
A complete erasing of previous cultures, replaced with a completely Vedic one.
Islam included all but which of the following: A desire to forcibly convert all Christians and Jews A desire to bring the whole known world under its authority A core belief in the fivepillars of Islam A desire to have one legal system, based on the Quran, that covers all aspects of Muslims' lives A cultural and intellectual flourishing in the arts and mathematics
A desire to forcibly convert all Christians and Jews
The Zhou's endorsement of the mandate of heaven implied what potential threat to dynastic continuance?
A dynasty could end if the ruler did not uphold harmony and act with honor
What was a major consequence of the agricultural revolution?
A large increase in human population
Which of the following was an aspect of Shang rule that the Zhou adopted in China?
A patrimonial state centered on ancestor worship
Specialized Labor
A small class of free artisans and craftsmen piled their trades in the cities of ancient China. During Shang dynasty, bronze metalsmiths lived in houses built of pounded earth. Their dwellings were modest, but expensive and sturdy to build. Jewelers, jade workers, embroiderers and manufacturers of silk textiles benefited socially because of their importance to the ruling elites.
Which of the following typifies Mesopotamian urban design?
A ziggurat at city center, with neighborhoods marking different occupational specialities on both sides of a central canal
The Rise of the Zhou
According to Zhou accounts, the last Shang king was a greedy drunk, tyrant. As a result, many of the towns and political districts under the Shang transferred their loyalties to the Zhou. After some unsuccessful attempts to discipline the Shang king, the Zhou toppled his gov't in 1122 BCE and replaced it with theirs. They let Shang heirs to continue governing small districts and reserved themselves the right to oversee affairs throughout the realm. The new dynasty ruled most of northern and central China until 256 BCE.
Plant domestication in China and Japan was accompanied by what other important innovation? Invention of bronze Creation of written language Establishment of territorial states Invention of the chariot Advancements in pottery making
Advancements in pottery making
The main avenue of transmission for the Black Death was:
Afro-Eurasian trade routes.
Which of the following was not a feature of Song China? The development of gunpowder Several centuries of stability and splendor Large-scale production of manufactured goods for consumption and export Better tools for agriculture Aggressive diplomacy based on military power
Aggressive diplomacy based on military power
With the death of Alexander the Great:
Alexander's generals modeled the kingdoms they established on the regional rulers they had defeated.
The model example of a "cosmopolitan" city during the Hellenistic period was:
Alexandria.
The Shiites believed that the rulers of Islam should be:
Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad, and his descendants.
Which of the following reflects a way that the Persians integrated their multiethnic empire?
All subject peoples were required only to give loyalty and pay tribute to the king.
In what way was the principality of Moscow similar to both Japan and China in this period
All three used territorial expansion and commercial networks to consolidate state power
What was one of the most important factors that led to establishment of one-man rule of the Roman Republic?
Ambitious generals whose rivalry led to a series of civil wars
How did the Black Death impact the church's influence in Europe? It greatly augmented the status of clergy in Europe. It led to increased donations for the church. It contributed to the rapid spread of Christianity among non-Christian peoples in Europe. Among some believers, it stimulated hostility and resentment against the church. It caused the church to collapse.
Among some believers, it stimulated hostility and resentment against the church.
The Egyptian deity whom the Middle Kingdom rulers elevated to prominence as a king of the gods was Amun. Osiris. Horus. Ma'at. Isis.
Amun
The Hittites originated in what region?
Anatolia
Which of the following is an accurate description of Abbasid culture?
Arab mathematicians pioneered advanced in arithmetic, geometry, algebra, and trigonometry.
Maritime commerce in the Indian Ocean in the first few centuries BCE was primarily developed by whom?
Arabs
The Vedic people called themselves:
Aryans
All of the following characterize male-femalle relations among the various hominid groupos EXCEPT which?
As human commmunitites turned to settled agriculture, they adopted practices of gender equality that values women's contributions to work.
All of the following characterize male-female relations among the various hominid groups EXCEPT which?
As human communities turned to settled agriculture, they adopted practice of gender equality that valued women's contributions to work.
Which of the following is not true about the Mongols They were fierce nomads whose warriors could ride up to seventy miles per day. They solidified their empire by expanding their confederation of family tribes. The empire had no shared religion, but instead had a mix of Afro-Eurasian beliefs. As nomads, they were completely independent from settled people. Women could play important political roles.
As nomads, they were completely independent from settled people.
Which one of the following does not characterize the first cities in Mesopotamia? Sumerian ideology glorified a territory composed of politically equal city-states, each with its own chief deity. A city needed to be made great, as a place appropriate to give honor to the gods. A canal invariably ran through the middle of cities. Neighborhoods housing specific professional groups emerged in the cities. As trade grew, cities became increasingly independent of their adjacent agricultural environments.
As trade grew, cities became increasingly independent of their adjacent agricultural environments.
Based on our understanding today, which of the following did not contribute to the spread of the Black Plague? Fleas Astrological changes Rats Ships Trade routes
Astrological changes
Who was the Christian bishop who argued that the "City of God" was represented by the universal Catholic Church?
Augustine of Hippo
The Christian bishop who argued that the "City of God" was represented by the Catholic Church and that the Catholic Church was meant for all people in all times was:
Augustine of Hippo.
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of Baghdad in the time of al-Mansur?
Baghdad was chosen in order to relocate power away from the Iranian plateau.
The late Han Empire suffered from all but which of the following problems? An unfair tax system that caused tension between peasants and landowners and turned into rebellion Popular religious groups, such as the Red Eyebrows, spreading new ideas A diminishing faith in Confucian teaching Bandits called the Yellow Turbans, who terrorized common people and elite alike Buddhist and Daoist millenarian movements
Bandits called the Yellow Turbans, who terrorized common people and elite alike
Which one of the following does not correctly characterize the end of the Roman Empire? Romans and non-Romans drew together when confronted by the common threat of the Huns. The Goths allied with the great Roman landlords, providing protection from raiders and peasant revolts. Because of the profits produced, trade networks survived the end of the Roman Empire largely intact and in fact expanded when freed from imperial controls. The sense of unity in the former Roman Empire was sustained by the Catholic Church. The great Roman landowning families were eventually replaced in the power structure by religious leaders.
Because of the profits produced, trade networks survived the end of the Roman Empire largely intact and in fact expanded when freed from imperial controls.
The nomadic horsemen of central Asia had what crucial advantage when interacting with other peoples?
Because of their mobility, they had acquired resistance to many diseases.
Which of the following best describes the relationship of Mahavira and the Buddha with Brahman spiritual authority?
Both Mahavira and the Buddha objected to the ritual sacrifices of animals by the Brahmans.
What was a similarity between the Ming and the Mughal dynasties?
Both were able to limit European traders to port cities
Which of the following cultural characteristics was common to both the Romans and the Han?
Both were strongly traditional and idealized their ancestors.
In the first few centuries CE, Hinduism was transformed in all of the following ways except Brahmanism became the primary faith of urban, commercial culture. the Brahmans abandoned ritualistic sacrifices of animals that had been part of their pastoralist past. Hindu deities were organized around three major deities, all of whom were expressions of the eternal soul. the new religious practice of personal devotion drew believers of all social strata. a body of mythological literature wove the deities into a heavenly order.
Brahmanism became the primary faith of urban, commercial culture.
Which of the following are innovations brought to Egypt by migrants such as the Hyksos?
Bronze-working techniques, the vertical loom, and an improved potter's wheel
All of the following characterized Buddhism in the first few centuries BCE EXCEPT:
Buddhism spread rapidly in China, gaining large numbers of adherents.
All of the following characterize the global connections of the Tang Empire EXCEPT:
Buddhism was imported into China from Japan.
As the authority of the Northern Wei dynasty faded in the third and fourth centuries CE:
Buddhist travelers had become frequent visitors in the competing Chinese capitals of various Warring States.
In what day did ancient Egyptian villagers learn to exploit the Nile River?
By building basins that trapped rich silt as the Nile overflowed its banks.
The rulers of the Russian lands looked to __________ for their religious and political models.
Byzantium
The commercial center for trade that stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to the upper Great Lakes to the Appalachian Mountains between 1000 and 1300 CE was:
Cahokia.
The four leading global "entrepôts" or hubs of maritime trade of this period were Cairo, Timbuktu, Melaka, and Kiev. Quanzhou, Constantinople, Quilon, and Mogadishu. Cairo, Quanzhou, Melaka, and Quilon. Quilon, Kiev, Melaka, and Kilwa. Cairo, Quanzhou, Kiev, and Mogadishu.
Cairo, Quanzhou, Melaka, and Quilon.
Steppe Nomads
Chinese cultivators met nomadic people who built pastoral societies in the grassy steppe lands of central Asia. These lands too arid to sustain large agricultural societies, but their grasses supported herds of horses, cattle, sheep, goats and yaks. After Indo-Europeans domesticated horses around 4000 BCE, they could herd their animals more effectively and push deeper into the steppes. 2900 BCE introduced heavy wagons into steppes and by 2200 BCE wagons were increasingly prominent in the steppe lands east of the Ural Mountains. After 1000 BCE nomadic people organized powerful herding societies on the Eurasian steppes.
As a result of the Ming dynasty's abandonment of support for oceanic exploration:
Chinese naval power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia.
Which two faiths in particular aspired to universality in the period between 300 and 600 CE?
Christianity and Buddhism
Which two faiths in particular aspired to universality in the period between 300 and 600 ce?
Christianity and Buddhism
Which of the following was a political innovation of the territorial state?
Clearly defined borders
Which one of the following does not correctly characterize Egyptian religion? Egyptians understood their world as inhabited by three groups: gods, kings, and the rest of humanity. In the relationship between gods and humans, gods were passive and serene while kings were active. Elaborate sets of rules existed for selecting and training priests. Priests alone could enter the inner sanctum of a temple. Commoners were denied access to temple ground and shrines as a symbol of their submission to kingly authority.
Commoners were denied access to temple ground and shrines as a symbol of their submission to kingly authority.
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between Confucianism and Daoism?
Confucian scholars believed that gentlemen should enter government, but Daoists sought refuge from political life.
In China, a broad common culture for elites and rulers was created through:
Confucianism and the classical Chinese language.
Which of the following accurately describes Confucius's teaching?
Confucius set forth a new moral framework stressing correct performance of ritual, responsibility, loyalty to the family, and perfection of moral character.
The Roman emperor who first granted recognition of and privileges to Christianity was Nero. Tiberius. Claudius. Justinian. Constantine.
Constantine.
The Vikings faced spectacular failure when the sought to raid:
Constantinople.
The Columbian Exchange led to which of the following?
Corn (maize) replaced some traditional crops in China and Africa.
In addition to the civil service, what other group became influential politically and militarily in Tang China? Buddhist monks Merchants Daoist alchemists Court eunuchs Slaves
Court eunuchs
All of the following are true about Cro-Magnon except Cro-Magnons predated Neanderthals. Cro-Magnons were named after the location in France that their first fossils were discovered. Cro-Magnons were truly modern humans. Cro-Magnons were highly intelligent. Cro-Magnons were better equipped than Neanderthals to adapt to change.
Cro-Magnons predated Neanderthals.
Which of the following contributed to increased agricultural productivity during both the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods in China?
Crop rotation and oxen-pulled iron plows
In the Persian Empire:
Cyrus the Great claimed to liberate conquered peoples from the oppression of their own kings.
Which of the following demonstrates Cyrus the Great's policy toward conquered peoples?
Cyrus the Great claimed to liberate conquered peoples from the oppression of their own kings.
The king who united the Persian tribes and established the Persian Empire was:
Cyrus the Great.
Which one of the following most accurately characterizes Chinese thinkers during the hundred masters era? Confucius emphasized the performance of rituals, loyalty to family, and the perfection of moral character. Confucius believed that a man of any background could achieve the moral education needed of a superior man or gentleman. Mohism emphasized the practical concerns of good government as individuals fulfilled obligations to all other people and not just to their families. Daoism emphasized the strict performance of ritual as the only means by which to maintain order in a dangerously chaotic universe. Legalism asserted that men and women were innately bad and required strict laws and harsh punishments to control their evil natures.
Daoism emphasized the strict performance of ritual as the only means by which to maintain order in a dangerously chaotic universe.
The traditions of Internal and External Alchemy were associated with Brahmanism. Zoroastrianism. Confucianism. Buddhism. Daoism.
Daoism.
What environmental change is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages?
Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands
What evidence supports the wide-spread economic influence of Longshan culture?
Longshan black pottery has been found as far away as Taiwan and Manchuria
Ruling Elites
During the Xia, Shang and early Zhou dynasties, royal family and allied noble families occupied most honored positions in Chinese society. They lived in large compounds, lived on the agricultural surplus and taxes delivered by their subjects. They possessed much of the bronze weaponry and controlled most of the remaining bronze weapons available in northern China. They used expensive bronze utensils(pots, jars, plates, cups, mirrors) that often had elaborate decorations that showed the skill of the artisans. Aristocrats possessed extensive land holdings, and they worked at administrative and military tasks. Many lived in cities where they obtained elementary education and the standard of living was more refined than the slaves and commoners who worked their fields and served their needs. Manuals of etiquette. Refrain from gulping down food, swilling wine, making unpleasant noises, picking teeth at the table, and playing with food.
The State of Chu
During the late Zhou dynasty, the powerful state of Chu(central region of the Yangzi), governed its affairs and challenged the Zhou for supremacy. By end of Zhou dynasty, Chu and other states were in communication with their counterparts in the Yellow River Valley. They adopted Chinese political and social traditions as well as Chinese writing, and they built societies closely resembling those of the Yellow River Valley. Only the northern parts of the Yangzi River Valley fell under authority of Shang and Zhou states, by the end of the Zhou dynasty all of southern China formed part of an emerging larger Chinese society.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what led the Japanese to consider how to control and integrate foreign learning (especially from China and Europe)?
Earlier, foreign ideas rarely traveled beyond coastal regions, but by the eighteenth century, expanded networks of exchange facilitated their spread throughout the country
Which of the following accurately describes the early integration of Vedic society in South Asia?
Early Vedic political life was organized through kin and clan structures.
Political developments in East Asia and the Americas were fundamentally different from those of the lands from North Africa to South Asia because:
East Asia and the Americas had fewer territorial states and thus fewer rivalries that prompted ruling classes to integrate their dominions
Political developments in East Asia and the Americas were fundamentally different from those of the lands from North Africa to South Asia because:
East Asia and the Americas had fewer territorial states and thus fewer rivalries that prompted ruling classes to integrate their dominions.
In 750 CE, the most powerful, most advanced, and best administered empire in the world was found in:
East Asia.
Which of the following territories was not affected by the Mongol conquests of the thirteenth century? China Korea Egypt Persia Afghanistan
Egypt
Why was Egypt said to have been the most river-focused of the early cultures?
Egypt had no fertile hinterland, since settlement was limited to the narrow Nile flood plain.
Patriarchal Society
Elderly males who headed the household had most authority. Chinese men had public authority, but women were important too. Two queens had, they had temples built in their memories. Women played important roles in public life too. Fu Hao performed sacrificial rites and led troops in battle. During the later Shang and Zhou dynasties, women's roles were less. Ruling class performed elaborate ceremonies publicly honoring the spirits of departed ancestors, particularly males who guided their families and led noble lives. Emphasis on men so intense that China lost its matrilineal character. After the Shang dynasty, not even queens and empresses merited temples dedicated to their memories: at most, they had the honor of being remembered in association with their noble husbands.
Which of the following statements is true about Buddhism in India from the eleventh through the thirteenth centuries? It gained strength steadily as it won converts from Hinduism and Islam. Elements were mixed into Hinduism while many adherents converted to Islam or assimilated into the Hindu population. Buddhist moral teachings became a part of the fabric of Islam in the region. It was supported by the Turkish invaders, provided that Buddhists did not try to convert Muslims. It disappeared completely due to repression by the Turkish invaders.
Elements were mixed into Hinduism while many adherents converted to Islam or assimilated into the Hindu population.
The only female ruler in Chinese history was:
Empress Wu Zhao.
Which one of the following does not characterize the agricultural revolution of Afro-Eurasia between 600 and 1000 CE? It had its origins in new cultigens originally from Southeast Asia. European populations experienced an agricultural boom thanks to the invention of new plowing techniques. The spread of Islam facilitated the spread of new crops to western Afro-Eurasia. It provided healthier, more diverse diets. It led to significant population growth.
European populations experienced an agricultural boom thanks to the invention of new plowing techniques.
