Chapter 6: Osseous Tissue and Bone Structure (Review Questions)
Which of the following is the last step of fracture repair? remodeling to return the bone to its normal shape replacement of the callus with bone formation of an internal and external callus formation of a bone hematoma
Remodeling to return the bone to its normal shape
Which of the following statements about compact and spongy bone is FALSE? Even bones that are mainly spongy bone tissue contain a surface layer of compact bone. Osteons are arranged parallel to the long axis of the central canal, along lines of stress. Spongy bone does not contain trabeculae. Perforating canals are perpendicular to central canals in compact bone.
Spongy bone does not contain trabeculae
Which of the following allows a bone to increase in diameter or width? endochondral ossification epiphyseal closure appositional growth osteolysis
appositional growth
The mineral crystal found within the matrix of bone is called __________. calcium oxalate calcium phosphate calcium carbonate hydroxyapatite
hydroxyapatite
Which of the following statements about bone development is FALSE? An ossification center develops in both endochondral and intramembranous ossification. Most bones of the body form by endochondral ossification. In both intramembranous and endochondral ossification, chondrocytes die as calcification occurs. Both kinds of ossification produce spongy and compact bone in the final bone product.
in both intramembranous and endochondral ossification, chondrocytes die as calcification occurs
Appositional bone growth at the outer surface results in __________. an increase in the overall length of a bone an increased hardening of the periosteum a thickening of the cartilages that support the bones an increase in the diameter of a growing bone
in increase in the diameter of a growing bone
Appositional growth __________. involves both osteoblasts and osteoclasts forms circumferential lamellae increases the diameter of a long bone increases the diameter of a long bone, forms circumferential lamellae, and involves both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
increases the diameter of a long bone, forms circumferential lamellae, and involves both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
When the calcium ion concentration of the blood rises above normal, secretion of the hormone calcitonin __________. activates the parathyroid gland to release parathormone increases the rate of calcium ion excretion promotes osteoclast activity increases the rate of intestinal absorption
increases the rate of calcium ion excretion
The process during which osteoblasts begin to differentiate with a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue is called __________. osteolysis intramembranous ossification osteoprogenesis endochondral ossification
intramembranous ossification
Which of the following forms the flat bones of the skull? secondary ossification endochondral ossification osteolysis intramembranous ossification
intramembranous ossification
Osteoblasts are __________. involved only in bone maintenance in childhood and puberty involved in removing matrix from dense bone involved in the production of new bone matrix inactive bone cells
involved in the production of new bone matrix
The outer surface of the bone, the periosteum, __________. isolates the bone from surrounding tissues actively participates in bone growth and repair provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply isolates the bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply, and actively participates in bone growth and repair
isolates the bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for circulatory and nervous supply, and actively participates in bone growth and repair
Giant multinucleated cells involved in the process of osteolysis are __________. osteoblasts osteoclasts osteocytes osteoprogenitors
osteoclasts
Which of the following types of bone cell is responsible for removing and recycling bone? osteoblasts osteoclasts osteoprogenitor cells osteocytes
osteoclasts
Which of the following statements about endochondral ossification is FALSE? Osteoclasts migrate into the epiphyseal regions of long bones to create medullary cavities in the ends of the bones. The production of sex hormones during puberty increases osteoblast activity at the epiphyseal plates, causing the osteoblasts to lay down bone at a faster rate than the hyaline cartilage can expand. A thin layer of hyaline cartilage remains at the caps of the bones to reduce friction at articulation points. During embryonic development, the growth of blood vessels into the perichondrium of the hyaline cartilage structures stimulates the formation of a layer of bone in the diaphyseal region.
