CHAPTER 5 ETEXT QUESTIONS, PRE/POST TEST QUESTIONS

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A) GLYCOLYSIS B)KREBS CYCLE C)ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS

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A- GYCOLYSIS (CYTOSOL) B- ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAINS(INNER MITOCHONRIA MEMBRANE) C-KREBS CYCLE (MATRIX)

Which of following are INCORRECTLY paired? A Krebs cycle: three molecules of NADH B transition step: two molecules of acetyl-CoA per one molecule of pyruvic acid C glycolysis: two molecules of pyruvic acid per one molecule of glucose D electron transport chain: three molecules of ATP per molecule of NADH

B

Which type of chemical reactions in cells release energy? A. Anabolic B. Catabolic C. Metabolic

B

All of the following processes are ways that a cell can use a proton gradient EXCEPT __________. ATP production flagellar motion electron transport active transport

C

Altering the environmental pH can inhibit microorganism growth due to __________. acidification of carbohydrates hydrolysis of enzymatic substrates denaturation of enzymes chelation of metal ions needed for glycolysis

C

Fermentation differs from cellular respiration by __________. requiring oxygen in order to proceed producing only CO2 and water as end products using organic molecules as the final electron acceptor producing more molecules of ATP

C

The activation energy of a chemical reaction __________. can be achieved by lowering the temperature of a reaction is eliminated in the presence of an enzyme plus a coenzyme is lower in the presence of an enzyme is the same for all chemical reactions

C

What is the major function of fermentation? It reduces glucose. It generates a proton gradient. It regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis. It produces ADP.

C

What term is used to describe the gain of one or more electrons by a molecule? A. Oxidation B. Redox C. Reduction

C

Which type of metabolic reaction synthesizes large molecules from smaller ones? A. Catabolic B. Decomposition reactions C. Anabolic

C

1. ________ Occurs when energyfrom a compound containingphosphate reacts with ADP toform ATP 2. _________ Involves formation ofATP via reduction of coenzymesin the electron transport chain 3. _________ Begins with glycolysis 4. _________ Occurs whenall active sites on substratemolecules are filled A. Saturation B. Oxidativephosphorylation C. Substrate-levelphosphorylation D. Photophosphorylation E. Carbohydrate catabolism

C B E A

All of the following are associated with the process of glycolysis EXCEPT __________. production of pyruvic acid phosphorylation of glucose substrate-level phosphorylation production of NADPH

D

Complete the following chart:

HYDROLASE REARRANGES ATOMS JOINS TO MOLECULES TOGETHER TRANSFERASE OXIDOREDUCTASE SPLITS LARGE MOLECULES

Three common inorganic electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration are _________, _________, and _________.

NITRATE NO3 - SULFATE SO4 2- CARBONATE CO3 2-

The initial catabolism of glucose occurs by glycolysis or the _________ or _________ pathways.

PENTOSE PHOSPHATE ENTNER-DOUDOROFF

Acidic pH breaks the hydrogen bonds that give enzymes their characteristic shapes, thereby denaturing them. True False

T

Carbon dioxide is produced only as a by-product of acetyl-CoA synthesis and the Krebs cycle during cellular respiration. True False

T

Oxygenic photosynthesis releases oxygen derived from-____________

WATER

Coenzymes are_________. types of apoenzymes proteins inorganic cofactors organic cofactors

d

Redox reactions_________. transfer energy transfer electrons involve oxidation and reduction are involved in all of the above

d

Which of the following statements best describes ribozymes? Ribozymes are proteins that aid in the assembly of ribosomes. Ribozymes are nucleic acids that produce ribose sugars. Ribozymes store enzymes in ribosomes. Ribozymes process RNA molecules in eukaryotes.

d

Two ATP molecules are used to initiate glycolysis. Enzymes generate molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose that undergoes glycolysis. Thus, a net gain of _________ molecules of ATP is produced in glycolysis.

2

How does a noncompetitive inhibitor limit an enzyme's activity? A. A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site of the enzyme. B. A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to a coenzyme or cofactor, preventing it from binding to the enzyme. C. A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the substrate, preventing it from binding to the enzyme. D. A noncompetitive inhibitor binds to the active site of an enzyme.

A

Which of the following does NOT affect the activity of an enzyme? oxygen concentration temperature substrate concentration pH

A

A coenzyme __________. is a small accessory enzyme can be derived from a vitamin is an inorganic part of an enzyme functions as an inhibitor of enzyme function

B

Biological oxidations often involve which of the following? the loss of an oxygen atom the loss of a hydrogen atom the gain of an electron e- the gain of an oxygen atom

B

What is the defining characteristic of a redox reaction? A. Reduction reactions first release an electron and then later oxidation reactions accept the electron. B. Electrons are transferred from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. C. Oxygen is created as one of the products.

B

What type of enzyme is not made of protein? A. Apoenzyme B. Ribozyme C. Cofactor

B

Why are denatured enzymes no longer functional? A. Denatured enzymes cannot dissociate from a chemical reaction's products. B. Denatured enzymes lose the secondary and tertiary structures that determine the correct shape of the active site. C. Denatured enzymes are no longer functional because the bonds between amino acids are broken. D. Denatured enzymes only work at extremes of pH that are not conducive to most organisms.

B

The use of a proton motive force to generate ATP is _________.

CHEMIOSMOSIS

The final electron acceptor in cyclic photophosphorylation is _________.