Which of the following did the Phoenicians not accomplish? Retained their political autonomy as a vassal state Introduced innovations in shipbuilding that allowed them to carry huge cargoes throughout the Mediterranean Focused on securing their territorial frontiers in order to promote trade Established trading colonies on the southern and western rim of the Mediterranean Developed an alphabet that provided a simplified record of spoken languages
Focused on securing their territorial frontiers in order to promote trade
Which of the following was used to integrate the Neo-Assyrian Empire?
Forced labor and relocation of large numbers of conquered peoples
Southwest Asia became the center of an agricultural revolution. Which of the following is not a reason for this It had fertile soil and abundant rainfall? Six types of large mammals gave hominids food, clothes, and transportation. Around 9000 BCE, humans began to domesticate barley and wheat. Frequent floods created a silt-like soil throughout the region. Planters selected and stored seeds for planting the following year.
Frequent floods created a silt-like soil throughout the region.
In the ancient Aegean world, why was urban development slow, despite contact with Egypt and Mesopotamia?
Geographical obstacles led to scattered settlements.
In Europe, many attributed the Black Death to:
God's anger with humankind.
Universal religions claimed to help followers distinguish between right and wrong. Which of the following was not a consequence of this? It allowed cultures to shrug off older heritages in embracing a new faith. It limited the ability of religions to spread beyond their original boundaries. It united people around the world in a common faith. It created sharper distinctions between people, dividing believers from non-believers. It caused violence and persecution.
It limited the ability of religions to spread beyond their original boundaries.
Which of the following is not true about the Tang State? It was a cosmopolitan hub of East Asian integration. It extended its cultural influence to Korea and Japan. It refused to allow foreigners into the territory. It created a political culture based on Confucian teachings. It received intellectual currents from India in the fields of mathematics and medicine.
It refused to allow foreigners into the territory.
The epidemic associated with the Black Plague impacted history in all except which of the following ways? It killed tens of millions in China. It destroyed agriculture and led to famine by destroying farmers. It drained cities as people sought food and security in the countryside. It contributed to a growing sense of desolation among survivors. It strengthened the power of church and state wherever it hit.
It strengthened the power of church and state wherever it hit.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the role of women in Greek city-states? It varied from location to location, but generally women were expected to be in the home and serve their husbands. Women were expected to be active in politics and public. Women were equal to men in the home, but were not supposed to be engaged in public activities. In most places, women had property rights and exercised nude, like the men. They ruled over household affairs, while men attended to politics.
It varied from location to location, but generally women were expected to be in the home and serve their husbands.
Why was copper one of the most sought after raw materials imported into riverine cities from the hinterland?
It was easy to smelt and shape and could be used to create bronze.
Why was the capital of the Byzantine Empire established at Constantinople?
Its strategic location on the Bosporus, which controlled the trade in the eastern Mediterranean.
All of the following correctly characterize the land of Judah except:
Judah served as a trader-state with special status, controlling trade with Egypt under Assyrian authority.
All of the following correctly characterize the land of Judah EXCEPT:
Judah served as a trader-state with special status, controlling trade with Egypt under Assyrian authority.
Which of the following best describes the Kassite attitude toward Mesopotamian learning?
Kassite scribes preserved Mesopotamian tradition.
On the island of Crete:
Knossos became the primary palace-town in an extended network of palaces.
The common language of Hellenism that united disparate peoples was Athenian Greek. Koine Greek. Macedonian Greek. Hellenistic Greek. Alexandrian Greek.
Koine Greek.
Which of the following did not contribute to the maritime revolution that facilitated the growth of long-distance trade? Improved navigational aids such as the needle compass Refinements in shipbuilding Better mapmaking Lack of protection from political authorities Breakthroughs in commercial laws and accounting practices
Lack of protection from political authorities
Peasants
Large class of semi-servile peasants populated Chinese countryside. They didn't own land but provided agricultural, military and labor services for their lords in exchange for plots to cultivate, security,and a portion of the harvest. Lived in small houses with thatched roofs and walls. Women made wine, weaved and cultivated silkworms while men worked in the fields, hunted and fished.
The following idea is characteristic of which branch of Chinese thought: Men and women are primarily evil and require moral education and authoritarian control?
Legalism
Beyond the Yellow River Valley
Legendary and historical accounts paid special attention to the Xia and Shang dynasties because of their location in the Yellow River Valley, where the first Chinese imperial states rose in later times. Recent excavations unearthed evidence of a large city at Sanxingdui(southwestern China). Occupied 1700-1000 BCE, the city was probably a capital of a regional kingdom. Tombs had a lot of bronze, jade, stone, pottery, cowry shells, elephant tusks and other objects that indicate close relationships with societies in the Yellow River Valley and the Yangzi River Valley.
What led European countries other than Spain and Portugal to turn to cultivation in order to extract wealth from their American colonies?
Little mineral wealth was found in the English, French, or Dutch colonies
Which aspect of the belief system outlined in the Vedas and Upanishads brought spiritual unity to the northern half of South Asia?
Local gods could be easily absorbed into the pantheon
Which of the following contributed to the fall of the Old Kingdom in Egypt?
Local magnates assumed control of the provinces
Merchants and Trade
Long distance trade routes reached China during Shang and Xia dynasties. Trade networks linked China to the west and south early in the 3rd millennium BCE. Jade in Shang tombs came from central Asia, military technology involving horse-drawn chariots came from Mesopotamia. Bronzesmiths worked with tin that came from the Malay peninsula in southeast Asia, and cowry shells came from islands in the Indian Ocean. Shang pottery found in Mohenjo-Daro and Harrapan sites. King Yu, founded sails. Chinese mariners used large oar-propelled vessels before 2000 BCE. By the Shang dynasty, Chinese ships were traveling across the Yellow Sea to Korea.During the Zhou dynasty , shipbuilding emerged as a prominent business along coastal China, and mariners discovered how to navigate their vessels by the stars and other heavenly bodies.
Alexander the Great came from:
Macedonia.
Which of the following best explains the relative lack of communication between the peoples of the Americas and the people of Afro-Eurasia after around 12,500 BCE?
Melting glaciers covered the land bridge between East Asia and the Americas with water, physically separating the inhabitants of these two worlds.
Which areas of the Americas produced the bulk of the silver that fueled global commerce in the sixteenth century?
Mesoamerica and the Andes
Hammurabi ruled in:
Mesopotamia
Which of the following is a way new territorial states differed from city-states?
Monarchs of territorial states ruled distant hinterlands through widespread bureaucracies and elaborate legal codes
Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire?
Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region
The Shang Capital at Yin
More impressive than Ao, archaeologists identified a complex of royal palaces, archives with written documents, some residential neighborhoods, two large bronze foundries, several workshops used by potters, bone carvers, woodworkers, craftsmen, and scattered burial grounds. 11 large tombs made for Shang kings found. Graves included thousands of objects like; chariots, weapons, bronze goods, pottery, jade and ivory carvings, cowry shells(money), and sacrificial victims such as dogs, horses, and humans intended to serve the deceased royals in another life. One tomb had skeletons of more than 300 sacrificial victims, probably wives, servants, friends, and hunting companions.
Destruction of Early Chinese Literature
Most Zhou writings have perished. Ones written on bamboo and silk fabrics have deteriorated, others destroyed by people. When the imperial empire of Qin ended the chaos of the Period of the Warring States and brought all of China under centralized rule in 221 BCE, the emperor ordered all writings that didn't have utilitarian values destroyed.
All of the following characterize the Roman Empire EXCEPT which?
Most emperors were successful in administering the functions of government alone.
The Book of Songs
Most notable of the classic works, also known as the Book of Poetry and the Book of Odes, a collection of verses on themes both light and serious. Compiled and edited after 600 BCE, many of the 311 poems date back from an earlier period and reflect conditions of the early Zhou dynasty. Some poems had political implications, others hymns sung at ritual observances. Many are verses about love, life and family.
The Shang Capital at Ao
Most remarkable feature of this site is the city wall, 33 feet high, 66 feet thick. Even today, parts of the wall of Ao still survive at a height of 10-13 feet. The wall required 10,000 workers working 20 years.
After the Delhi Sultanate collapsed in India, it was replaced by the Ottoman Empire. Byzantine Empire. Safavid Empire. Mongol Empire. Mughal Empire.
Mughal Empire.
All of the following concerning the Crusades are true EXCEPT:
Muslim leaders viewed the Christian knights as a threat to the Islamic heartland.
Which of the following characterized innovations in warfare during the Warring States period in China?
Nobles fighting from chariots were replaced by massed infantries of peasants bearing iron-tipped lances.
Nomadic Society
Nomads did little farming, instead, they focused on herding their animals to places with food and water. Herds provided food, tools(bone tools) and clothing. Nomads served as links to agricultural societies between east and west. Brought knowledge of bronze metallurgy and horse-drawn chariots. They depended on agricultural societies for grains and finished products like textiles and metal goods. They traded horses. Chinese and nomadic people had tense relationship. Nomadic raids posed a great threat to north and west China. Zhou state almost crumbled because of nomadic raids. Nomads didn't adopt Chinese ways. They couldn't cultivate crops or settle in towns or cities. They organized themselves under the leadership of charismatic warrior chiefs.
Which one of the following does not correctly characterize the horse chariot? Harnessing horses so that speed and direction could be controlled was a complicated matter. Horses could not haul sizable loads at high speeds. Nomads discovered that chariots required solid wooden wheels for durability. The hardness and flexibility of iron made it desirable to reinforce the moving parts of chariots. The chariot revolutionized how Afro-Eurasians conducted warfare.
Nomads discovered that chariots required solid wooden wheels for durability.
Authoritarian rule in Rome was initiated by Julius Caesar. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus. Caligula. Octavian. Vespasian.
Octavian.
What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?
Officials established caravan series for travelers' refreshment and protection
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the city of Istanbul under Ottoman rule?
Only Muslims were allowed inside Istanbul.
Oracle Bones
Oracle bones were main instruments used by Chinese fortune tellers. Diviners used special broad bones(shoulder blades of sheep or turtle shells), they inscribed a question on the bone and then heated it by placing it in the fire or scorching it with an extremely hot tool. When heated, the bone cracked and the fortune teller studied the cracks and determined the answer to the question. Sometimes diviners inscribed the answer on the bone and later scribes occasionally added further information to it. During 19th century CE, peasants found many oracle bones with archaic Chinese writing. They called them "dragon bones" and sold them to druggists who ground them in powder to use as medicine. Since 1890, more than 100,000 oracle bones have been found. Most come from royal archives, and reveal the day-to-day concerns of the Shang royal court. Earliest form of Chinese writing was pictograph.
What technique did the Romans use to create their military might?
Organizing communities they conquered on the Italian peninsula into a system that provided a huge reservoir or manpower for the army
The caravan city that became the most important western end for the Silk Road under the Romans was Constantinople. Antioch. Petra. Jerusalem. Palmyra.
Palmyra
Which of the following was not a feature of Japanese society during this period? The presence of multiple sources of power An emperor with purely symbolic power The emergence of shoguns who bridged the divide between local landowners and military commanders Fear of Chinese culture Provincial elites with little influence in the Japanese power structure
Provincial elites with little influence in the Japanese power structure
Which of the following is an accurate comparison between Egyptian pyramids and Mesopotamian ziggurats?
Pyramids were primarily tombs for the semi-divine pharaoh, while ziggurats were temples
Veneration of Ancestors
Reason for pronounced influence of the Chinese family. Early agricultural people tended the graves and memories of their deceased ancestors. They thought the spirits of the ancestors would pass into another realm of existence where they had the power to support and protect their surviving family. Survivors buried tools, weapons, jewelry and other goods along with the dead, they also offered food and drink at their graves. A family could prosper if all its members worked cooperatively toward common interests.
Which of the following statements correctly characterizes Longshan culture in China? The development of princely territorial states marked the arrival of the first large cities. Longshan people practiced a type of intensive agriculture that prevented them from moving to different regions or adopting nomadic lifestyles. The failure to develop pottery inhibited the growth of Longshan culture. Residents burned deer scapulas to communicate with the dead. Longshan culture created a dynastic system similar to that in Egypt.
Residents burned deer scapulas to communicate with the dead.
Which crops formed the basis of village agriculture in China?
Rice and millet
The main body of Vedic literaturethe four Vedaspasses on culture from one age to the next. The four Vedas are: Dharma, Karma, Kamma, and Biija. Indra, Angi, Varuna, and Shiva. Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva. Samsara, Vipaka, Sankhara, and Bhava. Kyshatrias, Vaishyas, Sudras, and Brahmans.
Rig, Sama, Yajur, and Atharva.
A borderland Christianity that looked to Byzantium for spiritual, cultural, and architectural inspiration developed in Poland. northern Germany. Hungary. Sicily. Russia.
Russia.
What led to the development of Shang writing?
Scribes inscribed queries to ancestors on oracle bones
Which is an accurate comparision about the development of scribal cultures in both Mesopotamia and Egypt?
Scribes' status was increased by the small number of people who were literate
Which one of the following does not characterize the development of commerce by sea? Sea transport emerged primarily in regions where land trade could not be developed. Arab seafarers led the way into the Indian Ocean. The city of Alexandria in Egypt emerged as a key transit point between the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean. Knowledge of the seasonal monsoon winds gave an impetus to maritime trade. Sea captains recorded information about ports and landing spots in books.
Sea transport emerged primarily in regions where land trade could not be developed.
The Neo-Assyrian state used propaganda to bolster its support. Which of the following is not an example of thus? Elaborate architectural complexes Ceremonial displays of power Texts that glorified the king and empire that were written down, read, and inscribed on monuments Sermons given by religious leaders that praised the king Images exalting the empire on palace walls Images exalting the empire on palace walls
Sermons given by religious leaders that praised the king Images exalting the empire on palace walls
Zhou Literature
Several writings of the Zhou dynasty won recognition as works of high authority, and they exercised deep influence because they served as textbooks in Chinese schools. Some of the popular ones include the Book of Changes, which was a manual instructing diviners in the art of foretelling the future. Zhou ruling elites also placed emphasis on the Book of History, documents that justified the Zhou state and called for subjects to obey their overlords. Aristocrats learned polite behavior from the Book of Etiquette or the Book of Rites.
Shang Political Organization
Shang rulers relied on a large corps of political allies. Local rulers recognized the authority of the Shang kings. Shang kings may have controlled one thousand or more towns. Others who shared the agricultural surplus of Shang China included advisors, ministers, craftsmen, and metalsmiths, who all helped spread Shang influence through the region. Shang capital moved 6 times during the course of the dynasty. Chosen for political and military reasons, the cities also became social, economic, and cultural centers. Sites of bronze foundries, arts, crafts, trade, and religious observances.
The Safavid Empire persecuted those who did not follow Shiism. Christianity. Sunnism. Judaism. paganism.
Shiism.
What great advantage did the Vikings possess that aided their raiding and conquest? A decentralized political structure that allowed individual clan leaders to strike when they had the advantage in a particular conflict Superior iron-making skills due to the high quality of coal available in Scandinavia Awarrior ethos that rewarded cruelty and the production of terror Ships that could travel up rivers and handle the open waters of the North Atlantic Mobility that permitted plunder to be easily turned into trade goods
Ships that could travel up rivers and handle the open waters of the North Atlantic
Which one of the following does not characterize the Han social order? The government used monopolies to try to limit the independence of merchants. Monumental architecture in China became associated with sites of mass entertainment such as theaters and sporting arenas. Women and children in wealthy families were cloistered in inner quarters of their homes. Silk was worn by members of all classes. Entertainment increasingly became divorced from ritual occasions.
Silk was worn by members of all classes.
What do scientists use to infer that Troy, Crete and the Greek mainland participated in a trading system linking the Aegean and Southwest Asia?
Similarities in grave goods
Slaves
Slaves were mostly enemy warriors captured in battles between the many competing states of ancient China. They performed hard labor, such as clearing new fields or building city walls that required large workforces. During the Shang dynasty, hundreds of slaves also figured among the victims sacrificed during funerals, and other religious services.
All of the following correctly characterize the Greek philosophers except Democritus believed the universe was composed of small indivisible particles he called atoms. Pythagoras asserted that many physical phenomena were based in numbers. Socrates stressed the importance of knowledge of nature as the basis to determine morality. Plato promoted the use of ideal archetypes as patterns for humans to emulate. Aristotle sought to find useful patterns in ascertainable facts.
Socrates stressed the importance of knowledge of nature as the basis to determine morality.
Which of the following thirteenth-century worlds was so commercially sophisticated that a system of paper currency was in use?
