Chapter 5

Policies

standing plans that indicate the general course of action that should be taken in response to a particular event or situation.

Procedures

standing plans that indicates the specific steps that should be taken in response to a particular event

Groupthink

a barrier to good decision making caused by pressure within the group or members to agree with each other

Slack resources

a cushion of extra resources that can be used with options based planning to adapt to unanticipated changes, problems, or opportunities.z

Devils Advocacy

a decision making method in which an individual or a subgoal is assigned the role of critic

Dialectical inquiry

a decision making method in which decision makers state the assumptions of proposed solution a thesis and generate a solution that is the opposite of that solutions

Brainstorming

a decision making method in which in which group members use computers to build on each others ideas and generate as many alternative solutions as possible

Delphi technique

a decision making method in which members of panel of experts responds to questions and to each other until reaching agreement on an issue

Nominal group technique

a decision making method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group

Production blocking

a disadvantage of face ti face brainstorming in which a group member must wait to share and idea because another members i s presenting an idea

Management by objectives

a four-step process in which managers and employees discuss and select goals, develop tactical plans and meet regularly to review progress toward goal accomplishment

Problem

a gap between ad desired state and existing state

Strategic Objective

a more specific goal that unifies company wide efforts stretches and challenges that organization, and possesses a finish line and a time frame

Action plan

a plan that lists the specific steps people resources and time period needed to attain a goal

Relative comparisons

a process in which each decision criterion is compared directly with every other criterion.

Absolute Comparisons

a process in which each decision criterion is compared to a standard or ranked on its own merits

Rational Decision Making

a systematic prices of defining problems, evaluating alternative, and choosing optimal solutions

Distal Goals

are long term or primary goals

Proximal Goals

are short term goals or subgoals

Planning

choosing a goal and developing a strategy to achieve that goal.

Satisfying

choosing a good enough alternative

Maximize

choosing the best alternative

Operational Plans

day to day plans, developed and implemented by lower level managers, for producing or delivering the organizations products and services over thirty-day to six month period.

A- Type conflict (Affective conflict)

disagreement that focuses on individuals or personal issues

C- type conflict (Cognitive conflict)

disagreement that focuses on problem and issues related differences of opinions

Evaluation apprehension

fear of what others will think of your ideas.

S.M.A.R.T Goals

goals that are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, timely

First Pitfall of planning

is that it can impede change and prevent or slow needed adaptation.

Second Pitfall of planning

is that planning can create a false sense of certainty.

Third Pitfall of planning

is the detachment of planners.

Options-based planning

maintaining planning flexibility by making small simultaneous investments, in many alternative plans

Tactical Plan

plans created and implemented by middle managers that specify how the company will use resources, budgets and people over the next six months to two years to accomplish goals within its mission

Single use plans

plans that cover unique one timely only events

standing plans

plans used repeatedly to handle frequently recurring events

budgeting

quantitative planning through which managers decide how to allocate available money to best accomplish company goals

rules and regulation

standing plans that describe how a particular action should be performed, or what must happen or not happen in response to a particular event

Strategic Plans

that make clear how the company will serve customers and positions its self against competitors in the next two to five years.

Goal Commitment

the determination to achieve a goal

Decision making

the process of choosing a solution from available alternatives

Purpose Statement

which is often referred to as an organizational mission or vision, is a statement of a company purpose or reason for existing