Chapter 7

Click and drag on elements in order Rank the four stages of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model in the correct order. Defensiveness Criticism Stonewalling Contempt

1. Criticism 2. Contempt 3. Defensiveness 4. Stonewalling

Click and drag on elements in order Rank the five conflict processes and outcomes of the explanatory model of interpersonal conflict in the order in which they occur. Conflict interaction Distal outcomes Proximal outcomes Proximal context Distal context

1. Distal context 2. Proximal context 3. Conflict interaction 4. Proximal outcomes 5. Distal outcomes

What are the four things our book recommends keeping in mind as we read and apply the information in this chapter to our lives?

1. The way power is manifested can be dramatically different from one family to another. 2. Often a family's cultural background affects a power decision. 3. Violence also must be considered in cultural context. 4. Even in the U.S there are researchers who would disagree with the cultural prescription that directness, clarity, and assertiveness are essential skills for managing family conflict.

Identify an example of solution-orientation dimension in dealing with conflict. Multiple choice question. Carlo convinces his dad to buy him a new car by pointing out his requirements. Arthur and Wendy dismiss each other's views on how to raise their children. Erik stops discussing his financial problems when his father begins to criticize him. Roberto blames his brother for asking their father to allocate more weekly allowance.

Carlo convinces his dad to buy him a new car by pointing out his requirements.

What did Tom Socha and Julie Yingling (2010) observe in the United States, in regards role models?

Children's conflict behaviors are greatly affected by the role models provided by their parents, particularly their fathers.

____ relationships are those in which the partners are opposite to each other.

Complementary

Identify a decision-making process that creates structures for decision making. Multiple choice question. Decisions based on status Decisions based on conflicts Decisions based on authority Decisions based on rules

Decisions based on rules

Identify an example of the nonconfrontation style of dealing with family conflicts. Multiple choice question. Ivan responds to his abusive brother in a rational manner and suggests an effective plan for dividing their household chores. Dina refrains from discussing the family's financial concerns with her husband in order to avoid conflict. Tom negotiates with his brother and comes up with a viable solution for their property dispute. Haley sarcastically dismisses her parents' suggestion for choosing an ideal career.

Dina refrains from discussing the family's financial concerns with her husband in order to avoid conflict.

True or false: In the communication perspective, families make decisions only about serious issues like their financial budgets.

False

True or false: The European American tradition forbids directness and speaking one's mind at the expense of harmony.

False

What assertion did Tamara Afifi and her colleagues (2011) find empirical support for?

How parents manage conflict affects children's physical and mental health.

Which of the following is true of de facto decision-making process? Multiple choice question. It is not actively supported by any of the family members. It works only when a family is comfortable with sharing power. It is made through a democratic process. It creates a structure for families to function.

It is not actively supported by any of the family members.

According to the research by Sabourin and her colleagues, which of the following is a true statement about verbal aggression? Multiple choice question. It leads to perceptions of relationship termination in most cases. It results in minimal physical aggression or violence between family members. It fosters the transmission of verbal aggression in children from their parents. It elicits favorable influences in relationships.

It leads to perceptions of relationship termination in most cases.

Which of the following is true of the usage of rules for decision making? Multiple choice question. It occurs when a family does not actively engage in decision making. It involves a democratic process for decision making. It provides a specific structure for making decisions. It is based on the will of the person with most authority.

It provides a specific structure for making decisions.

Which of the following is true of the usage of rules for decision making? Multiple choice question. It provides a specific structure for making decisions. It occurs when a family does not actively engage in decision making. It involves a democratic process for decision making. It is based on the will of the person with most authority.

It provides a specific structure for making decisions.

____ power is also called unobtrusive power.

Latent

____ power involves imposing one's will on others.

Manifest

Identify a true statement about family members' behavior with each other. Multiple choice question. Family members seldom believe in their future together. Married couples communicate more negatively to one another than they do to strangers. Family members always feel the need to please one another in order to stay together. Married couples communicate more positively to strangers than they do to each other.

Married couples communicate more negatively to one another than they do to strangers.

In response to Tamara Afifi and her colleagues (2011), what argument is provided by other researchers?

"How parents manage conflict affects children's physical and mental health" is a generalization that has to be interpreted in the context of culture and gender.

Match the following conflict outcomes (in the left column) to their respective definitions (in the right column). Proximal outcomes Distal outcomes The results of the conflict that are removed or delayed The immediate results or consequences of a conflict episode

Proximal outcomes --> The immediate results... Distal outcomes --> The results...that are...delayed.

____ control refers to power distributions that place the individuals as either equal, subordinate, or superior to one another in their interactions.

Relational

____ relationships are those in which the partners mirror each other.

Symmetrical

Identify a true statement about lesbian couples with regard to conversational dominance. Multiple choice question. They view conversations as competition, wishing to win points. They do not subscribe to conversational dominance. They use silence to establish conversational dominance. They use interruptions to show conversational dominance.

They do not subscribe to conversational dominance.