Song dynasty
What technological advantage led to the Vikings' successful conquests and trade?
Sophisticated ships that could travel up rivers and across open ocean waters
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the Black Death?
South Asian societies were particularly disrupted by the Black Death.
Where were sheep, goats, pigs, and cattle domesticated
Southwest Asia
All of the following statements characterize the new city-states of the Mediterranean basin EXCEPT which?
Sparta's program of social discipline was widely copied in order to control violence.
Ottoman territorial expansion culminated during the reign of __________.
Suleiman
Buddhism's spread was helped by all but which of the following ways? Monks traveling along the Silk Roads under Kushan patronage Support from Zoroastrians in the Persian Empire, who helped spread the religion to the West Chinese merchants who converted to Buddhism and helped translate texts into Chinese Nomadic migrations to the East The belief that Buddha was divine, and could thus be worshipped like a god.
Support from Zoroastrians in the Persian Empire, who helped spread the religion to the West
The language that emerged in East Africa that combined the Bantu language with Arabic was:
Swahili.
When the rise of Islam threatened the Silk Route:
Tang merchants formed a "silk route by sea" through southern Chinese ports.
Which of the following accurately describes the goals of axial age thinkers?
Teaching rulers to govern justly and individuals to live ethically
Iron Metallurgy
Technological developments also worked in favor of subordinate rulers. Zhou kings couldn't control the production of bronze as closely as the Shang did, so subordinates built a stockpile of weapons. During the first millennium BCE iron metallurgy spread to China and increased rapidly. Iron is cheaper and more abundant than copper or tin so the Zhou kings couldn't monopolize iron production. Subordinates outfitted their forces with iron weapons that enabled them to resist central gov't and pursue their own interests.
Bronze Metallurgy and Horse-Drawn Chariots
Technology helps explain the rise and success of the Shang dynasty. Bronze metallurgy went to China from southwest Asia, with horse-drawn chariots, horses and other wheeled vehicles. They reached China by 1200 BCE. Shang ruling elites monopolized the production of bronze in the Yellow River Valley by controlling access to copper and tin and by employing craftsmen to produce large quantities of bronze weapons. Control over bronze production strengthened Shang forces against those of the Xia and provided them with better weapons than their rivals. Shang nobles used bronze to make fittings for horse-drawn chariots. Shang armies had little difficulty imposing their rule on agricultural villages and extended their influences throughout much of the Yellow River Vallley.
The Prophet Muhammad had many components to his teaching: which of the following best represents the central idea (the most important) of those components?
That the Day of Judgment was imminent
Which of the following best explains why the early states in the Americas produced limited agricultural surpluses?
The Americas lacked most useful beasts of burden or domesticated animals.
Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the church in western Europe?
The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church.
Which one of the following was true regarding the nomadic peoples who helped to establish the Silk Road? The nomads acquired resistance to many diseases during their travels. The nomads learned skills of mediating between various cultures. The Xiongnu pastoralists drove other pastoralists out of the steppe regions and into central and Southwest Asia. The Chinese state offered financial incentive to the nomadic traders to extend their trade routes to China. The Yuezhi people established the Kushan Empire, which played a key role in creating the infrastructure of the Silk Road.
The Chinese state offered financial incentive to the nomadic traders to extend their trade routes to China.
What replaced the political unity provided by imperial Rome after its collapse in Western Europe?
The Christian church brought cultural unity centered on the authority of regional bishops under the bishop of Rome.
The battle of Qadesh is significant for which reason?
The Egyptians and the Hittites, using thousands of chariots, fought for control of the Fertile Crescent.
To which African political unit do the following terms—Sundiata, Mansa Musa, Timbuktu—correspond? The kingdom of Ghana The Muslim state of Songhai Great Zimbabwe The Empire of Mali The East African city-states on the Indian Ocean
The Empire of Mali
The Fatimid regime is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT which?
The Fatimid regime brought the Egyptian population into the Shiite faith and established Egypt as the primary base for Shiism.
Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and Amerindians
The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of the populations of Afro-Eurasian states in the mid-sixteenth century?
The population of Ming China was the largest of all polities.
The Abbasid movement:
was united by frustration with discrimination against non-Arab converts to Islam.
Which one of the following correctly compares the Han and Roman armies? The Roman armies were vastly larger than the Han armies due to the broad region from which they drew soldiers. The Roman armies were roughly equal in size to the Han armies due to the limitations in the ability to provide supplies. In contrast to the Romans, the Han did not need a significant army due to the effectiveness of its bureaucratic system. The Han armies were substantially larger than the Roman armies, with the Han standing army reaching above 1 million men. The Han armies were largely controlled by local lords and elites, whereas the Roman army was under more central authority.
The Han armies were substantially larger than the Roman armies, with the Han standing army reaching above 1 million men.
Why did early agricultural settlements arise in the Indus Valley before the Ganges Valley?
The Indus Valley suffered less from the yearly monsoons than did the Ganges Valley
The Mayans are characterized by all of the following EXCEPT which?
The Mayans established a funerary tradition that emphasized the body's slow decomposition while exposed to the elements so that the soul would return to nature.
How did the Mongol invasions contribute to the rise of the Ottomans and Safavids? The Mongols founded these two long-lasting empires. The Mongols introduced government to these two empires. The Mongols destroyed these two empires. The Mongols destroyed old states, leaving a vacuum that the two empires could then fill. The Mongols traded with the two empires.
The Mongols destroyed old states, leaving a vacuum that the two empires could then fill.
Which two riverine societies shared the most intense diplomatic interaction during the second millennium BCE?
The Nile Delta and the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers
Which of the following does not correctly characterize the Persian Empire? The Royal Road stretched some 1,600 miles and helped to unify the vast empire. The Persians established way stations with fresh mounts and provisions along the Royal Road. The Persians built underground tunnels that carried water long distances for use in irrigation. The Persian capital at Persepolis was the focus of skilled craftworkers from across the empire, who melded their distinct cultural influences into a new Persian architectural style. The Persians' style emphasized the empire as a homogenized state in which all peoples happily adopted Persian customs.
The Persians' style emphasized the empire as a homogenized state in which all peoples happily adopted Persian customs.
Which of the following was a consequence of the reforms implemented by government minister Shang Yang during the Warring States period in China?
The Qin became the dominant state in China
Which one of the following does not characterize the Roman military? Rome required conquered communities on the Italian peninsula to provide soldiers for the Roman army every year. The Roman army's inability to gain clear dominance in the southeast Mediterranean against the Egyptians remained the one weakness of their empire. The defeat of Hannibal demonstrated that the Roman military had overwhelming advantages in resources. The Romans developed a war ethos that never allowed one to accept defeat. Roman generals could gain not only victories but enormous personal rewards.
The Roman army's inability to gain clear dominance in the southeast Mediterranean against the Egyptians remained the one weakness of their empire.
Which one of the following does not correctly identify elements of early Christianity? The Roman state sought to destroy the new faith from its earliest origins. Crucifixion was a standard form of punishment in the Roman Empire. The Gospels sought to explain not what Jesus said, but that he had been divine. Jesus's preachings were very Jewish in character. The defining experience for early Christians was that of witnessing to God.
The Roman state sought to destroy the new faith from its earliest origins.
Which one of the following does not correctly identify elements of the Roman world? The Romans built a network of roads to tie their empire together. The Romans produced massive coinage to facilitate the exchange of goods and services. The Romans relied on a labor force of free workers since slavery violated Roman conceptions of citizenship. The- Romans relied on large estates that produced crops for large urban markets. The Romans believed strongly in private property.
The Romans relied on a labor force of free workers since slavery violated Roman conceptions of citizenship.
Which one of the following does not characterize developments in the Sahel region of Africa? The Sahel developed agricultural techniques by copying and borrowing from Southwest Asia. Settled farming replaced hunting and gathering. Individuals leaving the Sahel carried knowledge about domestication of plants and animals with them into other parts of Africa. The earliest examples of settled agriculture included the systematic collection of aquatic life. Villages and towns emerged.
The Sahel developed agricultural techniques by copying and borrowing from Southwest Asia.
Which of the following occurred in the eastern Mediterranean region between 1300 and 900 BCE? The Sea People arrived from central Europe, where they had been forced to migrate due to drought. The Sea People overthrew the Egyptian Middle Kingdom and established the New Kingdom. An extended era of economic growth encouraged large-scale construction products and trade. Societies grew in size and became more technically complex. A tremendous period of artistic expression flourished, marked most profoundly by the writing of the Iliad.
The Sea People arrived from central Europe, where they had been forced to migrate due to drought.
In what day did the Shang state in China differ from states in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Indus Valley?
The Shang did not have clearly defined borders or a permanent capital.
Which of the following does not correctly characterize the Shang state? The Shang state grew out of urban polities similar to those in Mesopotamia and Egypt. The Shang dynasty added a lineage of hereditary rulers to the foundations of the state in China. The Shang state did not establish neighboring states as vassal states. The bronze workers were organized into large workshops where they mass-produced large bronze vessels. The Shang erected massive palaces and royal neighborhoods.
The Shang state grew out of urban polities similar to those in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Which of the following demonstrates the relationship between the Silla state in Korea and the Tang Empire?
The Silla modeled their capital city on the Tang capital at Chang'an
Chinese silk:
was used as currency in China's diplomatic and military activities.
The Mandate of Heaven
The Zhou dynasty wrote a set of principles that influenced Chinese thinking about government. Zhou theory of politics based on the assumption that earthly events were closely related to heavenly affairs. Heavenly powers granted the right to govern to an especially individual known as the son of heaven. Ruler had to observe high standards of honor and justice and maintain order and harmony in his realm. If he did so, the heavens approved of his work and he could keep his mandate to govern, if not, the heavenly powers could take away the mandate and give it to someone more deserving. Until the 20th century, emperors took the title, "son of heaven".
Which of the following does not characterize the social and economic transformations in China under the Zhou dynasty? Society became more socially differentiated. The Zhou sought to undermine family structures in order to promote royal authority. Strict hierarchies were established for both men and women. Nomadic people of the steppe became increasingly dependent on trade with China. A slow-motion agrarian revolution allowed population to soar.
The Zhou sought to undermine family structures in order to promote royal authority.
The Zhou state is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT which?
The Zhou state became a regional superpower, dominating nearby principalities.
How did Roman landowners in Gaul respond to the threat of peasant revolts?
The allied themselves with Christian Goths to provide stability
Which achievement of the Phoenicians had the greatest long-term impact on the Mediterranean world?
The alphabet, which permitted more wide spread literacy
Which of the following beliefs was shared by Luther and Calvin?
The belief that the source of religious knowledge lay in the scriptures
Which of the following accurately describes the teachings of Mo Di?
The best life is a simple life, based on hard work and useful occupations.
What provided the primary unifying structure for South Asian societies?
The caste system
All of the following correctly identify the caste system in South Asia EXCEPT which?
The ceremony of "second birth" was undergone by all four castes.
What led to the founding of the first Afro-Eurasian cities?
The collective efforts needed to build and maintain irrigation systems.
Which of the following did not contribute to the development of Europe's Christian identity? The transfer of jurisdiction over family matters to the clergy The founding of villages with parish churches across western Europe The continued emphasis on Christianity as a religion of monks The rise of universities The construction of monumental cathedrals
The continued emphasis on Christianity as a religion of monks
What was the benefit to the Spanish crown of an encomienda?
The crown received special taxes on the extraction of precious metals from the encomenderos.
What was a consequence of the defeat of the Persians at Thermopylae and Salamis in 480 BCE?
The defeat of the Persians quickly led to a permanent Persian withdrawal from Anatolia
According to common belief during the Han dynasty, what would a cluster of calamities, prodigies, and heavenly omens usually portend?
The emperor had lost the mandate of heaven.
What were some of the broader consequences of the Enlightenment?
The expansion of literacy and the spread of critical thinking
Xia Dynasty
The first Chinese dynasty established around 2200 BCE along the Yellow River with Yu(hero of flood control) as their king and Erlitou as their capital. Organized large-scale public works projects to help establish authority and political institutions. Encouraged the development of metallurgy, leaders needed bronze weapons to maintain control. Erlitou had modest houses, pottery workshops and a bronze foundry.
Which of the following accurately describes an effect of the dissemination of agricultural crops and techniques from Southwest Asia to Europe?
The first European domesticated crops included Southwest Asian crops - Wheat and barley.
Who, according to the Sunnis, should succeed the Prophet?
The four rightly guided caliphs and then the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties
Which one of the following was not a source of Macedonia's and Alexander's military and political strength? The highly developed naval tradition of the Greeks Gold mines in conquered territories that provided finances New military technology and disciplined, full-time armies Profits from the slave trade that ran through Macedonia A willingness to take military risks
The highly developed naval tradition of the Greeks
Which of the following undermined both the Ottoman and Mughal Empires
The influx of silver from the Americas created inflation, which undermined their economic autonomy
Christians entered the Mediterranean-wide debates on religion particularly on what topic? The issue of obedience to God rather than to human rulers The nature of the trinity The belief in an afterlife The requirements of religious rituals The role of women in positions of religious authority
The issue of obedience to God rather than to human rulers
What led to the rise of the first major city-states in Southwest Asia?
The local availability of large domesticatable animals ad a variety of cereal grains
In contrast to Minoan society, which one of the following accurately depicts Mycenaean society?
The main palace centers were the hulking fortresses of warlords
The Law Code of Hammurapi promoted all of the following except which one? The image of Hammurapi as the shepherd protecting his people The primary instrument of enforcing social rules is the family. The ordering of relations among humans is controlled and directed by the gods. Society is divided into three classes: freeman, dependant man, and slave. Fathers are to treat their kin with authority and care.
The ordering of relations among humans is controlled and directed by the gods.
Which of the following was true in both sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas before 2000 BCE?
The population in both places grew slowly, but did not lead to the development of urban centers
Which one of the following does not characterize Christianity in western Europe between 600 and 1000 CE? Augustine of Hippo emphasized that the "City of God" was represented on earth by the Catholic Church. The strength of the Catholic Church derived in large part from the fact that nearly all Christians lived in the European lands under its religious authority. Scholars lavished care on the Latin scriptures, adding punctuation, capitalization, and other markers that made the text easier to read. Monasticism appealed to a sense that those individuals whose lives were not "normal" were best able to mediate between the believer and God. The authority of the Pope came into being as western Europeans looked for a single symbolic center for the faith.
The strength of the Catholic Church derived in large part from the fact that nearly all Christians lived in the European lands under its religious authority.
Environmental changes led to the development of hominids in all but which of the following ways? The spread of the savannas due to a cooling and drying phase caused some apes to come down from trees. They became social as they searched for safe hiding places. The swelling of rivers caused them to search out high land. Adaptation to the environment created the ability to store information and create mental maps. Their brains almost doubled in size.
The swelling of rivers caused them to search out high land.
Which of the following does not correctly characterize the relationship between the Sumerian cities of Mesopotamia and the transhumant peoples who lived on the margins? The Mesopotamian urbanites looked down on the transhumant herders. The transhumant herders' lack of knowledge about Sumerian culture left them open to ridicule. The transhumant herders provided wool and other animal products for the cities' craftworkers. The transhumant herders paid taxes to and served as warriors for the cities. The transhumant herders had few political rights in the cities.
The transhumant herders' lack of knowledge about Sumerian culture left them open to ridicule.
What evidence suggests that the four-group caste system of South Asia was based on encounters with people of different complexions and cultures?
The word Varma means color in Sanskrit
Under whose rule did Athens become a naval powerhouse and defeat the Persians? Minos Themistocles Aegeus Solon Jason
Themisrocles
Which of the following describes the rise of kingdoms that emerged in the first millennium BCE?
They conquered existing states and different ethnic groups to become the world's first empires
What was the impact of the Five Pillars of Islam on regional political structures?
They created a doctrinal and legal structure for the empire
Which of the following was not a means by which monarchs strengthened their rule during the fourteenth century? They earned legitimacy by claiming divine sanction. They crushed all influence and power of the church. They built up armies. They established laws and punishments. They established rules of succession to keep their lineage in power.
They crushed all influence and power of the church.
Why did the Vikings fail spectacularly when they attacked Constantinople?
They faced, for the first time, a city defended by well-engineered late Roman walls and Greek fire
How did Captain Cook's voyages to Australia reflect Enlightenment ideas?
They included scientists to describe and classify Australia's fauna, flora, people, and natural features
Which of the following accurately describes the Vikings?
