Chapter 6: Photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

The MAtrix is where Krebs cycle takes place

The 3-C molecule produced by glycolysis is transported into the matrix where the Krebs cycle takes place.

Certain electrons become energized when the absorb light in the reaction center. These high energy electrons are picked up by an ETC. What is an ETC?

Electron Transport Chain A series of electron accepting molecules embedded next to each other in the thylakoid membrane. As electrons are passed from one component of the ETC to the next, small amounts of energy are released and are used to make ETP.

What happens when ATP loses its terminal phosphate and becomes ADP?

Energy is released, which fuels cellular activity. Tri to Di

What is the byproduct of fermentation?

Ethanol and CO2

Where does cellular respiration begin and end?

It begins in the cytosol and ends in the mitochondrion. The mitochondrion is an organelle enclosed in a double membrane.

What does the antenna complex do?

It captures light energy, especially red and blue wavelengths, and funnels it to the REACTION CENTER, where light reactions are initiated.

What does photosynthesis do?

It converts carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates, eventually yielding glucose (a sugar)What

What is up with this pumping of ions across the membrane in order to create a proton gradient?

It is a common way to generate energy for cellular processes. The gradient is used to make ATP! All dissolved substances tend to move from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. The protons in the thylakoid space will want to move down the gradient and back into the stroma.. But, the membrane will not allow them to move back. So, they have to go through a channel containing protein complex called ATP synthase, which spans the thylakoid membrane.

What is RUBISCO?

It is an enzyme in the stroma that is used in the Calvin cycle. Rubisco catalyzes the first reaction of the Calvin cycle.

Antenna complex. What is it?

It is in the thylakoid membrane. It is a disc like cluster of pigments complexed with proteins. Pigments = chlorophylls A and B -carotenoids

What happens to the ADP after the phosphate is spun off and energy is released?

The ADP Can gain another phosphate and become ATP again. But, this requires energy input. Photosynthesis can provide the energy to turn ADP into ATP. In animals, CELLULAR Respirations (breakdown of food molecules) can turn ADP back into ATP

What does NADPH do?

NADPH delivers electrons and hydrogen ions to metabolic pathways that build macromolecules (anabolic)

Why do we die if we don't get oxygen?

Oxidative phosphorylation require OXYGEN. Without this process, no ATP is made. Without ATP our cells can't continue to do what they need to do.

What goes on in photosystem 1?

Photosystem 1 receives electrons from photosystem 2 and after traveling down a short ETC, these electrons are donated to NADP+ to make NADPH

What is photosystem 1

Photosystem I comes second in the photosynthetic electron transport chain and is involved in the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH.

What happens in the Kreb's cycle?

Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion where it is degraded by enzyme driven reactions. Carbon dioxide is released, and ATP and NADH is produced.

What enzyme is responsible for the process of carbon fixation during the Calvin cycle?

Rubisco

What are energy carriers?

Small organic molecules that specialize in receiving, storing, and delivering energy within a cell

What is the Calvin Cycle? How does it work? Where?

The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts. The Calvin cycle is a series of enzymatic reactions ------ creates sugars from carbon dioxide and water. In the Calvin cycle, Co2 is captured and turned into sugar

What takes place in the Stroma?

The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma.

Chloroplasts , like mitochondria. have two membranes. The inner membrane encloses what?

The Stroma

What is the PHOTOSYSTEM?

The antenna complex and its associated reaction center. Photosystem 1 Photosystem 2

The energized electrons release energy along the ETC. What happens to them after that?

The are picked up by NADP+, which, with the addition of an H+ from the stroma, becomes NADPH NADPH = 2nd of the 2 carriers furnished by light reaction.

The Calvin cycle occurs in the ________? Light reactions occur in the ______________? Photosystem 1 and photosystem 2 are in the ______________?

Stroma Thylakoid Thylakoid

Glucose + fructose = ________________?

Sucrose Glucose is also the starter for starch and cellulose Plants are glucose factories!

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

The chemical energy of NADH is converted into ATP through a membrane dependent process. oxidative phosphorylation creates 15 times more ATP than just glycolysis alone

Carbon Fixation

The conversion of inorganic carbon to organic molecules (PGA)

What is the first reaction of the Calvin cycle?

A molecule of CO2 combines with the 5 carbon ribulosbisphosphate to eventually produce two molecules of three carbon PGA

Concept Check 1. What is the role of energy carriers in the cell? 2. Name two energy carriers other than ATP. How are they functionally different than ATP

.1 Energy carriers receive, store, and deliver energy in the cell. 2. Two other energy carriers are NADH and NADPH. They deliver electrons and hydrogen ions to chemical reactions.

