Chapter 5

May differ from one task to another

. A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time

. Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is

phonological

. Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.

15-20 seconds

. What is the typical duration of short-term memory?

episodic memory

. Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?

lion's roar (at the zoo)

. Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?

time

. Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?

Rehearsal (in short term memory)

. Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

short-term memory

. Digit span is one measure of capacity of

replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

. Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?

I can see it in my mind's (eye)

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?

short-term

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.

articulatory suppression

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

trying to remeber the defintion of a word they just learned

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

echoic memory

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

Persevation

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

a smaller response set

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

delay

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

prefrontal cortex

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?

articulatory suppression

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as

machines would shut down for material resupply

If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?

equal team members

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?

control

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory.

visuospatial sketchpad

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

seconds

Information remains in sensory memory for

one is handled by the sketchpad, and the other by the phonological loop

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.

short-term memory

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

activity

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?

central executive

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

decay; interference

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.

prefrontal cortex (PFC)

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

short-term memory to long-term memory

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from

semantic

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory

false

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

short-term memory

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

working memory

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called

15-20 seconds or less

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

Central executive and long term memory

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

increase the efficiency of short term memory

The primary effect of chunking is to

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that

central executive

The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are

length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

persistence of vision

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

sensory, short-term, long term

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

1492 911 1776

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

complexity

Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?

sensory

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?

working memory is engaged in processing information

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that