They opened a trading link between the Baltic and Kiev, creating a commercial avenue from Scandinavia to Baghdad
Which of the following was one of the goals of the authors of the Encyclopédie?
They sought to gather all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth and to present it in useful form
Why were nomadic pastoralists important to settled agriculturalists?
They transmitted ideas, products, and people across long distances, linking them with a wider world.
Why were nomadic pastoralists important to settled agriculturalists?
They transmitted ideas, products, and peoples across long distances, linking them with a wider
Why were nomadic pastoralists important to settled agriculturalists?
They transmitted ideas, products, and peoples across long distances, linking them with a wider world.
During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?
They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art
All of the following characterize the borderlands people of the eastern Mediterranean around 1000 BCE EXCEPT which?
They were "first-generation" societies, developing without any older traditions.
The Phoenicians benefitted from their location in which of the following ways?
They were able to develop seaworthy crafts from the massive cedar trees in their region
Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their realm?
They were flexible and tolerant to differences.
Which of the following has surprised scientists about early hominids? They were much more diverse than commonly thought. They were much more homogeneous than commonly thought. Their first migrations from Africa were to the Americas. They evolved so that they could no longer climb trees earlier than commonly thought. Bipedalism developed later than commonly thought.
They were much more diverse than commonly thought.
The Christian scholar who sought to show that everything gradually converged to prove that Christianity was the only religion that fully met the aspirations of all rational human beings was:
Thomas Aquinas.
Which of the following factors led to China's economic expansion in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
Thriving and elaborate internal trade networks
The Assyrian king who centralized political authority in the hands of the monarchy was Tiglath-pileser III. Darius I. Cyrus the Great. Ashurbanipal. Solomon.
Tiglath-pileser III.
Which one of the following does not characterize European society in the second millennium BCE? The transition to settled agriculture occurred slowly. Early Europeans used new agricultural techniques to create self-sufficient communities. To avoid chaos in Europe, early Europeans migrated to central Eurasia where uninhabited regions allowed the development of agriculture. A strong warrior ethos developed in Europe. Growing trade made battles more lethal as more groups had better weaponry.
To avoid chaos in Europe, early Europeans migrated to central Eurasia where uninhabited regions allowed the development of agriculture.
For what purpose did Constantine summon bishops to the Council of Nicaea?
To bring unity to diversity of belief in disparate Christian communities
11) The Neo-Assyrian Empire's expansion exceeded its ability to maintain effective control over the empire, so the empire collapsed swiftly and without warning.
True
In both the Zhou dynasty and Persia, religious ideologies required rulers to act in moral ways and maintain an orderly society.
True
Which of the following correctly characterizes the microsociety of the Israelites?
Under King Solomon, the Israelites centered their kingdom on the great temple in Jerusalem
How did Europe's cultural exchanges with the Americas and the Pacific compare with its exchanges with China and the Islamic world?
Unlike cultures in China and the Islamic world, indigenous cultures in the Americas and the Pacific were undermined by contact with Europeans.
Reliable water sources affected how and where people settled in all but which of the following ways? They allowed crop production on a scale to feed large populations. With irrigation, rich soils from old water sources made for fertile lands. They allowed for domestication of animals by providing accessible drinking water. Unpredictable flooding forced people to leave their lands. They allowed for large-scale settlement.
Unpredictable flooding forced people to leave their lands. They allowed for large-scale settlement.
What book by Vedic scholars indicates a shift away from sacrificial rituals and toward more mystical speculation about the meaning of life and the universe?
Upanishads
The official who seized power during the Han dynasty and attempted to implement reforms was Wang Mang. Wudi. Laozi. Wei Zcheng. Shudi.
Wang Mang.
Warfare among the city-states of the Mediterranean basin was characterized by all of the following except which?
Warfare tended to strengthen and stabilize states as they brought more resources under their control.
Which of the following factors made the Safavid Empire the most unstable of the large Muslim states
Weak rulers and internal divisions
The European drinking cup indicative of a warrior culture was called a bronze stein. a golden goblet. a bell beaker. a beer mug. a warrior's friend.
a bell beaker.
Which one of the following does not characterize the invention of writing in Mesopotamia? Writing emerged in Egypt at about the same time as in Mesopotamia. Writing in Mesopotamia developed as a form of hieroglyphs. Only a small percentage of the population learned to read and write. The Sumerian King List refers to a Great Flood—an idea later incorporated into the Jewish creation story. The Mesopotamian written script could be adapted to several different languages.
Writing in Mesopotamia developed as a form of hieroglyphs.
The most powerful of the nomadic people from the Asian steppe were the:
Xiongnu.
Yangshao Society and Banpo Village
Yangshao society; flourished from 5000-3000 BCE in the middle region of the Yellow River Valley. Well-known for the discovery in 1952 of a neolithic village at Banpo, near modern Xi'an. Found painted pottery and bone tools used by early cultivators in the 6th and 5th millenia BCE.
All of the following accurately characterize Hellenistic ideas and beliefs except Diogenes rejected all laws and customs of society as human inventions that were not in tune with nature and were, therefore, false. Epicurus struggled to develop a sense of not caring about things in life to obtain peace of mind. Zeno asserted that only by separating one's self from and rejecting nature could humans rise above the mindlessness of animals. the Stoics taught that living a good life required understanding the rules of the natural order and controlling one's passions so as to be indifferent to pleasure or pain. Egyptian Greeks developed ideas of personal salvation from death.
Zeno asserted that only by separating one's self from and rejecting nature could humans rise above the mindlessness of animals.
The world's greatest armada in the fourteenth century was led by:
Zheng He.
Weakening of the Zhou
Zhou kings couldn't maintain control over the decentralized political system. Subordinates eventually established their own bases of power: they ruled their territories not only as allies of the Zhou kings but also as long-established and traditional governors. They set up regional bureaucracies, armies, and tax systems to consolidate their rule and exercise their authority. They sometimes didn't come to court or to deliver tax proceeds. They also occasionally refused to provide military support, and they even turned their forces against the dynasty in an effort to build their own regional states.
Which of the following correctly characterizes the Zhou state?
Zhou rulers relied on culture and ideology, such as the mandate of heaven, to maintain leadership among rival powers within and without its borders
Political Organization
Zhou state was larger than the Shang, so large that a single court couldn't rule the entire land effectively. As a result, Zhou rulers relied on a decentralized administration: they entrusted power, authority, and responsibility to subordinates, who in turn owed allegiance, tribute, and military support to the central government. The conquerors themselves ruled the Zhou dynasty at the capital Hao, but they allotted possessions in conquered territories to relatives and other allies. Subordinates ruled their territories with limited supervision from the central government. In return for their political rights, they visited Zhou royal court on specific occasion to demonstrate their continued loyalty to the dynasty, they delivered taxes and tribute that accounted for the major part of Zhou finances, and they provided military forces that the kings deployed in the interests of the Zhou state as a whole. Zhou rulers sought to arrange marriages that would strengthen their ties to their political allies.
Spain's decision to support Columbus's westward expedition resulted in part from a desire to expand Spanish wealth and power and to liberate Jerusalem. fear that the Moors would return and retake the Iberian peninsula. hope that new lands would offer refuge to Muslims and Jews forced out of Spain by the Inquisition. concern about rapid population growth in Spain and growing civil unrest. knowledge of the Americas and the riches that they offered.
a desire to expand Spanish wealth and power and to liberate Jerusalem.
Harappan culture was characterized by all of the following except the building of fortified citadels. a distinct system of writing in which the Harappan epic poems were recorded. public baths. the use of brick as a building material. houses with private bathrooms, showers, and toilets.
a distinct system of writing in which the Harappan epic poems were recorded.
In the Central Andes, the availability of horses and oxen encouraged the growth of trade. a diverse ecology in a small region encouraged the growth of trade. trade expanded after Aspero united the region under his authority. communities were established around large palace complexes. communities resembled those in the territorial states of Southwest Asia.
a diverse ecology in a small region encouraged the growth of trade.
The Aegean world was characterized by all of the following except a warrior ethos. a highly stratified society between noble warriors and peasants. scattered settlements separated by natural obstacles. intermittent trade with seafaring people. a preference for conquest to commerce.
a highly stratified society between noble warriors and peasants.
The West African kingdom of Ghana was known in Baghdad by contemporaries as:
a land of gold.
The Renaissance created:
a network of educated men and women who were not dependent wholly on the state or the church and who increasingly challenged the authority of both.
The Persian Empire established all of the following EXCEPT:
a network of ports to facilitate trade and commerce.
In the Aegean world:
a number of islands flourished within a seaborne trading network focused on the exchange of tin and copper.
The emergence of new and radical ideas in the "second-generation" societies was encouraged by a long period of peace and prosperity. a period of drought and economic decline. a period of constant warfare and battles. a period of constant migrations by various peoples. a period of domination by regional empires.
a period of constant warfare and battles.
The Ming dynasty viewed overseas trade as:
a potential source of instability.
During the New Kingdom in Egypt:
a powerful woman, Hatshepsut, proclaimed herself pharaoh and co-ruled with her son until she died.
In comparison with Han China, Roman expansion and empire building were characterized by:
a process of continual experimentation, innovation, and adaptation.
The "Fertile Crescent" refers to:
a region of Southwest Asia with rich soils and regular rainfall in which the agricultural revolution first appeared.
Which of the following was NOT among the elements instrumental in forming the Shang state?
a religious doctrine that identified the Shang ruler as a god
In the Islamic tradition, 'jizya' was:
a special tax paid by non-Muslims that granted them religious toleration.
12) Which of the following demonstrated that diplomatic communications took place between the rulers of Egypt, the Babylonians, and the Hittites?
a. A cache of 300 letters found near Amarna in Egypt
9) What characterized the Code of Hammurabi?
a. A clear relationship between crimes and the severity of punishments
4) The Zhou's endorsement of the mandate of heaven implied what potential threat to dynastic continuance?
a. A dynasty could end if the ruler did not uphold harmony and act with honor
2) Which of the following accurately describes societies in the Aegean world?
a. A number of islands flourished within a seaborne trading network focused on the exchange of tin and copper.
2) Which of the following reflects a way that the Persians integrated their multiethnic empire?
a. All subject peoples were required only to give loyalty and pay tribute to the king
10) How did the Vedic people's entrance into the weakened Indus Valley differ from that of other pastoralist migrations into Egypt, Mesopotamia, or Anatolia?
a. Aryans did not use horses or wheeled carts
1) Which of the following was a major difference between Greek city-states such as Athens and Hellenistic cities such as Alexandria?
a. Athenians were citizens of and loyal to their city of birth, while Alexandrians were citizens of the "whole world" of Hellenistic states.
6) Which of the following describes an effect of the Bactrian kingdom on Eurasian culture?
a. Bactria served as a bridge between South Asia and the Mediterranean.
4) In Mahayana Buddhism, what were the enlightened demigods who helped individuals obtain nirvana, called?
a. Bodhisattvas
5) Which of the following reflects a similarity between the Persian and Vedic peoples' ideology of kingship?
a. Both peoples' ideologies reflected their pastoral roots, with similar traditions of warrior and priestly classes
8) Which of the following are innovations brought to Egypt by migrants such as the Hyksos?
a. Bronze-working techniques, the vertical loom, and an improved potter's wheel
14) Which of the following best describes Buddhist art outside of South Asia?
a. Buddhist art adopted styles from the diverse populations that produced it.
14) What was the reason that the domestication of the camel was a major agent of change in overland trade in the first millennium BCE?
a. Camels facilitated caravan travel across deserts in Afro-Eurasia, encouraging long distance trade between regions
The early Zhou state established a dominant central state structure that undermined the authority of local lords. established the facade of central authority, but real power remained with local lords. rejected the Shang system of tributary powers. achieved a balance between central authority and the power of local lords. rejected the Shang practice of ancestor worship.
achieved a balance between central authority and the power of local lords.
Early humans in the Americas:
adapted to different ecological niches and created new subsistence strategies.
The Turkish invasions of India made Islam the sole, dominant religion of India. added an Islamic layer to India's cultural mosaic. destroyed the power of local rajas. inaugurated a period of inward-looking stagnation. led to a Buddhist revival inside India.
added an Islamic layer to India's cultural mosaic.
The Shang dynasty improved chariot transportation by:
adding bronze fittings and harnesses that gave warriors greater speed and range.
The Shang dynasty improved chariot transportation by:
adding bronze fittings and harnesses.
In comparison to those who lived in the territorial states of Egypt and Mesopotamia, those who lived on the margins of these worlds were savage barbarians. primitive hunter and gatherer societies. Neanderthals. lacking in culture. adept users of technology who established durable institutions and belief systems.
adept users of technology who established durable institutions and belief systems.
The Northern Wei dynasty destroyed the Han capital at Luoyang to demonstrate their power and authority. adopted Han Chinese traditions and practices in order to gain support from the elite classes. imposed many Tuoba cultural traditions on the Han Chinese in order to establish its dominance. attempted to destroy all evidence of the Han dynasty in order to destroy loyalty to the Han. seized land from the Han aristocratic families and distributed it to peasants in order to build support for the Northern Wei with the poor.
adopted Han Chinese traditions and practices in order to gain support from the elite classes.
In the first few centuries BCE, Carthage:
adopted Hellenistic culture on economic grounds, as it facilitated communication and exchange.
The Brahmans:
adopted law codes in order to establish the basis for an ethic of statecraft steeped in a universalizing faith.
The Jews of Judea uniformly rejected Hellenism and centered their social identity strictly on the worship of Yahweh. had been so heavily influenced by other cultures during their years of exile that they failed to reestablish a Jewish state. created a Hellenized version of Judaism called Maccabean Judaism. were reinforced in their rejection of Hellenism by the large Jewish populations in cities around the Mediterranean which thoroughly rejected Greek culture. adopted some aspects of Greek cultural despite resistance by some members of the society.
adopted some aspects of Greek cultural despite resistance by some members of the society.
Buddhist art:
adopted styles from the diverse populations that produced it.
Which group of people was consigned to the bottom of Linnaeus's classification of people
africans
The transformations in Brahmanism in the first few centuries CE reinforced its limitations to local, as opposed to universal, religion. gave Brahmans the justification to crush local religious cults and shrines. undermined efforts to create a written set of scriptures for Hinduism. resulted in such strong conflict between Hinduism and Buddhism that no common culture developed in India. aided Hinduism by spreading the religion to new regions where it was absorbed by new groups of people.
aided Hinduism by spreading the religion to new regions where it was absorbed by new groups of people.
The Four Truths of the Buddha include all the following except:
all desire is caused by innate human sinfulness.
The cultural mosaic that characterized Southeast Asia in the period between 1000 and 1300 was a product of its geographical location at the crossroads that connected China with Asia and Africa. spillover from heavily populated regions of China and India. the presence of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam as major religions in the area. the ability of local peoples (Thai, Vietnamese, and Burmese) to strengthen their cultures by selectively adapting features of Indian and Chinese culture. all of the above
all of the above
The people known as the Toltecs filled the vacuum left by the decline of the city of Teotihuacán in central Mexico. had their capital at Tula, which at the height of its power had close to 60,000 inhabitants. were formed from the combination of refugees from the south and farmers from the north. produced enough food to satisfy their needs. all of the above
all of the above
In the Shang dynasty in China:
all political and religious power was held by the ruling family.
In the Persian Empire:
all subject peoples were on an equal footing, required only to give loyalty and pay tribute to the king.
In the Persian Empire:
all subject peoples were on an equal footing, required only to give loyalty and pay tribute to the king.
Faces with the threat of peasant revolts and general chaos, the Roman landowners in Gaul:
allied themselves with the "barbarian" Goths to provide stability.
Under the Tang dynasty, the civil service examination system:
allowed commoners from southern China to outperform the aristocratic families of northern China.
Trade networks in Egypt remained small and oriented toward internal trade for much of the Old Kingdom period. were mostly overland routes, especially to bring in wood. expanded to reach as far as France. allowed merchants to become wealthy and develop habits previously reserved for royalty. were controlled by the Nubians, who taxed Egyptian merchants heavily.
allowed merchants to become wealthy and develop habits previously reserved for royalty.
The establishment of one-man rule of the Roman Republic was ultimately caused by:
ambitious generals who brought about a savage series of civil wars.
Catal Hoyuk was
an early Neolithic village in Anatolia
The Ming dynasty emperors based their power on all of the following except the Forbidden City. an extensive bureaucracy selected by an examination. an elite class of warriors called the janissaries. an elaborate protocol of rites and ceremonies. terror.
an elite class of warriors called the janissaries.
What did Confucius set out in search of?
an enlightened ruler
According to Confucius, the good life is:
an ethical life.