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

1. Glycolysis 2. The Kreb's cycle 3. Oxidative phosphorylation

What the the two stages in which photosynthesis takes place?

1. Light reactions 2. The Calvin cycle

How many times does the Calvin cycle have to run to produce on molecule of glucose?

6 times

What is a hydrogen ion?

A hydrogen proton that has no electron ---- separated from its electron.

What are some comm "energy carriers"?

ADP ATP NADPH NADH

Lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation both produce what?

ATP

What fuels the Calvin cycle?

ATP and NADPH coming from the light reactions

What happens in the Calvin Cycle?

ATP comes from the ATP synthase in the process of photosynthesis, and then at in the Calvin cycle: Carbon atoms are added one at a time to produce a 6-carbon molecule that immediately breaks down into two 3-carbon molecules.

As electrons travel down the ETC they lose energy, and some of that energy is used to drive the transport of protons (hydrogen ions, H+) across the thylakoid membrane. from the stroma into the thylakoid space. Protons will build up in the thylakoid space, their concentration build up relative to the hydrogen ion concentration in the stroma, creating a PROTON GRADIENT. WHAT IS A PROTON GRADIENT

An imbalance in the proton concentration

What happens in the ATP synthase?

As protons go through the ATP synthase channel, the potential energy stored in their concentration gradient is converted into chemical energy ------ ADP is turned into ATP with this energy. Water Wheel

Which of the following are substrates of the Calvin cycle? CO2 ATP NADPH glucose H2O

CO2 ATP NADPH

What does cellular respiration allow organism to to?

Cellular Respiration allow organisms to harvest the chemical energy that is locked into the covalent bonds of food molecules and turn them into ATP.

Which of the following is a valid statement about glycolysis? Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol. Glycolysis produces ATP. Glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate from one molecule of glucose. Glycolysis produces CO2.

Glycolysis takes place in the cytosol. Glycolysis produces ATP. Glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate from one molecule of glucose.

What is photosystem 2 associated with?

IT is associated with the splitting of water (photolysis) and the generation of electrons, oxygen gas (O2) and hydrogen ions

Where does glycolysis take place? What happens?

It takes place in the cytosol. Sugars (mainly glucose) are split to make the 3 carbon compound pyruvate, releasing 2 molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADH for every glucose molecule that is split.

What does the Calvin cycle do?

It turns carbon dioxide into sugar, with the help of energy carriers enzymes/ ions/molecules = in the stoma

Calvin cycle = candy factory Light reactions = power supply for candy factory

Light reactions create ATP and NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle

energy carriers become "fully charged when the receive energy from where?

Metabolic pathways

What does NADH do?

NADH picks up electrons and hydrogen atoms released by metabolic pathways that take macromolecules apart. NADH= CATABOLIC

What is the wavelength of light related to?

The energy of a photon is related to its wavelength. Short wavelength = more energy Long wavelength = less energy

What does the stomata allow? What does it look like?

The stomata is pock marked with many microscopic pores that allow for gas exchange. - carbon dioxide enters, to be used for the Calvin cycle

What is embedded in the stroma? What do they look like?

The thylakoids are embedded in the stroma. They are sacs that are stacked on one another. - thylakoid membrane - thylakoid space The structure is crucial to capturing light and generating ATP and ADPH

What determines the color of an object?

The wavelength of light that bounces off an object ---- from 300-780 nanometers.

Where are mitochondrion especially present? Why?

They are especially present in cell types that have large energy demands (skeletal muscles, Brain cells, liver cells), Liver tissue contains over 1000 mitochondrion per cell!

ALL life forms use ATO, NADH and NADPH to deliver energy. True or false?

True

In general, anabolic pathways that build macromolecules use NADPH. True or False

True NADPH is used as an energy carrier during photosynthesis, whereas NADH is used during cellular respiration.

What happens during LIGHT REACTIONS?

Water molecules are split and oxygen is released when chlorophyll absorbs light energy. Electrons and protons extracted from water molecules ultimately generates ATP and NADPH

Does photosynthesis happen throughout a whole green plant?

Yes --- but the leaves are specialized.

What does the Calvin cycle generate?

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate = G3P This is the building block of glucose and all the other carbohydrates a cell needs to make

300 - 780 nanometers refers to what?

the portion of the electro magnetic spectrum that we can see