osteoclasts migrate into the epiphyseal regions of long bones to create medullary cavities in the ends of the bones
Mature bone cells found in lacunae are called __________. osteoclasts osteoprogenitors osteoblasts osteocyte
osteocytes
Which of the following types of cell are the mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix? osteoclasts osteoprogenitor cells osteocytes osteoblasts
osteocytes
The basic functional unit of compact bone is the Haversian system or: osteocyte osteoclast osteon osseous matrix osseous lamellae
osteon
What is the basic functional unit of compact bone? osteoclast osteocyte osteon lamella
osteon
The membrane found wrapping the bones, except within the joint cavity, is the: periosteum endosteum perforating fibers periosteum, endosteum, and perforating fibers
periosteum
What is the name of the membrane that covers the outer surface of the bones? epiphysis trabeculae periosteum endosteum
periosteum
Which structure is continuous with the joint capsule? Sharpey's fibers periosteum circumferential lamellae endosteum
periosteum
The continuous recycling and renewing of bone matrix is called __________. remodeling osteopenia appositional growth intramembranous ossification
remodeling
What is the term for the process in which the organic and mineral components of bone are continuously recycled and renewed? ossification osteolysis remodeling calcification
remodeling
Osteolysis is the __________. lining of the bone marrow removal of cancellous bone by osteoblasts removal of bone matrix by osteoclasts addition of bone matrix by osteoclasts
removal of bone matrix by osteoclasts
The fibers of tendons intermingle with those of the periosteum, attaching __________. the trabecular framework to the periosteum the end of one bone to another bone skeletal muscles to bones articulation with the trabeculae
skeletal muscles to bones
What are the major steps in intramembranous ossification? clot formation, internal callus formation, bone production, and remodeling swelling of chondrocytes, growth of blood vessels, and replacement of chondrocytes aggregation of mesenchymal cells, spicule formation, enclosure of blood vessels between spicules, and remodeling and formation of periosteum remodeling, clot formation, internal callus formation, and bone production
aggregation of mesenchymal cells, spicule formation, enclosure of blood vessels between spicules, and remodeling and formation of periosteum
What is the function or functions of the skeletal system? It is a storage area for calcium and lipids. It is involved in blood cell formation. It provides structural support for the entire body. All of the listed responses are correct.
all of the listed responses are correct
Osteoclasts __________. are derived from monocytes remove bone matrix are multinucleate cells are multinucleate cells, are derived from monocytes, and remove bone matrix
are multinucleate cells, are derived from monocytes, and removed from bone matrix
The removal of collagen fibers from bone would cause the bone to __________. become less flexible have a greater framework for the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals become less brittle become stronger
become less flexible
Unlike compact bone, spongy bone (also called cancellous bone) resembles a network of bony struts separated by spaces that are normally filled with __________. osteocytes lacunae bone marrow lamellae
bone marrow
Spongy bone is located where __________. stress arrives from many directions stress is applied from a limited range of directions bones are not heavily stressed bones are not heavily stressed and where stress arrives from many directions
bones are not heavily stressed and where stress arrives from many directions
Calcium ion concentration in the blood depends on activities occurring in the __________. bones, intestines, and kidneys stomach, pancreas, and duodenum muscles, nerves, and lungs heart, lungs, and liver
bones, intestines, and kidneys
Long bones, such as the femur, increase in size throughout childhood by __________. interstitial growth appositional growth both interstitial growth and appositional growth neither interstitial growth nor appositional growth
both interstitial growth and appositional growth
Which of the following hormones helps to increase calcium levels in bone and is therefore critical for children and pregnant women? calcitonin parathyroid hormone ADH calcitriol
calcitonin
The hormones that coordinate storage, absorption, and excretion of calcium ions are: growth hormone and thyroxine calcitonin and parathyroid hormone calcitriol and cholecalciferol estrogens and androgens
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
Which two hormones play opposing roles in regulating the calcium level in blood and body fluids? growth hormone and thyroxine calcitonin and growth hormone calcitonin and parathyroid hormone estrogens and androgens
calcitonin and parathyroid hormone
The hormone synthesized in the kidneys that regulates absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the digestive tract is __________. MSH adrenaline vitamin B calcitriol
calcitriol
Osteolysis is an important process in the regulation of __________. organic components in the bone matrix production of new bone calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids differentiation of osteoblasts into osteocytes
calcium and phosphate concentration in body fluids
The region known as the epiphyseal plate is the area where __________. the epiphysis begins to calcify at birth cartilage is being replaced by bone secondary ossification centers are located collagen fibers become cemented into lamellae by osteoblasts
cartilage is being replaced by bone
The important steps occurring in repair of a fractured bone are, in order, __________. pain, swelling, heat, and redness numbness, granulation, clot formation, and clot dissolution clot formation, internal callus formation, bone production, and remodeling none of the listed steps
clot formation, internal callus formation, bone production, and remodeling
Two-thirds of the weight of bone is accounted for by: crystals of calcium phosphate collagen fibers osteocytes calcium carbonate
crystals of calcium phosphate
Which of the following does NOT occur during fracture repair? Dead tissue next to the break is left in the break area and covered by new bone tissue. Remodeling of the external callus occurs. Cells from the periosteum and endosteum divide and differentiate into osteoblasts to secrete new bone matrix in the injured area. A fracture hematoma forms.