The military innovations in China during the first millennium BCE included all of the following except the development of the crossbow. developments in the technology of siege warfare. creation of professional officer corps. military campaigns that lasted a year or longer. armies composed largely of teams of charioteers.
armies composed largely of teams of charioteers.
Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire in the first century CE, shortly after the death of Jesus. never; the Roman Empire persecuted Christians until it collapsed. around the fourth century CE only after one of Jesus's original disciples, Paul, wrote the Gospels. when the religion was restricted to those who considered themselves Jewish.
around the fourth century CE
All of the following characterize Roman family life EXCEPT:
as Roman society expanded, the importance of family units diminished in urban centers as children were able to act more independently.
All of the following characterize the imperial city of Rome EXCEPT:
as a city closely controlled and monitored by the emperor and his personal guards, the city experiences little crime or violence.
Historians today recognize the peoples of Nubia
as a culture deeply influenced by the cultures of sub-Saharan Africa.
The emergence of the first cities occurred in regions with abundant rainfall. as hominid competitors of Homo sapiens, such as the Neanderthals, began to die off. as a warming cycle raised temperatures around the globe and expanded growing seasons. in mountainous regions safe from either invasion or flooding. at the same time as the domestication of plants and animals.
as a warming cycle raised temperatures around the globe and expanded growing seasons.
The caste system expanded in South Asia as the Vedic people moved into rice-growing regions that required more laborers. as political leaders used the caste system to increase the size of militaries. as religious leaders forced all people to become twice-born Shudras. as the political leaders adopted the term jatis to designate their ritual superiority. as the religious leaders established monasteries to isolate themselves from society.
as the Vedic people moved into rice-growing regions that required more laborers.
At first, Afro-Eurasian city-states were run by:
assemblies of elders and young men.
All of the following characterize the city-states of the Mediterranean basin in the first millennium BCE except the city-state first appeared among the Phoenicians. at the center of the city-state form was an important class of scribes and high priests. the self-governing system of the city-states took various forms. the adult freeborn males who held full citizenship rights ran the city's affairs. women were excluded from voting and holding offices.
at the center of the city-state form was an important class of scribes and high priests.
Which two faiths in particular aspired to universality in the period between 300 and 600 ce?
b. Christianity and Buddhism
Which of the following represents one of Qin Shi Huangdi's techniques of governance?
b. He required regional and local officials to answer directly to the emperor, who could dismiss them at will.
Olmec cities included substantial spaces dedicated to:
ball courts for athletic competition.
The horse chariot in Eurasia:
became a highly valued symbol of authority and power.
The city of Palmyra:
became the most important caravan city at the western end of the Silk Road during the Roman period.
The Renaissance led to new ideas about politics that were uniformly agreed on across Europe. continued to support the power of kings without question. began to lay the foundations for new forms of government that challenged the traditional political authorities. sought to tie the church more closely to government. asserted that the best system of government was one that gave land to the peasants.
began to lay the foundations for new forms of government that challenged the traditional political authorities.
Followers of the Shiite tradition in Islam believed that the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties were the rightful heirs to Islamic rule. initially became popular among ruling elite who felt Shiism secured their authority over the imams. appeared after Islam had stopped expanding and conflict grew over power within the Islamic world. accepted the Quran but rejected the hadith. believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and his descendants were the only rightful heirs to Muhammad.
believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and his descendants were the only rightful heirs to Muhammad.
Mesoamerican societies were prevented from harnessing the resources required to produce a large state because they lacked which of the following?
c. A large arterial river system and its floodplain
What issue brought Christians into a Mediterranean-wide debate on the nature of religion?
c. Obedience to God rather than to human rulers
The scholar Kumarajiva was responsible for which of the following?
c. Using irony and paradoxes to show that reason was limited
The large-scale commercial plantations established by the Romans were dependent on:
chattel slavery.
The prosperity of the large-scale commercial plantations (latifundia) established by the Romans depended on:
chattel slavery.
The type of slavery that emerged in the Mediterranean city-states was plantation slavery. racial slavery. economic slavery. political slavery. chattel slavery.
chattel slavery.
Turning men, women, and children into objects of commerce bought and sold on a large scale in markets is called:
chattel slavery.
Southwest Asia shows the earliest evidence of this political form:
city-states
The Chinese civil service examination focused on knowledge of military affairs. classical Chinese and the Confucian classics. law and tax policies. court ritual. religious doctrine.
classical Chinese and the Confucian classics.
The changes in the Brahmanic religion include all of the following EXCEPT:
clear rejection of all Buddhist and Jainist practices.
In the early states in the Central Andes:
coastal fisherman exploited currents that allowed for large hauls of fish, which could be dried and transported.
By the year 300 CE, a revolution in book production resulted in the creation of books with separate pages bound together called a:
codex.
Islamic culture during the Abbasid period bound scholars narrowly to the study of Islamic theology and law. rejected non-Islamic learning as pagan and heretical. continued to promote Greek as the proper language for scholarship. collected knowledge from many sources and expanded knowledge in many areas, especially mathematics. continued to promote Latin as the proper language for scholarship.
collected knowledge from many sources and expanded knowledge in many areas, especially mathematics.
The Ottoman sultans:
combined a warrior ethos with strong devotion to Islamic beliefs.
Darius, who succeeded Cyrus as ruler of the Persian Empire followed the Assyrian model of strong central rule. oversaw the collapse of the Persian Empire as it was conquered by Babylon. combined central and local administration to rule rather than forcing Persian customs on his subjects. believed in imposing Persian culture and religious beliefs throughout the empire. failed to expand or strengthen the Persian empire.
combined central and local administration to rule rather than forcing Persian customs on his subjects.
To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty:
constructed the forbidden city
The Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty is associated with which of the following?
construction of the Forbidden City
The Nabataean city of Petra displayed little Greek influence. was a center of trade where Greek language was banned. was named for the Latin word for "rock." contained a theater carved out of stone that seated up to 10,000 people. was a relatively unimportant stop on the caravan trade.
contained a theater carved out of stone that seated up to 10,000 people.
The Mauryan Empire defeated the troops of Alexander the Great at the battle of Kalinga. contained many Greek-speaking regions. remained at constant war with the Seleucid Empire based in Syria. sought to suppress Buddhism as a threat to royal authority. worked to establish its legitimacy by imposing a strict Vedic artistic style on all public buildings and monumental structures.
contained many Greek-speaking regions.
Kush adopted many Egyptian practices, but tried to erase all of them by invading Egypt. continued to move south to avoid Egyptian influence. practiced a religion very different from that of the Egyptians. was rebuffed in efforts to be incorporated officially into Egypt. suffered invasions from the west, which wiped out all vestiges of Egyptian culture.
continued to move south to avoid Egyptian influence.
Amenemhet I's elevation of the minor god Amun to prominence:
contributed, politically, to greater unification of the kingdom, while also adding spiritual meaning to Egyptian society.
Harappans knew that _____ was essential to their economic power.
control of the extraction and trade in gemstones
Bronze is made by combining arsenic and tin with what metal?
copper
Bronze is made by combining arsenic or tin with what metal?
copper
In early Japan:
female shamans married into imperial clans and became rulers of Japanese kinship groups.
Zoroastrianism asserted that the universe was filled with many gods, all of whom owed allegiance to the Great Cosmic Spirit. the universe was fundamentally good and unified. humans were subject to the whims of the gods, who controlled human actions. corpses were to be exposed to the elements where animals would devour them so that the earth would not be contaminated by death. this life was made for pleasure and individuals should indulge their passions now, for in the afterlife strict ethics would be required.
corpses were to be exposed to the elements where animals would devour them so that the earth would not be contaminated by death.
Free market development in the Greek city-states was tied to long-distance trade with China. was actively suppressed by rulers who sought to control trade. was based on a system of blind bidding, where the true price was kept secret from the buyers. was based on models from Egypt and Babylonia. correlated to a change from barter and exchange to the use of money.
correlated to a change from barter and exchange to the use of money.
Mayan mathematicians were skilled at simple problems, but were unable to cope with complex mathematics. could chart lunar and solar cycles with amazing accuracy. used small necklaces, called quipus, to keep track of equations. were considered low-class citizensand were kept away from ritual sites. produced little in the way of mathematical innovations, but were skilled nonetheless.
could chart lunar and solar cycles with amazing accuracy.
The Mahayana School of Buddhism:
created a more diverse and pleasant idea of the afterlife.
The great territorial states of Southwest Asia and North Africa between 1400 and 1200 BCE:
created an international system based on a balance of power.
In the South Pacific, the Polynesians:
created ceremonial buildings to promote local solidarity.
The Qin government minister Shang Yang implemented all of the following reforms EXCEPT:
creating a lenient legal code that stressed regards for good behavior rather than punishments for crimes.
The use of cuneiform in Mesopotamia spread quickly because:
cuneiform could be adapted to different languages.
What undermined Etruscan power on the Italian peninsula?
d. Invasion by the Gauls
Why did universalizing religions fail to arise in sub-Saharan Africa or Mesoamerica?
d. It was difficult for ideas, peoples, or institutions to circulate broadly because of geographical barriers.
What marked the limits of Roman expansion to the east?
d. The Parthian Empire
In contrast to Rome, Han monumental architecture was primarily associated with:
d. palaces and tombs of rulers.
The domestication of plants and animals:
depended on accumulated knowledge of plants and animals.
The sculpture gardens of the Olmec depicted rulers and gods. had no religious purpose at all. reflected a monotheistic belief system. showed how different Olmec villages shared no common beliefs. were discovered to be a hoax.
depicted rulers and gods.
The principal long-term effect of the Crusades was to heal the rift between the eastern and western churches of the Christian world. a long-lasting European presence in Southwest Asia. the revitalization of the Byzantine Empire. deteriorating conditions for non-Western Christians in the Muslim world. the Christianization of Africa.
deteriorating conditions for non-Western Christians in the Muslim world.
All of the following are true of the Western Bantu-speaking people EXCEPT:
females, when older, became "elders" of their community.
The collapse of the Old Kingdom in Egypt resulted from:
feuding between the factions of the political elite.
The Olmecs established cities with large populations that dominated the surrounding landscape. created a highly integrated political system in which the king controlled political and religious life. failed to develop trade for fear of allowing outside forces to corrupt the society. created a religious tradition that emphasized the sanctity and preservation of human life. developed a tradition of ball sports that were linked to worship of the rain god.
developed a tradition of ball sports that were linked to worship of the rain god.
To help track the growing seasons, the Shang held religious ceremonies on the eves of lunar eclipses. developed a twelve-month, 360-day lunar calendar. measured the water level of the Yellow River. measured the exact length of time it took each crop to ripen, and created an almanac for farmers to use. developed a two-cycle calendar, one of sixteen lunar months, and a second that lasted 12 years to represent the zodiac.
developed a twelve-month, 360-day lunar calendar.
People in riverine cities:
developed lifestyles based on the mass production of goods and specialized labor.
People in riverine cities:
developed lifestyles based on the production of goods and specialized labor.
The Phoenicians:
developed seaworthy crafts from the massive cedar trees in their region.
The Sahel region in Africa:
developed settled agriculture with sorghum as the principal food crop.
The Han and the Roman view of mass entertainment was essentially the same, with both empires believing that entertainment should be reserved for the ruling class. was essentially the same, with both empires believing that entertainment should be open to everyone. differed, in that the Han believed entertainment should be for the elite, and Romans believing it should be for all. differed, in that the Romans believed entertainment should be for the elite, and Han believing it should be for all. was essentially the same, with both empires believing that entertainment wasted energy and intelligence.
differed, in that the Han believed entertainment should be for the elite, and Romans believing it should be for all.
The Ming court generally felt that international trade was so important that it received special government protection. so important that merchants were given the highest status in the land. disruptive enough to ban it, but not so much to enforce the ban. unworthy of government attention. so dangerous that it was repressed at all costs.
disruptive enough to ban it, but not so much to enforce the ban.
The position of sultan combined all of the following social functions except that of divine demigod. religious leader. military commander. wealthy patron of arts. defender of the faith.
divine demigod.
Pastoralist humans:
domesticated horses, which gave them decisive advantages in transportation and warfare.
Pastoralist humans:
domesticated horses, which soon became measures of household wealth and prestige.
The migrations of Austronesian-speaking people into the South Pacific occurred on large junks. single-hulled skiffs. dugout canoes. schooners. double-outrigger canoes.
double-outrigger canoes.
The first material sign of an emerging warrior culture in Europe was the appearance of:
drinking cups.
In Spain, political centralization of power occurred primarily through:
dynastic marriages.
In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by
economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia
Which of the following is NOT a major guideline in Chinese thought and action established by Confucius?
emphasis on the individual rather than the family
The territorial states that succeeded Alexander the Great's regime were ruled over by various members of Alexander's family. modeled themselves politically on the Greek city-states. sought to define themselves by narrow ethnic affiliations in order to build support with the local populations. banned women from any political role. engaged in fierce competition among themselves with large, complex military campaigns.
engaged in fierce competition among themselves with large, complex military campaigns.
In Japan, the Taika Reforms:
enhanced the power of the ruler.
The Council of Nicaea rejected the effort of the bishops to establish their authority above that of the pope. resolved the conflict between the powers of the pope and those of the secular rulers. established a basic creed that summed up the Christian faith in technical and philosophical terms. divided the Christian church between a Roman and an Eastern Orthodox tradition. justified the forced conversion of pagans.
established a basic creed that summed up the Christian faith in technical and philosophical terms.
In order to establish stability, the Qin established an elaborate administrative hierarchy with officials directly responsible to the emperor. permitted regional and local authorities greater authority so they could adapt imperial policies to the local setting. allowed local elites to manage their territories as they saw fit to ensure their loyalty. created a tradition of imperial leniency in terms of laws and regulations to build support for the regime. gave scholars and teachers great freedoms in order to earn loyalty from the educated elite.
established an elaborate administrative hierarchy with officials directly responsible to the emperor.
The Qin dynasty:
established clear laws and regulations with harsh punishments that applied to everyone regardless of rank or status.
The Laws of Manu defined the structure of Hinduism. established the laws governing commerce as India began to participate in trading goods along the Silk Road. marked the development of Hinayana Buddhism (Lesser Vehicle) as a rival to Mahayana Buddhism. established elaborate social rules for living in a caste system. clarified the nature of divinity in Hinduism to support its claims of monotheism.
established elaborate social rules for living in a caste system.
In order to staff the bureaucracy, the Han dynasty;
established institutions of learning, including an imperial university that dwarfed the schools of the Roman empire.
The Vedic people quickly dominated the Indus Valley and established a new Vedic empire centralizing power in the hands of the king. adapted to the new environment by adopting the language and religion of the indigenous people. established long-distance trade network to ensure the ability to obtain horses. built their empire on the foundations of the Harappan empire and its network of officials throughout the Indus Valley. established herding as the primary economic activity in the Indus Valley.
established long-distance trade network to ensure the ability to obtain horses.
In order to help secure the frontier along the desert regions, Wudi:
established military and farming settlements in which soldiers and their families could develop agricultural communities.
The Nestorian Christians:
established religious communities across Asia, reaching all the way to China.
Mahayana Buddhism established the image of the Buddha as a lonely ascetic wandering the world in suffering. established the divinity of the Buddha. declared the Buddha the only divine being. rejected all foreign influences on Buddhist teachings. found acceptance only among societies influenced by Hellenism.
established the divinity of the Buddha.
Sargon the Great:
established the first territorial state.
The Sogdians did all of the following EXCEPT:
established their language as the common language of the Silk Road.
Alexander the Great's military campaigns resulted in all of the following EXCEPT:
establishing a long-lasting empire supported by political and military institutions.
Alexander the Great's military campaigns resulted in all of the following except:
establishing an empire supported by political and military institutions.
The Code of Hammurabi included all of the following EXCEPT:
establishing an image of the king as the fearsome voice of the gods among the people.
Monotheism was a new religious idea espoused by the Israelites. was first espoused by the Israelites but then was taken up by Zoroastrians. failed to become a major influence on world religions. came about with the advent of Christianity. existed in Zoroastrianism and for a time in Egypt, but was made stricter in Judaism.
existed in Zoroastrianism and for a time in Egypt, but was made stricter in Judaism.
Beginning in 1061, the Christian kings of northern Spain did all of the following EXCEPT:
extend Christian control over most of North Africa
The demise of Egypt occurred for each reason except overexpansion left the army unable to quell unrest. external invasions from the East. feuding between elite political factions. decentralization of control over land. bloody struggles over access to irrigation.
external invasions from the East.