CHLOROPHYLL

A molecule that gains an electron from another molecule will experience __________ in its overall electrical charge. an increase and then a decrease an increase no change a reduction

D

Feedback inhibition __________. is always a form of competitive inhibition requires a cofactor is not reversible is a mechanism for controlling the actions of enzymes

D

Folic acid is a precursor molecule necessary for the synthesis of which of the following? glycerol cholesterol amino acids nucleotides

D

NAD+, FAD, and NADP+ are all examples of __________. cytochromes enzymes precursor metabolites electron carriers

D

Sulfanilamide is a drug that interferes with bacterial enzymes in which of the following ways? end-product inhibition feedback inhibition noncompetitive inhibition and competitive inhibition competitive inhibition

D

What is a holoenzyme? A. A holoenzyme is an enzyme with the substrate attached to it, ready to carry out the chemical reaction. B. A holoenzyme consists only of a proteinaceous component of an enzyme. C. A holoenzyme is an organic cofactor necessary for an enzyme to function. D. A holoenzyme is the active form of an enzyme, including all necessary cofactors.

D

Which of the following is NOT an example of metabolic regulation by a cell? Feedback inhibition prevents cells from producing products that are in abundance. If two energy sources are available, cells use the more efficient energy source. Cells use allosteric sites on enzymes to control enzymatic activity. Cells close all channels in the membrane if no energy sources are needed.

D

Examine the biosynthetic pathway for the production of the amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine in the figure. Where do the initi​​al reactants (erythrose 4-phosphate and PEP) originate?

ERYTHROSE 4-PHOSPATE IS FROM TEH PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY. PEP IS FROM GLYCOLYSIS

ATP is made by substrate-level phosphorylation only during glycolysis. True False

F

Fermentation is more energy efficient than aerobic glucose metabolism. True False

F

Fermentation results in the production of carbon dioxide and water from pyruvic acid. True Fals

F

In feedback inhibition pathways, the end-product of the pathway is usually an inhibitor of the last enzyme in the pathway. True False

F

The carrier molecules in electron transport chains are all integral membrane proteins. True False

F Ubiquinones IS NOT

Anaerobic respiration typically uses (organic/inorganic) _________ molecules as final electron acceptors.

INORGANIC

_________ is a cyclic series of eight reactions involved in the catabolism of acetyl-CoA that yields eight molecules of NADH and two molecules of FADH2.

KREBS CYCLE

The main coenzymes that carry electrons in catabolic pathways are _________ and _________.

NAD+ FAD

__________________phosphorylation is the process in which photosystem I works with photosystem II, and electrons are used to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. SHOW HINT

NONCYCLIC PHOSPHORYLATION

The final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is_________.

OXYGEN

The photosynthetic membranes that are similar to mitochondrial membranes in both structure and function are called_______________

THYLAKOIDS

5. Under ideal conditions, the fermentation of one glucose molecule by a bacterium allows a net gain of how many ATP molecules? 2 4 38 0

a

A reduced molecule_________. has gained electrons has become more positive in charge has lost electrons is an electron donor

a

Most oxidation reactions in bacteria involve the_________. removal of hydrogen ions and electrons removal of oxygen addition of hydrogen ions and electrons addition of hydrogen ions

a

The glycolysis pathway is basically_________. catabolic amphibolic anabolic cyclical

a

What anabolic reaction is the opposite of what happens during protein catabolism? A. Amino acid biosynthesis B. Lipid biosynthesis C. Gluconeogenesis D. Nucleotide biosynthesis

a

Which of the following does not affect the function of enzymes? ubiquinone substrate concentration temperature competitive inhibitors

a

Which of the following statements about the Entner-Doudoroff pathway is false? It is a series of reactions that synthesizes glucose. Its products are sometimes used to determine the presence of Pseudomonas. It is a pathway of chemical reactions that catabolizes glucose. It is an alternative pathway to glycolysis.

a

What is the first step in protein catabolism for prokaryotes? A. Proteins lose ammonia or an ammonium. B. Proteases split proteins into amino acids. C. Deaminases split amino groups off the proteins. D. A phosphate group is attached to the protein to make it less stable.

b

What is the main product of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? A. Chlorophyll B. ATP C. Citric acid D. Glucose

b

A major difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation is_________. in the use of oxygen that the former requires breathing that the latter uses organic molecules within the cell as final electron acceptors that fermentation only produces alcohol

c

Activation energy_________. is the amount of energy required during an activity such as flagellar motion requires the addition of nutrients in the presence of water is lowered by the action of organic catalysts results from the movement of molecules

c

How is ribulose 1,5-bisphospate (RuBP) used in the first step of the Calvin-Benson cycle? A. Three molecules of RuBP are regenerated from five molecules of G3P. B. RuBP reduces six molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid to form six molecules of G3P. C. Three molecules of RuBP and three molecules of CO2 react to form six molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid. D. The phosphate group on RuBP is removed and added to ADP to make ATP.

c

Reactions involved in the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis constitute the_________. citric acid cycle Entner-Doudoroff pathway Calvin-Benson cycle pentose phosphate pathway

c

Under ideal conditions, the complete aerobic oxidation of one molecule of glucose by a bacterium allows a net gain of how many ATP molecules? 2 4 38 0

c

What carbohydrate storage molecule do animals and protozoa synthesize? A. Peptidoglycan B. Cellulose C. Glycogen D. Starch

c

What part of a lipid can be converted to DHAP during lipid catabolism and then enter the glycolysis pathway? A. Fatty acids B. Amino acids C. Glycerol

c

What role do NADH and FADH2 serve in catabolism? A. NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to oxygen. B. NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to ATPase (ATP synthase). C. NADH and FADH2 are electron carriers. D. NADH and FADH2 pump protons across a membrane.

c

1 anabolism only 2 both anabolism and catabolism (amphibolic) 3 catabolism only Breaks a large molecule into smaller ones Includes dehydration synthesis reactions Is exergonic Is endergonic Involves the production of cell membrane constituents Includes hydrolytic reactions Includes metabolism

c a c a a c b