dead tissue next to the break is left in the break area and covered by new bone tissue
Which of the following is NOT a major blood vessel of a typical bone? diaphyseal vessel nutrient vein metaphyseal vessel nutrient artery
diaphyseal vessel
What is the term for the extended tubular shaft of a long bone? metaphysis diaphysis epiphysis medullary cavity
diaphysis
In which of the following does bone replace existing cartilage? osteolysis dermal ossification endochondral ossification intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
The process during which bones begin development as cartilage models and the cartilage is later replaced by bone is called __________. secondary ossification intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification articular ossification
endochondral ossification
The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal cartilage is similar to: intramembranous ossification endochondral ossification the process of osteopenia the process of healing a fracture the process of calcification
endochondral ossification
The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates: epiphyseal growth has ended epiphyseal growth is just beginning growth of cone diameter is just beginning the bone is fractured at the location no particular event
epiphyseal growth has ended
Growth hormone from the pituitary gland and thyroxine from the thyroid gland maintain normal bone growth activity at the __________. periosteum endosteum epiphyseal plates diaphysis
epiphyseal plates
Secondary ossification centers can be found in the __________. medullary cavity diaphysis of a long bone periosteum epiphyses of a long bone
epiphyses of a long bone
Spongy bone is found primarily at which part of long bones? axis of the diaphysis exterior region of the bone shaft, to withstand forces applied at either end expanded ends, where long bones articulate with other skeletal elements bone surfaces, except inside joint capsules
expanded ends, where long bones articulate with other skeletal elements
Cylinders found around the central canal in the osteon are __________. lacunae osteoid lamellae osteocytes
lamellae
The diaphysis is connected to the epiphysis by the __________. medulla metaphysis sutures marrow cavity
metaphysis
The process of replacing other tissues with bone is called __________. ossification remodeling calcification osteoprogenesis
ossification
Which cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue but do NOT originate from osteoprogenitor cells? osteoclast osteoblast osteocyte osteoid
osteoclast
Compact bone is usually found where __________. stresses arrive from many directions trabeculae are aligned with extensive cross-bracing stresses arrive from a limited range of directions bones are not heavily stressed
stresses arrive from a limited range of directions
Perforating canals __________. are filled with bone marrow supply blood to the osteons are artifacts supply blood to the skin
supply blood to the osteons
One of the basic histological differences between compact and spongy bone is that in compact bone, __________. there are plates or struts called trabeculae there is a lamellar arrangement the basic functional unit is the osteon, or Haversian system osteons are not present
the basic functional unit is the osteon, or Haversian system
The thyroid regulates bone growth and maintenance through its production of what hormone? calcitriol estrogen thyroxine growth hormone
thyroxine
The endosteum covers the __________. teeth trabeculae outer surface of most bones trabeculae, outer surface of most bones, and teeth
trabeculae
Which of the following are NOT structural components of compact bone? concentric lamellae central canals osteons trabeculae
trabeculae
Which of the following structures would be located in spongy bone? central canal trabeculae perforating canal periosteum
trabeculae
Depressions, grooves, and tunnels in bone indicate __________. where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate bones where bones articulate attachment of ligaments and tendons where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate bones, where bones articulate, and attachment of ligaments and tendons
where blood vessels or nerves lie alongside or penetrate bones