The Mongols failed to establish enduring dynasties in the Islamic territories they conquered. failed to conquer Baghdad. failed against powerful Islamic armies. succeeded at unifying the people they defeated. succeeded at winning the hearts of peasants everywhere they went.
failed to establish enduring dynasties in the Islamic territories they conquered.
The Ming Dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by
failure to respond effectively to natural disasters
After the fall of the Han dynasty, Daoism became politically vibrant as various elites sought to use Daoism to justify their political dominance.
false
Art in Renaissance Europe, Ming China, and the Ottoman Empire challenged the authority of traditional political and religious elites
false
As Africa became increasingly caught up in global economic exchanges during this period, African culture was heavily influenced by European culture
false
Both the Han dynasty and the Roman Empire championed the use of slave labor to produce agricultural surpluses and tax revenues.
false
Following the Council of Trent, the Cistercians sent missionaries to the Americas, India, Japan, and China.
false
In Japan, the Yamato clan established its legitimacy by stamping out ancestor worship and establishing Daoism in the Japanese islands.
false
In the first few centuries ce, South Asia remained deeply fragmented politically and did not have a unified or cohesive cultural system.
false
In the sixteenth century, the world's most dynamic cultures were in Europe because of their control of the Atlantic trade
false
Mayan kings, like Han emperors, took the responsibility to develop irrigation for crops and to build systems of dams for the major rivers.
false
The Mughal dynasty made a successful effort to develop a naval presence in the Indian Ocean to forestall the growing European influence in the region
false
The bureaucratic structure of the Ottoman Empire was much more extensive than that of the Ming dynasty
false
The movement of the Chinese capital from Nanjing to Beijing weakened the Chinese economy.
false
The number of Africans sold into captivity in the Atlantic slave trade far exceeded that in the Muslim slave trade.
false
The representative public servant in the Roman Empire was the civilian magistrate and the bureaucrat, while in the Han Empire the representative public servant was the citizen, soldier, and military governor.
false
While the Ming, the Ottomans, and the Iberian kingdoms all acquired territory through military conquest, only the Ottomans and the Ming also pursued state-sponsored naval expansionism
false
Social distinctions in Harappan communities are suggested by:
family dwellings of two or thee stories and containing interior courtyards.
Social distinctions in Harappan communities are suggested by:
family dwellings of two or three stories and containing interior courtyards.
Islamic scholarship during the Abbasid dynasty flourished on the peripheries of the Islamic world where Muslim clerics had limited influence but was stunted in Southwest Asian heartland of Islam. faced the restrictions of Islamic law that had limited intellectual work by Muslim scholars. found support from merchant classes seeking new profits but was not supported by the political leadership. flourished as scholars translated and built on the scholarship of Persians, Greeks, and South Asians. faced censorship by Muslim theologians that prevented the publication of new research based on non-Muslim texts.
flourished as scholars translated and built on the scholarship of Persians, Greeks, and South Asians.
Philosophy in the Greek city-states:
focused on humans and their place in society.
In Zhou China, scholars:
focused on the need to maintain order and stability and thereby tended to view the world as static.
In China, all of the following were true EXCEPT:
foreigners were viewed as wise visitors from whom one could learn.
The Roman Empire was considerably smaller than the Han Empire since it centered on the Mediterranean Sea. drew its models for empire from the example of Alexander the Great. forged an unparalleled number of ethnic groups and minor states into a single political entity. was able to develop when Alexander the Great destroyed their greatest rivals on the Italian peninsula, the Etruscans. grew largely through compromise and negotiation, rarely having to rely on violence.
forged an unparalleled number of ethnic groups and minor states into a single political entity.
The essence of Roman civil society was:
formal relationships governed by Rome's system of laws and courts.
Ancient Egypt:
formed a highly coherent culture stretched out along the banks of the Nile River.
The people of Judah were among the Sea People who settled in Canaan. formed a hybrid society by merging aspects of the Mesopotamian states with their own distinctive traditions. established a large and powerful state that dominated the Levant. resisted the Assyrian and Babylonian empires and retained control of their land. turned away from their national god Yahweh during their period of exile in Babylon.
formed a hybrid society by merging aspects of the Mesopotamian states with their own distinctive traditions.
Early "Homo sapiens" hunter-gatherers:
formed small bands that were relatively egalitarian.
Early Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers:
formed small bands that were relatively egalitarian.
The Mesopotamian temple:
functioned like a large household engaged in all sorts of productive activities.
In Europe the printing press was completely ignored. gave voice to political views different from those of the king. proved extremely unpopular among the lower classes. was unknown until about 1820. remained within the control of the church and king.
gave voice to political views different from those of the king.
Under the French model of absolutism, to whom was the king accountable?
god
The most valued commodity for Swahili traders along the East African coast was:
gold.
The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated political power in Portugal by:
granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants.
Olmec cities:
had a ceremonial life that revolved around agricultural and rainfall cycles.
Ancient China:
had a large agrarian regio in which communities were spread out from each other
Ancient China:
had a large agrarian region in which communities were spread out from each other.
The Olmecs had a largely egalitarian social system tied to their agrarian lifestyle. had a priestly class that controlled the exchange of ritual objects. lacked a political elite but instead were ruled by the priestly class. had little influence on other or subsequent civilizations due to their isolation. were destroyed by invaders from the north who sought their ritual objects of worship.
had a priestly class that controlled the exchange of ritual objects.
In early Islamic society, women:
had a shifting status as patriarchy was only starting to emerge in the Arabian communities.
People in the Afro-Eurasian world who lived outside of the river basins:
had a warrior-based ethos.
The Shang state in China:
had at the heart of its power an awareness of the importance of promoting agricultural growth and controlling precious metals.
The Shang state in China:
had at the heart of its power an awareness of the importance of promoting agricultural growth and controlling precious metals.
Ancient Egypt:
had nearly all of its needed natural resoruces available locally.
Ancient Egypt:
had nearly all of its needed natural resources available locally.
The Sudanic peoples of sub-Saharan Africa:
had polities led by sacred kings.
Chavín society:
had priests who took hallucinogenic drugs that they believe would turn them into jaguars.
Chavín society:
had priests who took hallucinogenic drugs that they believed would turn them into jaguars.
Ottoman power rested on all of the following except military might. religious authority. great leadership. flexibility and tolerance in politics. harsh repression of all peoples under their rule.
harsh repression of all peoples under their rule.
At the beginning of the fourteenth century in Europe:
harsh winters and rainy summers took much land out of cultivation.
When Kublai Khan conquered the Southern Song dynasty in China:
he allowed the Chinese elite to govern local affairs.
Transhumant refers to arid regions with little available water or rainfall. regions with high humidity and rainfall, creating a tropical environment. the practice of island hopping as societies move on to previously uninhabited islands. herders who move their herds seasonally between microenvironments. the migrations of peoples across major bodies of water.
herders who move their herds seasonally between microenvironments.
Western and eastern Christianity were primarily divided by:
heritage, customs, and levels of culture/society.
The Han and Roman empires shared all of the following characteristics except they ruled over populations and territories far larger than any previous states. had extraordinarily diverse populations. idealized ancestors. honored civil magistrates as the ideal and representative public servant. achieved new heights of cultural and economic control over the people they ruled.
honored civil magistrates as the ideal and representative public servant.
Of the six large mammals essentials to humans, all were domesticated in Southwest Asia EXCEPT:
horses.
The domestication of animals occurred as humans realized that controlling animal reproduction was a more reliable food source than hunting. humans began to place symbolic social significance on animals. cold weather conditions forced animals to seek food from humans. humans began to integrate horses into warfare. humans could dominate weaker mammals.
humans realized that controlling animal reproduction was a more reliable food source than hunting.
The first territorial state was established in Mesopotamia by Hammurapi. in Upper Egypt by Tutankhamun. in Harappa by Mohenjo Daro. in Akkad by Sargon the Great. in Yangshao by the First Emperor.
in Akkad by Sargon the Great.
Adherents of Hinayana (or Theravada) Buddhism believed in the divinity of the Buddha and the bodhisattvas. in the divinity of Buddha, but rejected Sanskrit texts that venerated the bodhisattvas. that spreading Buddhism would bring them to nirvana. in the divinity of the bodhisattvas, but saw Buddha as a wise sage. in the Sanskrit canon while rejecting early Buddhist texts.
in the divinity of Buddha, but rejected Sanskrit texts that venerated the bodhisattvas.
The state ideology of ancient Egypt:
included a contractual relationship between the active king and the passive and serene gods.
Sumerian religion was simple in its form; gods expected little from humans. believed that gods were sent to serve humans. counted on human sacrifice to make the sun rise. included villages, such as Eridu, that were considered homes to the gods. relied heavily on a belief in one god.
included villages, such as Eridu, that were considered homes to the gods.
By the early 1300s, all of the following competed for political and cultural power in Japan EXCEPT:
increasingly restless and violent peasants.
The Janissaries were all of the following EXCEPT:
independent of the sultanate and owed no allegiance to central authority.
The city-state of Teotihuacán:
influenced its neighbors mostly through cultural and economic diffusion.
The Emperor Justinian:
instituted a major reform of Roman law.
Which of the following was Emperor Justinian's most enduring legacy?
instituting a major reform and codification of Roman law
The Nok culture produced: iron working and ceramic pottery ceramic pottery and terra-cotta figurines. bronze sculptures and ceramic pottery. iron working and terra-cotta figurines. bronze sculpture and iron working.
iron working and terra-cotta figurines.
The Visigoth King Alaric II:
issued a simplified code of laws that served a non-imperial Rome.
Carthage welcomed Hellenistic culture because it was a minor city that sought to increase its role in long-distance trade. it sought to expand its trading interests into the Atlantic. it facilitated communication and exchange, helping it trade with Phoenician colonies. it did not welcome Hellenistic culture at all, since Punic culture was itself so rich. it had little or no religious tradition, so it created a new one using only Greek-style temples.
it facilitated communication and exchange, helping it trade with Phoenician colonies.
The Shang dynasty had unprecedented dominance over its neighbors because of:
its access to copper and tin and the technology to produce bronze from them.
Islam's expansive spiritual force derived from the commands of Muhammad to spread the faith. the role of merchants in spreading the new faith along trade routes. its connection to imperial political authority. the broad literacy in Arabic society. the nomadic Bedouin herders who spread the faith as they moved their flocks among pasturelands.
its connection to imperial political authority.
The most important precious substance in East Asia was:
jade.
In South Asia, specialized subcastes that maintained a communal structure by marrying within their own group were called:
jati.
The Han military's effort to expand the empire in southern China was most hampered by:
lack of immunity to diseases, such as malaria, common in the south.
In Minoan culture:
large palaces were neither fortified nor built to use natural defenses.
Around 2000 BCE, the big states of river basins in Afro-Eurasia collapsed for all of the following reasons except:
layers of topsoil had washed away.
Vedic society:
learned agricultural practices from the local people and developed those.
Vedic society:
learned agricultural practices from the local people but developed those practices with new tools.
The culture of individual warrior-heroes that emerged in the eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Islands was evoked in which piece of literature?
the Iliad
Between 1000 and 1300 strong commercial expansionist impulses were seen in all of the following societies of the Americas except the Chimu Empire. the Toltecs. Tihuanaco. the Incas. Cahokia.
the Incas.
The Sasanian Empire dominated the central Asia steppes but failed to establish a settled, agricultural kingdom. had little value for commerce and ignored trade and the Silk Road. learned military techniques and technologies from central and South Asian peoples. chose not to attack the eastern Roman Empire for fear that the superior forces in Constantinople would crush the Sasanian army. lacked advanced metal-making techniques.
learned military techniques and technologies from central and South Asian peoples.
The Silk Road trade into China was centralized in the market town of Nanjing. undermined the authority of the kings by creating vast wealth for merchants. led merchants to organize themselves into family lineages and occupation guilds. led to significant Hellenistic influences on Chinese culture. was resisted by the Chinese rulers who feared growing trade would create social chaos.
led merchants to organize themselves into family lineages and occupation guilds.
The pastoral nomads who moved into South Asia and China:
linked cities and towns into regional networks through tribal clan relations and trade.
In the Longshan villages in China:
links between people in northern and southern China emerged as Longshan people migrated to new regions.
Women in the Neo-Assyrian Empire were considered to be politically equal to men. lived highly restricted lives that emphasized complete male control over them. held equal status for inheritance but few political rights. functioned as economic partners to their husbands, running their family businesses as husbands were frequently away for war or trade. rebelled against wearing veils.
lived highly restricted lives that emphasized complete male control over them.
Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha:
lived part of his life as a beggar and hermit.
Siddhartha Guatama, known as the Buddha:
lived part of his life as an ascetic.
What was the only animal that the people of the Americas partially domesticated to carry heavy loads?
llamas
In the Neo-Assyrian Empire, all people were treated equally as slaves of the king. all people were treated equally as citizens of the empire. people in conquered lands outside of Assyria proper were permitted to live more or less independently as long as they paid modest amounts of tribute. local rulers of conquered people continued to hold power as vassals of Assyria. people who lived within Assyria proper were spared any type of taxation or tribute payments.
local rulers of conquered people continued to hold power as vassals of Assyria.
The ancient Egyptian system of using the Nile floodwaters was devised and maintained by:
local villagers.
Cities required all f the following EXCEPT:
locally available natural metal and mineral resources.
Cities required all of the following EXCEPT:
locally available natural metal and mineral resources.
Rome's poor citizens:
looked to army commanders to provide them with land and a decent income.
The first generation of new thinkers in the Mediterranean city-states:
looked to nature itself rather than focusing on the role of gods to explain the universe.
Asoka, a faithful follower of Buddhism, made dhamma a concept that all religious schools in South Asia followed, regardless of faith. built stupas only in places that he defeated militarily, as a show of his power. believed that only people of certain faiths could get along, and that sectarian violence would always exist. brought the "forest people" under his rule. insisted that all edicts and decrees be written in Sanskrit.
made dhamma a concept that all religious schools in South Asia followed, regardless of faith.
The claim of the divine power of kings in South Asian society:
made priests and Vedic rituals essential to royal power.
The "barbarian" rulers of northern China:
maintained many Chinese traditions of statecraft.
In Mesoamerica, the major crops differed from Europe. The dominant crops in both regions were maize, squash, and beans in Mesoamerica; rice and barley in Europe rice, barley, and millet in Mesoamerica; maize and beans in Europe. maize, squash and beans in Mesoamerica; wheat and barley in Europe wheat, barley, and maize in Mesoamerica; beans and squash in Europe rice, maize, and beans in Mesoamerica; wheat and barley in Europe.
maize, squash and beans in Mesoamerica; wheat and barley in Europe
In the Mediterranean city-states, the _____ was at the center of the city.
marketplace
In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through:
marriage
The growth of early Christianity coincided with the appearance of what central figures in matters of faith?
martyrs
The Vedic people called themselves the Babylonians. spoke the now-lost language of the Kassites. adopted the horse chariot from Harappan culture in Indus River valley. mocked the agricultural activities of the indigenous population in the Indus River valley as unfitting a person of honor. mastered the use of plows with iron blades, which transformed the agrarian base of South Asia.
mastered the use of plows with iron blades, which transformed the agrarian base of South Asia.
In Roman society:
men and women of wealth and high social standing acted as patrons, protecting lower-class dependents.
What was the economic philosophy called that assumed that the world's wealth was fixed and one country could only increase its wealth at the expense of another?
mercantilism
The Buddhist scholar Kumarajiva did all of the following EXCEPT:
merge Buddhism and Confucianism into a single religious tradition.
In eastern Europe, feudalism was a marriage of convenience between:
migrating peasants and local elites.
The most important innovations brought to Egypt by migrants and invaders from the West related to:
military technology.
The most powerful empire in Southeast Asia between the tenth and thirteenth centuries was:
the Khmers.
In Sumerian households, the household usually consisted of a single nuclear family with children leaving the household in their teenage years to establish independent households. wives were considered property to whom the husband had no legal responsibilities. monogamy was the norm. only the eldest son inherited property. when women became priestesses the household no longer had any responsibility for them.
monogamy was the norm.
In the Americas the Clovis people wiped out the large Ice Age mammals. most communities adapted to settled agriculture but also continued to practice hunting and gathering. clusters of innovation revolutionized agriculture. the fragility of maize as a crop limited agricultural development. the failure to develop fishing has puzzled scholars.
most communities adapted to settled agriculture but also continued to practice hunting and gathering.