True or false: According to a study based on the catalyst hypothesis by Teresa Chandler Sabourin and colleagues, verbal aggression is a catalyst to physical violence in many marriages.

True.

True or false: In decisions based on values, the family principles can be indirectly communicated to family members.

True. In decisions based on values, the family principles may be explicitly stated or indirectly communicated.

True or false: According to the explanatory model of interpersonal conflict, the best way to understand the conflict going on in relationships is to examine the conflict episodes.

True. The authors of the explanatory model of interpersonal conflict claim that the best way to understand conflict going on in relationships is to examine the conflict episodes.

_____ is defined as those messages directed to others that are sent to intentionally hurt another person.

Verbal aggression

Identify an assumption of family violence that suggests that women are more likely to be seriously harmed by family violence. Multiple choice question. Violent episodes may be perceived differently. Family violence is an isolated event. We live in a violent society. Violence is gendered.

Violence is gendered.

Identify an assumption of family violence that suggests that the media are a significant source of violent episodes. Multiple choice question. Violence is gendered. Family violence is not an isolated event. We live in a violent society. Violent episodes may be perceived differently.

We live in a violent society.

What model of thinking are several of the conclusions emanating from research on family conflict, power, and violence rooted in?

Western model of thinking

Verbal aggression involves messages that are _____.

aimed at attacking a person's self-concept

The appeal to authority and status decision-making process works best when _____.

all family members agree about who has the most authority

According to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model, the different stages of communication will result in _____.

an escalation of tension in a marriage

The decision-making power in Williams family lies with John Williams, the family patriarch. All crucial decisions in the family have to be approved by John, and he has the right to deny anything that he doesn't like. In this scenario, the decision-making process used by the Williams family is _____.

appeal to authority and power

The decision-making process that allows family decisions to occur as a result of the will of the person in the family with the most status is _____.

appeal to authority and status

When family members understand what conflict is and how it influences the family system, they _____.

are able to function effectively

In the context of the types of families observed in the United States, spouses in a stepfamily are likely to _____ at the beginning of a new marriage.

be direct in their communication

The defensiveness stage of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model is characterized by _____.

behaviors like denying responsibilities, disagreeing, making excuses, and whining

One of the features of solvable conflicts is that they _____.

can be productive for a family

Verbal aggression and violence occur between family members because they _____.

can feel trapped by the connection and thus become frustrated

According to the ____ hypothesis, under certain conditions, coercive communication serves as a catalyst to violence in the family.

catalyst

Cultures that place more emphasis on group goals are known as ____ cultures.

collectivist

The interaction process whereby family members perceive a disagreement about goals, rules, roles, culture, and patterns of communication is known as ____.

conflict

De facto decision-making process involves _____.

making decisions by default

When a relationship breaks up among lesbian couples, the partner who leaves is characterized as _____.

more powerful and more forceful

Kenny enters into a conflict with his sister, Gina, over dividing their television-viewing time at home. When Gina refuses to budge, Kenny walks away from the room leaving Gina to have to entire control over the television. In this case, Kenny used _____ conflict style in dealing with his sister.

nonconfrontation

The basic dimension underlying conflict styles that includes tactics like avoidance, withdrawal, and indirectedness is known as _____.

nonconfrontation

According to Rogers and her colleagues, one-up responses involve _____.

one member of the couple trying to gain power over the other

According to Rogers and her colleagues, if the power is evenly distributed across the couple, it is known as _____.

one-across

The two key elements of conflict are process and ____.

perception

Conflicts that are more difficult as they are rooted in conflicting values, roles, and personality issues are called _____.

perpetual conflicts

Serial arguments are similar to Gottman's notion of _____.

perpetual conflicts

The capacity to influence another's goals, rules, roles, and/or patterns of communication is defined as ____.

power

According to the explanatory model of interpersonal conflict, the distal context includes _____.

prior successes or failures in handling conflict

According to the explanatory model of interpersonal conflict, the conflict process in which family members bring with them various goals and rules is known as _____.

proximal context

Perpetual conflicts are more likely to _____.

recur in a family's communication

Ongoing, unresolved conflicts that recur within a relationship are known as ____ arguments.

serial

Researchers who have spoken of violence from an individual perspective, depict it as a(n) _____.

skills deficiency

The need to respond to others in a way that will elicit favorable impressions is known as _____.

social desirability

Two friends Martin and Sergei enter into a conflict over choosing the ideal place to go surfing. After a reasonable discussion, both decided to take turns over choosing the surfing spots. In this case, the friends used _____ style in dealing with conflict.

solution orientation

The basic dimension of conflict styles that underlies tactics such as reasoning, compromise, and expression of mutual agreement is known as _____.

solution-orientation

Conflicts that a family can solve with the right communication tactics and responses are called ____ conflicts.

solvable

The stage of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model that occurs when the listener responding to the speaker with trite and meaningless expressions is known as _____.

stonewalling

According to the explanatory model of interpersonal conflict, conflict interaction refers to the _____.

