Chapter 6 Section 3 Colonial Latin America

What where the new business methods that helped create the Commercial Revolution?

1) Growing competition between Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands and England 2) Trade shift to the Americas from the Mediterranean (Venice and Genoa) 3) A growing profit motive 4) Government banks replacing family banks 5) Joint stock companies enabling more people invest in business and reduce their risk 6) Standardization of money and increase in money supply

Encomienda

1) Native Americans forced to pay tribute 2) Provide labor to Spanish landowners 3) In return, landowners were supposed to protect and see that they were instructed in the Catholic faith (this was seldom done as it interfered with work)

Environmental Impact of Colonialism

1) Resource extraction damaged the environment 2) Immense plantations and farming practices caused deforestation, overgrazing, overcultivation of export crops (Continues to this day)

How did the State and Church impact colonialism in Latin America?

1) The Peninsulares were far away from their home countries and could do what they wanted; Viceroys were elected by Spain to rule their colonies and Governor-Generals in Portugal 2) The Church owned a lot of land 3) The Church (mostly Franciscans, Jesuits, and Dominicans) organized Native Americans into villages aligned to plantations and established churches, schools, hospitals and orphanages 4) The Church gave women opportunities to be educated and not marry by joining a convent

Juana Ines de la Cruz

A nun from a convent in the Americas who wrote poetry and prose and urged that women be educated

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestory

Mita

Andean labor system forced native labor to work in silver mines

Creoles

Descendants of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class.

Mulattoes

Term commonly used for people of mixed African and European blood.

Resource extraction

the taking of resources in the territory of one nation or ethnic group by an outside power, basis of colonialism and the modern global economy Latin America had gold and silver