Transhumant migrants:
moved with livestock from lowland to highland areas depending on the seasons of the year.
The Mayan people never developed a single great city. were concentrated within a narrow strip of land along the Pacific coast of Mexico. were linked together by a unified political system under the authority of a high priest. developed commercial agriculture based on regional specialization of crops. lacked a written script.
never developed a single great city.
Under Babylonian rule in Mesopotamia:
new rulers designated private entrepreneurs to collect taxes, who kept a portion of tax revenues for their profits.
As environmental conditions changed, nomads and herders contributed to the rise in new, larger states because:
nomads and herders introduced technologies that changed warfare and spread across the conditions.
he last part of Afro-Eurasia to be occupied by Homo erectus was northern Europe. southern India. Japan. Southeast Asia. southern Africa.
northern Europe.
The first agricultural revolution:
occurred around 9000 BCE as settled villages began to cultivate domesticated cereals and herd animals.
The invasions and influences of nomadic peoples in South Asia occurred as Alexander's and the Mauryan empires were disintegrating. resulted in the destruction of Hellenistic influences in the region. occurred because drought in the steppe lands forced nomadic peoples to abandon the region. destroyed the equestrian culture of South India. undermined the security of the Silk Road.
occurred as Alexander's and the Mauryan empires were disintegrating.
The Vikings:
opened a trading link between the Baltic and Kiev, creating a commercial avenue from Scandinavia to Baghdad.
Africa's great ape population broke off into different groups, including all of the following except gorillas. chimpanzees. orangutans. hominids. none of the above
orangutans.
Chavín peoples left a major mark on the political structure of the Andean region. held the arts in low esteem. organized a complex trading system from tropical valley floors to the highlands. used llamas to transport goods and people. showed little interest in trading outside of their own territory.
organized a complex trading system from tropical valley floors to the highlands.
In ancient Egypt, the king:
organized labor and public works under an elaborate bureaucracy.
The Western Bantu-speaking people:
organized themselves into small-scale societies that relied on family and clan connections.
The Romans created their military power by:
organizing communities they conquered on the Italian peninsula into a system that provided a huge reservoir or manpower for the army.
In Sumerian Mesopotamia, the transhumant herders:
paid taxes to and labored on public works projects for the Sumerian cities.
Unlike in Rome, Han monumental architecture was associated with:
palaces and tombs of rulers.
All of the following are true regarding palaces in Mesopotamian cities EXCEPT:
palaces were built in the centers of cities to emphasize the ruler's authority.
The organizing principle of Shang society was patrilineal. matrilineal. communal. egalitarian. tributary.
patrilineal.
In Han social ideals:
peasants were honored for their productive labors while merchants were subject to a range of controls.
All of the following characterized the new territorial states EXCEPT:
people came to view a good king as one who established fear and obedience among his people.
In the Sahel region in Africa:
people composed cave paintings that portrayed the transition from hunting and gathering to pastoralism.
The books in which sea captains recorded the landing spots and ports between their destinations were called:
periplus.
The self-governing city-states of the Mediterranean in the first millennium BCE:
permitted "citizens" to govern themselves and select their leaders.
Around 2200 BCE, the big states of river basins in Afro-Eurasia collapsed for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
plague swept across the Afro-Eurasian world, wiping out urban populations.
The chief political innovation that marked the formation of the territorial state was horse-drawn chariot armies. political power reaching out from the city into the distant hinterland. legal codes. taxation based on commerce rather than land. creation of bureaucracies.
political power reaching out from the city into the distant hinterland.
Austronesian settlements in the South Pacific were characterized by:
pottery, stone tools, and domesticated pigs.
The chief political innovation of the epoch around 2000 BCE was:
power reaching out from cities into distant hinterlands.
The empire of Charlemagne in Europe rivaled the Islamic empires in size, population, and military strength. was based in Paris, which was the largest city in Europe with some 100,000 people. was built from the Roman model of large towns rather than communities scattered over the countryside. praised war as the duty and joy of the aristocrat. lacked any significant trade with the rest of Afro-Eurasia.
praised war as the duty and joy of the aristocrat.
Jainism is characterized by all of the following beliefs EXCEPT:
prayer rituals to the gods must be strictly observed so that the gods will intercede in the universe to aid the believer.
The cave paintings of early human communities commonly included images of all of the following except bison. pregnant women. horses. wild bulls. lions.
pregnant women.
Roman emperors:
presented themselves as civil rulers whose power depended on the consent of the Roman citizens and the power of the army.
The Yellow Turbans in China:
proclaimed a Daoist belief in a "Great Peace" and demanded equal distribution of all farmland.
The Nok culture:
produced terracotta figurines believed to have the power to bless the soil.
The Babylonians:
produced the first epic narratives of purely human achievements.
To secure their authority in new urban environments, the Brahmans displaced political authority to the large estates and villas that they established in the countryside and asserted that the cities were disease-ridden places in which holy men (and thus political leaders) could not reside. eliminated any form of writing that they did not control. promoted an idea of kingship endowed with divine power, which was validated through rituals performed by Brahman priests. gained the support of the Kshatriyas and the merchants and artisans in establishing the "untouchables" as slave caste. embraced the "untouchables" and alleviated their plight in order gain their political support.
promoted an idea of kingship endowed with divine power, which was validated through rituals performed by Brahman priests.
The Shang dynasty:
promoted new technologies in agriculture, draining low-lying fields and clearing forested lands.
Along its northern and western borders, the Han faced an enforced limit to its empire due to the Xiongnu tribesmen whom the Han could not subdue. used the western deserts to defend themselves militarily but at the cost that trade did not develop in this region. permitted regional lords to dominate and control these barren lands. could not establish a tributary system. promoted the establishment of garrison cities and oases as military and farming settlements that became part of the Silk Road.
promoted the establishment of garrison cities and oases as military and farming settlements that became part of the Silk Road.
In terms of its agricultural policies, the Qin dynasty promoted the consolidation of land into the hands of local elites where it could be organized and managed more efficiently. promoted the consolidation of land into the hands of royal managers where it could be taxed most efficiently. promoted the shift to free farming, which could then be directly taxed by the Qin state. neglected agriculture in favor of trade, where the expanding marketplace offered more potential tax revenue. neglected agriculture in favor of metalworking, which created the ritual bronzes needed to establish Qin legitimacy.
promoted the shift to free farming, which could then be directly taxed by the Qin state.
In Assyrian society:
prostitutes were forbidden to wear veils so that their naked faces would signal their disreputable status.
In Assyrian society:
prostitutes were forbidden to wear veils so that their naked faces would signal their disreputable status.
The Chinese armada headed by Zheng He during the Ming dynasty was small and insignificant. limited to shallow coastal waters around China. generally defeated by its enemies. proved by its distant travels to be the world's greatest at the time. small—it had fewer ships than Columbus did when he discovered the New World.
proved by its distant travels to be the world's greatest at the time.
Buddhism in the norther Chinese "barbarian" courts:
provided legitimacy by espousing an alternative philosophy that could counter the criticisms of the Han Chinese, who favored classical learning.
In the Mayan lands, warfare:
provided victims for the bloodletting rituals of rival dynasties.
In order to fulfill its agricultural and construction needs, the Neo-Assyrian empire:
recruited and relocated large numbers of conquered peoples to areas in which their labor was needed.
In the Americas during the first millennium BCE:
regional cultural integration happened without extensive political integration.
The Islamic empires discussed in this chapter generally had friendly relations with one another and united against Europe. regularly fought one another over religious and economic issues. shared a common view of Islam. failed to recognize each other's existence. based their power on a heavenly mandate.
regularly fought one another over religious and economic issues.
Under the Tang, religion was considered a dangerous element in society and was banned. tied to the state and all citizens were required to practice Daoism. tolerated, with the exception of Zoroastrianism, which was repressed. relatively free, and different religions flourished. led by the emperor, who was considered a god by the people.
relatively free, and different religions flourished.
The Tang military built its strength by developing an idea of ethnic militarism whereby only ethnic Chinese could participate in military service. relied principally on a large infantry, on its strength of manpower, rather than developing more expensive cavalry. relied on pastoral nomadic peoples, who were integrated into the army, to secure western regions of the empire. refused to follow the demands of political leaders and attack Tibet because of the difficulties of warfare in high elevations. prevented the Muslim armies from moving into central Asia.
relied on pastoral nomadic peoples, who were integrated into the army, to secure western regions of the empire.
The Tang military in China:
relied upon pastoral nomadic soldiers from the Inner Afro-Eurasian steppe.
The revolution in social organization that followed the agricultural revolution included all of the following except the construction of more elaborate buildings. a concentration of people into larger centers of population. greater social stratification in communities. relieving women of the drudgery of agricultural work as they remained in the villages and cities during the work day. encouraging greater gender inequality as men established themselves as leaders of home and community affairs.
relieving women of the drudgery of agricultural work as they remained in the villages and cities during the work day.
All of the following characterize the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) except life is filled with suffering. all suffering is caused by desire. the only way to rise above suffering is to renounce desire. renouncing desire can be achieved only with the help of the gods Shiva and Krishna. the goal of existence is to reach a state of contentment called nirvana.
renouncing desire can be achieved only with the help of the gods Shiva and Krishna.
"Homo erectus" children:
required years of energy transfers from mothers to infants through lactation cycles and food production.
The spread of Hellenism in South Asia:
resulted in Buddhism adopting some aspects of Hellenistic thought.
In China, plant domestication developed around rice in the north and wheat in the south. barley in the north and millet in the south. rice in the south and millet in the north. barley in the south and wheat in the north. rice in the south and wheat in the north.
rice in the south and millet in the north.
The Shang dynasty rulers obtained tribute from all of the following except:
rival states who feared invasion.
The Toltecs of Mesoamerica:
rose to power rapidly because they filled the void left by the decline of the city of Teotihuacán
Which of the following best describes the Austronesians?
sailors of the South Pacific
In the first few centuries BCE, Rome:
saw immersion in Greek culture as enabling them to appear "civilized."
Mycenaean palace culture was dependent on shepherds, who provided wool to clothe the ruler. scribes, who recorded the goods and services allocated to local people. money, which was seized from families after the death of a family member. horses, which allowed Mycenaean armies to expand the kingdom. cooks, who routinely invented new cuisine.
scribes, who recorded the goods and services allocated to local people.
All of the following were reasons for migrations of peoples in the first millennium BCE except a warming climate. prolonged drought. soil exhaustion. invaders. search for better-paying jobs.
search for better-paying jobs.
The Bactrian kingdom:
served as a bridge between South Asia and the Greek world of the Mediterranean.
The horse chariot in Afro-Eurasia:
served as a mobile component of the infantry, which remained the basis of military power.
The Sogdians were considered to be trustworthy merchants who spoke very little. served as the human links between the two ends of the Silk Road. lived in extreme poverty, in tents made of camel skin. spoke a rare language, incomprehensible to most on the Silk Road. frightened away bandits on the Silk Road with cannon and fireworks.
served as the human links between the two ends of the Silk Road.
Confucius
set forth a new moral framework stressing correct performance of ritual, responsibility, loyalty to the family, and perfection of moral character.
Confucius:
set forth a new moral framework stressing correct performance or ritual, responsibility, loyalty to the family, and perfection of moral character.
In Mayan society, the people were defined by their:
shared religion, worldview, and sense of purpose.
In scribal cultures writing:
sharpened the difference between urban and rural worlds.
In scribal cultures, including Mesopotamia and Egypt, writing:
sharpened the difference between urban and rural worlds.
Literacy in Ancient Egypt sharpened the division between the rural and urban worlds. was strictly limited to the priestly class. was far less common than in Mesopotamia due to the difficulty of the hieroglyphic form. included the ability to read King Lists and religious texts but not more personal or private forms of writing. was regarded as an unimportant luxury.
sharpened the division between the rural and urban worlds.
Southwest Asia shows the earliest evidence of the domestication of:
sheep and goats.
The new economy of the Hellenized Mediterranean was driven by increased coinage and money. advances in manufacturing. improved agricultural productivity. slave plantations. more secure trade networks.
slave plantations.
The German and Goth populations to the north of the Roman Empire had only one major commodity that the Romans desired. What was it?
slaves
What was the major commodity that the Romans wanted from the German and Goth populations to their north?
slaves
What was the primary export commodity traded by the Franks?
slaves
In Islamic slavery between 1000 and 1300 CE:
slaves served as sailors and dockworkers and could obtain positions of high authority in the military.
The primary export commodity traded by the Franks was:
slaves.
In the steppe lands of Inner Mongolia, small communities turned primarily to animal breeding and herding. large slave plantations emerged. ample rainfall allowed the creation of irrigation systems for agriculture. narrow political boundaries limited the mobility of communities. the failure to domesticate horses for transportation largely cut these communities off from other societies.
small communities turned primarily to animal breeding and herding.
The trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean slave trade was a new phenomenon starting in the eleventh century. sold slaves as far as Iraq for tasks such as plantation labor, concubinage, dockwork, and the military. ended abruptly in the eleventh century due to the dictates of Islam to mitigate the severity of slavery. was as devastating to the continent as the Atlantic slave trade. was much less profitable than the gold trade from Africa.
sold slaves as far as Iraq for tasks such as plantation labor, concubinage, dockwork, and the military.
The Roman military is characterized by all of following EXCEPT:
soldiers who enlisted for one-year military commitments.
As "Homo sapiens" migrated out of Africa between 50,000 and 12,000 BCE:
some moved into what is now China and began to create distinct regional cultures.
Peasant-led revolts during the period of crisis and recovery in Afro-Eurasia always led to a new dynasty. always resulted in repression of the peasants and a consolidation of power for those in power. had defined political agendas and sought self-determination. sometimes led to the overthrow of the ruling power and the establishment of a new dynasty. sometimes led to peasant incorporation into existing government systems.
sometimes led to the overthrow of the ruling power and the establishment of a new dynasty.
Merchants in Mesopotamian kingdoms had difficulty making profits as the states dominated economic activity. faced strong social prejudice as their activity was seen as placing their own interests above that of the community. lacked motivation to develop long-distance trade as the deserts remained too difficult to cross with any regularity. sought to lower their risk by creating commercial rules and developing early forms of insurance. worked to avoid interacting with state officials and kings in order to avoid paying taxes.
sought to lower their risk by creating commercial rules and developing early forms of insurance.
Sufis:
spoke to the religious beliefs and experiences of ordinary men and women.
The Kushan dynasty:
stabilized the trading route through central Asia.
In the Chinese city of Quanzhou:
state officials registered, examined, and taxed cargo on ships.
Early European agriculturalists:
struggled to survive in a wild frontier
Islam's remarkable rapid territorial expansion was derived from:
successful military campaigns against the Byzantine and Sasanian empires, driven by religious fervor and a desire to acquire the wealth of conquered territories.
In general, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, religion served as a barrier to political consolidation. sought to remain out of terrestrial concerns and focused only on the spiritual. supported political dynasties in their efforts to consolidate and rule. experienced a period of unprecedented harmony between beliefs. mattered little, either to common people or the ruling classes.
supported political dynasties in their efforts to consolidate and rule.
Daoism
taught that the best way to live was to follow the natural order of things.
Daoism:
taught that the best way to live was to follow the natural order of things.
In the caliphate, authority over Islamic religious matters was reserved to religious scholars called:
the 'ulama'.
The new form of communal unity in Islam that supplanted family, clan, and tribal affiliations was called:
the 'umma'.
The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power?
the Byzantine Empire
The first empire in South America was:
the Chimú Empire.
At the Council of Nicaea:
the Christian faith was first summed up in a statement of belief that God was a supreme being comprised of Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.
In northern Europe between 600 and 1000 CE:
the Christian scriptures were carefully prepared with punctuation and chapter headings.
The early humans in North America who pursued herds of large animals such as mastodons and woolly mammoths are called:
the Clovis People.
The four regions of Africa that formed in the first century BCE included all of the following except: the Congolese jungle the Sahara Desert the Sahel the Sudanic savanna region the West and central African rain forests.
the Congolese jungle
In the Mediterranean islands around 1500 BCE, all of the following are true except:
the Cretan landscape was so poorly designed for agriculture that no elaborate cities or palace complexes could form.
In the Mediterranean islands around 1500 BCE, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
the Cretan landscape was so poorly designed for agriculture that no elaborate cities or palace complexes could form.
The Islamic state founded by Turkish warriors in northern India during the thirteenth century was:
the Delhi Sultanate.
The rulers of Kiev, descendants of Vikings, looked where for religious inspiration?
the Greek Orthodox Church in Constantinople
In the Seleucid Empire:
the Greek population established institutions familiar to them from the polis.