strategies, message tactics, and communication patterns used in a conflict

According to the assumption that we live in a violent society, we experience a(n) _____.

tension between teachings against violence and the evidence of violence surrounding us

According to research that depicts violence as a skills deficiency, people resort to violence because _____.

their communication skills are too limited to sustain an argument in other ways

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, people become more aggressive, more threatening, and ultimately violent when _____.

their personal goals are blocked

According to the relational approach in family violence, people treat others violently when _____.

they receive violent treatment

Among gay couples, a significant influence on financial decision making lies with the partner _____.

who earns more than the other

The _____ stage of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model involves partners insulting and psychologically abusing each other.

contempt

The basic dimension of conflict styles that includes tactics like personal criticism, rejection, hostile jokes, and blame is known as _____.

control

According to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model, attacking a spouse's personality or character is a part of the _____ stage.

criticism

The decision-making process in which a family does not actively engage in a specific decision-making process is known as _____.

de facto decision making

Family members can escape responsibility for the repercussions of a decision made through _____.

de facto decision-making process

In the communication perspective, the process of getting things done in a family when the cooperation of two or more members is needed is known as ____ ____.

decision making

Manifest power is present in _____.

decision making by authority

The decision-making process that is committed to the principle of democratic process is _____.

decisions founded in discussion and consensus

According to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model, the stage in which neither spouse is willing to take responsibility for his or her behavior is known as _____.

defensiveness

Conflict is considered a process because it _____.

develops over time

According to research on conversational dominance among gay couples, the individual who was perceived to have more power _____.

did the interrupting during conversations

The explanatory model of interpersonal conflict begins with a ____ context for conflict.

distal

Decisions based on values are exercised in _____.

families that have strongly articulated principles

Decision making through discussion and consensus works best when _____.

family members are comfortable with sharing power

A family may be the most likely context in which verbal aggression is found because _____.

family members have a lower need for social desirability

In the context of the types of families observed in the United States, at the beginning of a new marriage, spouses in a stepfamily are inclined to use powerful strategies to _____.

identify the differences between them

When Joseph perceives his mother to have power over him and conforms to her wishes even when she does not state them, his mother is said to possess _____ over him.

implicit power

The culture in which direct communication and individual goals earn favor is known as ____ culture.

individualistic

According to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model, some of the common signs of contempt include _____.

insulting, name-calling, and mocking

Relational control emerges from the _____.

interaction between a couple with each other

According to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model, criticism _____.

is an inevitable part of all marriages, even those assessed to be healthy

One of the issues associated with the styles and tactics approach on conflict is that it _____.

is grounded in a European American tradition

Conflict as a process suggests that it _____.

is often random in families

One of the significant features of the solution-orientation dimension underlying conflictstyles is that it _____.

is useful for showing respect and gaining commitment to the solution

One of the advantages of the control dimension underlying conflict styles is that it _____.

is useful in letting people know how important is the issue

When families profess a democratic style of decision making, but really acquiesce to the will of an authority figure, ____ power is being exercised.

latent

Among gay couples, a man is more likely to leave a relationship if he is _____.

less powerful than his partner

Ethnocentric

An exclusive focus on one ethnicity, ignoring others.

Collectivist Culture

A culture that places more value on the group than on the individual. Group goals are privileged over individual goals. "We-ness"

Individualistic Culture

A culture, such as the one in the United States, in which individual goals are valued more than group goals, and overt, direct communication is prized.

Identify a true statement regarding power struggles in lesbian families. Multiple choice question. Money is most often not the central issue of power struggle. Power struggles arise from lesbian couples' conformity to traditional family models. Power struggles never occur among lesbian couples. Money plays a significant role in determining the dominant partner.

Money is most often not the central issue of power struggle.

Identify a true statement regarding power struggles in lesbian families. Multiple choice question. Money is most often not the central issue of power struggle. Power struggles never occur among lesbian couples. Money plays a significant role in determining the dominant partner. Power struggles arise from lesbian couples' conformity to traditional family models.

Money is most often not the central issue of power struggle.

Identify an example of decisions based on authority and status. Multiple choice question. Barbara uses inputs from her children and husband for buying a new computer. The Rogers family household makes decisions based on specific rules. Natasha makes a decision for her family regarding which car to buy. All the members of the Johnson family refrain from providing their inputs on buying a house pet

Natasha makes a decision for her family regarding which car to buy.

One of the major reasons why family members avoid conflict is _____.

for the fear of strong negative reactions

Conflicts in a family are productive when they _____.

foster independence among family members

The physical, verbal, emotional, sexual, and visual brutality that is inflicted disproportionately or exclusively on members of one sex is known as ____ ____.

gendered violence

According to the explanatory model of interpersonal conflict, the proximal conflict refers to the:

goals, rules, emotions, and attributions of individuals end period

The ____ approach in family violence suggests that violence is inherent in the dynamics between people.

relational

According to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse model, stonewalling results in _____.

restricting the communication needed in intimate relationships