Chapter 5 Short Term memory

The 3 types of memory in the modal model are considered

structural features

memory

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during

the delay

proactive interference

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Episodic buffer (EB)

The component of the WMM that brings together material from the other subsystems into a single memory rather than separate strands. It also provides a bridge between working memory and long-term memory.

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

a. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Richard Atkinson

Worked with Shiffrin to explain our memory forming process with a model called the Modal Model of Memory

chunk

a group of familiar stimuli stored as a single unit and can up our capacity of STM to 20

event-related potential (ERP)

a measure of electrical activity from a subpopulation of neurons in response to particular stimuli that requires averaging many EEG recordings

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

digit span test

a series of numbers is read to subjects who are then asked to recall the numbers in order approx. 5-9

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

a. The central executive and long-term memory

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND

a. saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?

decay

fading away of memory over time

visuospatial sketch pad

holds visual and spatial information

damage to prefrontal cortex

impairs decision making due to an inability to hold information for brief periods of time

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds.

rehearsal is a control process in which you

keep information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two) ____according to Miller

meaningful units

control processes

mechanisms in memory controlled by the person in order to remember things

word length effect

memory for lists of words is better for short words than for long words

Neural ____ refers to a neural response, usually brain activation measured by fMRI, to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking.

mind reading

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the

prefrontal cortex

4 ways to determine cognitive functioning and the brain

1. Analysis of Brain Damage(brain ablation) 2.recording with single cell neurons 3. Brain imaging 4.Event related potential measurement

We are only able to remember the number of items that we can pronounce in __________seconds

1.5-2seconds

How long does short term memory last?

15-20 seconds or less

What are the 5 types of memory?

Short Term/working memory: phone number if not repeated Sensory Memory: flash of something Long Term Episodic: First kiss Long Term procedural: Riding a bike Long Term Semantic: Birthday

Given the different theoretical components of working memory, the code for these memories is most likely based on the ____ of the stimulus.

Sound

Change detection task

Task used to study visual short-term memory in which subjects view an array of visual stimuli and (after a short delay) have to indicate which stimulus changes concludes aprox 4

George Sperling

Tested recall time by flashing rows of numbers and saw if participants could immediately recall the numbers

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display.

82%

recall

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

mental rotation

rotating an image of an object in the mind

neural mind reading

using a neural response, usually brain activation measured by fMRI, to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking

How many items can short term memory hold?

4-9

partial report method

Procedure used in Sperling's experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display. A cue tone immediately after the display was extinguished indicated which part of the display to report.

persistence of vision

Refers to the way our eyes retain images for a split second longer than they actually appear, making a series of quick flashes appear as one continuous picture.

Sperling conclusion

Sensory memory resisters all of the information that hits our visual receptors (huge amounts) but that this information decays within less than a second

central executive

The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources aka the "traffic cop"

damage to frontal lobe

This damage causes reduced ability to control attention resulting in preservation: repeatedly performing a task even when we know it is not achieving the desired goal

True or false: The visual cortex is involved in working memory?

True

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because

b. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves

c. a smaller response set.

One function of the ______________ _____________is to pull information out of long-term memory.

central executive

phonological similarity effect

confusion of letters or words that sound similar

Articulatory suppression does all but which of the following? A.It reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words. b. It eliminates the use of rehearsal. c. It reduces memory span. d. It interferes with semantic coding.

d. It interferes with semantic coding.

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as

echoic memory

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to

proactive interference

whole report method

procedure used in Sperling's experiment on the properties of the visual icon, in which participants were instructed to report all of the stimuli they saw in a brief presentation

articulatory suppression

reduces memory because speaking interferes with rehearsal

articulatory rehearsal process

rehearsal that can keep items in the phonological store from decaying

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND

saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun

Remembering that a tomato is actually a fruit rather than vegetable is an example of memory.

semantic

Modal Model of Memory

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

phonological loop

the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information but only for a limited time ie:seconds