When the Han seized power after the fall of the Qin, the Han rejected and destroyed the Qin system of governance, declaring it immoral. the Han defended and adopted the Qin system of governance while promising better security. the Han rejected the Confucian principles of the Qin and replaced them with a Daoist emphasis on spontaneity. the Han defended Legalism while rejecting Daoism. the Han depicted the Qin as immoral despots while adopting many of their bureaucratic and legal practices.
the Han depicted the Qin as immoral despots while adopting many of their bureaucratic and legal practices.
The Semitic-speaking people who took control of Egypt around 1640 BCE were:
the Hyksos.
In the Korean peninsula, the Silla dynasty rejected civil service examinations. the Silla dynasty created its own version of writing to use in official documents. the Koryo dynasty adopted civil service examinations. the Koryo dynasty rejected most Chinese models as inapplicable to the Korean social system. the Koryo dynasty forbade the development of Buddhism.
the Koryo dynasty adopted civil service examinations.
The collection of customary Vedic social sanctions codified into laws was called the Laws of the Rajas. the Code of Hammurapi. the Laws of Brahma. the Code of Kshatriya. the Laws of Manu.
the Laws of Manu.
In Judea after the conquests of Alexander the Great:
the Maccabees led a revolt against Hellenistic culture in Judea.
When Alexander the Great withdrew from the Indus Valley, which empire established itself in the political vacuum?
the Mauryan Empire
All of the following factors contributed to the downfall of the Delhi Sultanate EXCEPT:
the Mongol invasions of the early fourteenth century.
Afro-Eurasia's first regionally integrated empire was:
the Neo-Babylonian state.
Which two riverine societies shared the most intense interaction during the second millennium BCE?
the Nile Delta and the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
In Olmec society:
the Olmecs believed that the supernatural pervaded the natural world, so they studied nature in order to learn what the gods wanted.
All of the following were noticeable differences between the Ottoman and Safavid states EXCEPT:
the Ottomans ruled over a smaller and less diverse population.
Rome's eastern frontier reached its limits when it encountered:
the Parthian Empire
Greek influences in central and South Asia included all of the following except the Hellenistic Kingdom of Bactria. the Yavana kings of northern India. the Ptolemaic kingdom of Iran. garrison cities that merged Greek and local cultural practices and beliefs. sustaining the Greek language in Hellenized towns.
the Ptolemaic kingdom of Iran.
The group that eventually drove the Mongols out of China was known as
the Red Turbans
Which of the following Islamic states was the most single-mindedly religious?
the Safavid dynasty
Which of the following Muslim dynasties was an adherent of Shiism?
the Safavid dynasty
Which of the following empire replaced a Mongol regime?
the Safavids
Who taught that living a good life required understanding the rules of the natural order and being able to control one's passions?
the Stoics
After the fall of the Han dynasty:
the Tuoba people from Inner Mongolia established the Wei dynasty.
In the development of Islamic law, the Ulama claimed the right to be the lawmakers as only they had the right to interpret the Quran and the hadith. the Quran was recognized as containing all knowledge needed by lawmakers and judges. the religious and political spheres remained closely aligned together. the hadith refers to local traditions and customs adopted into Islamic law. the law is seen as an insignificant issue of learning.
the Ulama claimed the right to be the lawmakers as only they had the right to interpret the Quran and the hadith.
In the Americas around 3500 BCE, the largest population center was in the Chicama Valley of Peru. the San Gabriel Valley of California. Cahokia near modern-day St. Louis. the Valley of Tehuacán in Mexico. the Yucatan peninsula.
the Valley of Tehuacán in Mexico.
All of the following are accurate descriptions of the Vedic people EXCEPT:
the Vedic people practiced a religion that was much simpler than the religion of the agricultural people they encountered around the Indus Valley.
The Zoroastrian texts have much in common with:
the Vedic texts.
Which location is NOT one of the three locations in which cities first emerged?
the Yellow River basic
As the Zhou dynasty declined:
the Zhou expanded its family rituals in order to retain the appearance of power.
During the Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty:
the Zhou king lost all formal authority over the territorial states.
All of the following are advantages that bipedalism offered early hominids except:
the ability to fight off predators.
The Han Empire was distinguished by:
the alliance between the imperial family and the scholar-gentry class.
The Phoenicians developed which groundbreaking innovation?
the alphabet
For the Western Bantu, the decisive new crop introduced into the rain forests of central Africa was:
the banana.
Which political belief had the effect of integrating the people of the outlying regions with the Zhou state?
the belief that the Zhou had the duty to extend their culture to 'less civilized' people
What central activity shaped the development of village society in Mesopotamia?
the building and maintenance of irrigation systems
The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power?
the byzantine empire
The chief agent of change in land trade in the first millennium BCE was:
the camel.
The chief agent of change in overland trade in the first millennium BCE was:
the camel.
The Hittites established their dominance in Anatolia when they unified the land-owning nobility. the priestly class. the numerous city-states. the merchant houses that controlled trade and communication networks. the chariot aristocracies.
the chariot aristocracies.
All of the following characterize Homo habilis except they were the first hominids identified as "homo" or "true human." they built wooden and stone structures to protect them from the elements. they were bipedal. they intentionally fashioned tools for use. they were first identified by Mary and Louis Leakey.
they built wooden and stone structures to protect them from the elements.
When Turkish warlords moved into India:
they constructed grand mosques and libraries to establish their image as promoters of Islamic culture.
As the Bantu people began to migrate out of West Africa:
they migrated quickly, sweeping all before them as they absorbed most of the local populations.
Roman emperors used which of the following to calm the peoples concerns about the reinstitution of monarchy?
they presented themselves as civil rulers whose power depended on the consent of the Roman citizens and the power of the army
Shang rulers used the shoulder blades of cattle and turtle shells for what purpose?
to discover signs from the ancestors regarding royal plans
Religious ferment refers to religion that produced great excitement. was otherworldly or escapist. became despoiled and corrupted. touched more areas of society and touched them in more demanding ways. emphasized the irrational and emotional.
touched more areas of society and touched them in more demanding ways.
In the Americas around 3500 BCE:
trade developed between fishing villages on the coast and agricultural villages in the interior.
The main bearer of influence from Southwest Asia into the Aegean Sea region was conquering armies. migrating peoples. missionaries and wandering monks. trade. scholars hired by the new, emerging cities.
trade.
Zoroastrianism:
treated humans as capable of choosing between good and evil.
Zoroastrianism:
treated humans as independent actors capable of choosing between good and evil.
As Roman imperial structures began to fall apart, the Christian church began to step in to provide many of the services and the common identity that had formerly been associated with the empire.
true
Both Islam and Christianity are universalizing religions, but Islam united religious and secular authority while Christianity at first opposed the state's power.
true
Domestic space, where women were cloistered at home in inner quarters, reinforced patriarchal ideals for wealthy families in Han China.
true
In China, the economy's increasing commercialization helped weaken government controls on what could be printed
true
In Europe, political stabilization following the Black Death occurred fastest in the south, where kingdoms, city, and states enjoyed easy access to trade with the Southwest Asia
true
In both Europe and China, the Black Death led to the rise of radical religious groups that spoke of impending doom
true
In general, English colonists had a much more antagonistic relationship with Indians in North America than did French colonists.
true
In the Christian West, the inheritor of the mantle of the Roman Empire was the Catholic Church.
true
Japan, unlike Asian land-based empires, embraced outside influences that could be put to good use
true
Mass entertainment venues in Rome stressed the importance of the common citizen in town life.
true
The Ottoman Empire was more ethnically, religiously, and linguistically diverse than any previous Muslim state
true
The Roman imperial government was so understaffed that it often had to rely on local peoples and even slaves and freedmen to run the bureaucracy.
true
The Sasanian Empire established a practice of religious tolerance that allowed Christian and Jewish populations to flourish in their empire.
true
The Tang dynasty made knowledge of classical Chinese and Confucianism the primary route to power and the means for uniting the Chinese state by establishing a civil service examination system that tested candidates in their literary skills and knowledge of the Confucian classics.
true
The Tokugawa shogunate, unlike many other states in the seventeenth century, regulated foreign intrusion and managed to remain free of outside exploitation
true
The experience of conquering the Aztec Empire taught the Spanish that effective conquest had to be accomplished quickly, completely destroying indigenous symbols of legitimate authority.
true
The Muslim king in Spain, Abd al-Rahman III:
used an even-handed approach to governance that facilitated friendly relations among Muslims, Christians, and Jews.
Philip II of Macedonia:
used income from gold mining and the slave trade to finance new military technology and a full- time army.
Philip II of Macedonia:
used income from mining and the slave trade to finance new military technology and a full-time army.
Buddhism in China was spread by Chinese political officials who learned of the new faith while on political missions to India. introduced the new idea that individuals could be defined by faith rather than by kinship groups. used irony and paradox to show the limitations of reason. was resisted by the "barbarian" courts as a threat to their authority. was fiercely resisted by Daoists who saw the new faith as a perverse foreign import.
used irony and paradox to show the limitations of reason.
The relationship between the Silla state in Korea and the Tang Empire:
was such that the Silla modeled their capital city, Kumsong, on the Tang capital at Chang'an.
Between 400 and 600 CE, central Asia:
was the hub of a system of contacts that linked eastern and western Afro-Eurasia as well as South Asia.
To spread and consolidate their rule, the Han instilled terror and fear by massacring populations. erected monuments that represented their power. used large armies armed with crossbows, and drafted laborers for public works projects. established a trade monopoly, making village markets illegal. overturned all elements of Qin rule.
used large armies armed with crossbows, and drafted laborers for public works projects.
In comparison to Mesopotamia and Harappa, Egypt grew:
very rapidly.
In the Mediterranean city-states, violent rivalries filled the histories of the city-states. the Spartans adopted a pacifist tradition that kept them from most internal conflicts. the city-states discouraged competition as it disputed the civic peace. the city-states avoided warfare as it hampered commercial relationships. the Olympic Games of ancient Greece were largely a myth developed in the nineteenth century CE by promoters of track and field sports.
violent rivalries filled the histories of the city-states.
The key factor shaping human development in the first millennium BCE was:
war.
Hellenism:
was a Greek-based cultural system that linked dispersed regions.
The city of Timbuktu:
was a commercial center and intellectual center in West Africa for Muslim scholars.
Wu Zhao was born into the noble family and married the emperor Li Shimin. was a concubine who rose to become administrator of the court and then Empress. was a professional singer in Tang China, and is considered the world's first pop star. is an ancient martial art that gained popularity during the Tang era. refused to spy on her opposition and as a result failed to become empress.
was a concubine who rose to become administrator of the court and then Empress.
In ancient Egypt, demotic writing:
was a cursive script written with ink on pottery or papyrus.
As a center of intellectual life and learning, Timbuktu paled in comparison to other knowledge centers at the time. was a major point of congregation, bringing together knowledge from around the Muslim world. was a center for a more liberal form of Islam that incorporated local variation. was second only to Mogadishu in the number of universities. grew to be strong in spite of opposition from Malian kings.
was a major point of congregation, bringing together knowledge from around the Muslim world.
In Longshan culture, jade was so common that it was a symbol of impoverishment. was a symbol of power used by shamans in rituals and coveted by the elite. was usually rough-hewn and carved with little sophistication. was considered taboo, so it was traded to foreign lands. was imported from Egypt and Mesopotamia.
was a symbol of power used by shamans in rituals and coveted by the elite.
The four-group caste system:
was a way to stratify an increasingly agricultural and settled world.
The rise of trade:
was aided by the establishment of settle communities, which typically locally lacked some needed goods.
The rise of trade:
was aided by the establishment of settled communities, which typically locally lacked some needed goods.
The rise of trade:
was aided by the establishment of settled communities, which typically locally lacked some needed goods.
Hannibal was a poor military leader and his troops were easily defeated by the Romans. was an expert military tactician and planner, and attacked Italy by marching elephants over the Alps. was an expert military leader who led the Romans to victory in the Second Punic War. had an army that numerically outnumbered the Italians, and was thus able to win the Second Punic War. treated for peace with the Romans before the start of the Second Punic war.
was an expert military tactician and planner, and attacked Italy by marching elephants over the Alps.
Hellenistic culture:
was attractive to ruling elites for its powerful modes of thinking and behaving.
Cato the Elder was devoted to the Roman past but used Greek for speech and writing. clung tightly to tradition and refused to innovate. embraced Greek culture wholeheartedly, abandoning Roman traditions. was devoted to the Greek past but used Latin for speech and writing. refused to invest in shipping and trade.
was devoted to the Roman past but used Greek for speech and writing.
In Anatolia, Crete, and mainland Greece, archaeological findings indicate that Troy was not developed as an urban center until the 1800s. was the city where Homer was living when he wrote the Iliad. contained small temples, adorned simply. had no fortifications or paved roads. was engaged in a trading system that linked the Aegean and Southwest Asian worlds.
was engaged in a trading system that linked the Aegean and Southwest Asian worlds.
The emergence of the class of scholar-officials resulted in the scholar-officials dominating the imperial family. was promoted by the central state, which established schools to promote the ideal of an educated class of officials. was resisted by local elites who saw their hold on power diminishing. occurred accidentally as the state turned to scholars in desperation when the military class challenged its authority. occurred with an exclusive focus on the Confucian classics.
was promoted by the central state, which established schools to promote the ideal of an educated class of officials.
Religiously, the Sasanian Empire did not allow freedom of religion, but imposed the state faith of Zoroastrianism on all subjects. heavily persecuted Jews and Christians, but allowed Buddhism to thrive. was quite tolerant of religious difference; not only Judaism and Christianity, but South Asian practices coexisted. established universities specializing in theology. taxed religious institutions heavily, in order to raise revenue for wars against the Romans.
was quite tolerant of religious difference; not only Judaism and Christianity, but South Asian practices coexisted.
In Japan, the emperor:
was regarded as a divine force in his own right.
Alexander the Great's empire:
was short-lived but permanently changed the peoples and places he conquered.
The Sasanian Empire under Khusro I Anoshirwan:
was strengthened by his control of the Silk Road, which passed through the Iranian plateau.
Islamic philosophers generally kept to a strict interpretation of the Quran and remained unimportant in the non-Muslim world. are considered to have taken many of the ideas of Western philosophers like Saint Thomas Aquinas, and interpreted them for Islam. believed that commoners should hold more power than the Ulama. were considered among the most knowledgeable of their time, and influenced the thinking of Western philosophers like Saint Thomas Aquinas. argued for abandoning sharia altogether.
were considered among the most knowledgeable of their time, and influenced the thinking of Western philosophers like Saint Thomas Aquinas.
Peasant revolts in France and England:
were crushed by feudal lords, but a free peasantry gradually replaced the feudal order in both regions.
The first cities in Mesopotamia:
were elevated over the countryside by their status as devotional and economic centers.
THe first cities in Mesoptamia:
were elevated over the countryside by theur status as devotional and economic centers.
The Vedic people:
were in awe of the agricultural skills of the people of South Asia
In comparison with AFro-Eurasian, the people of the Americas:
were more scattered and isolated from each other.
In comparison with Afro-Eurasians, the people of the Americas:
were more scattered and isolated from each other.
The "barbarian invasions" of the Roman Empire in the late fourth and fifth centuries CE:
were simply a more violent and chaotic form of the immigration of military manpower that had occurred in the third and fourth centuries CE.
Homo sapiens were the direct descendants of Homo erectus. were the direct descendants of the Neanderthals. hunted and killed off the Cro-Magnon peoples. were the first hominids to cross into the Americas. never practiced hunting and gathering as they quickly domesticated plants and animals.
were the first hominids to cross into the Americas.
From where did the Europeans get the model of sugar cane production used in their American colonies?
west africa
When did significant cultural difference emerge among humans?
with the advent of settled agriculture
In Roman society, the wealthy isolated themselves from the poor both physically and in terms of political relationships. the military command structure was so dominant that other aspects of society sought to emulate it. the power of the military undermined the creation of an effective legal system to structure society. the civil laws gave the male heads of the family some controls over their wives and children but also granted wives and children many particular rights and protections. women had much greater control over their own wealth and property and greater freedom of action than women had in the Greek city-states.
women had much greater control over their own wealth and property and greater freedom of action than women had in the Greek city-states.
During the High Middle Ages in Europe (1100-1300):
women were increasingly important in the retail trades, weaving, and food production.
In Mesopotamia, the stepped platform base of a temple was called a(n):
ziggurat.