Chapter 7

28. During an action potential A. Na efflux causes depolarization B. K' influx causes repolarization. C. Na influx causes depolarization. D. K influx causes after-hyperpolarization.

' C. Na influx causes depolarization

73. The most common neurotransmitter in the brain is A. glycine. B. acetylcholine most C. serotonin. D. GABA.

D. GABA.

67. The mesolimbic dopamine neurons arise in the midbrain and terminate in the A. nucleus accumbens. B. corpus striatum. C. basal nuclei. D. corpus callosum.

A. nucleus accumbens.

17. Axonal regeneration is inhibited by A. brain-derived neurotrophic factor. B. nerve growth factor. C. neurotrophin-3. D. myelin-associated inhibitory protein.

D. myelin-associated inhibitory protein.

2. Axoplasmic flow A. requires actin and Ca B. can be retrograde. C. is relatively fast. D. results from rhythmie waves of contraction.

D. results from rhythmie waves of contraction.

37. synapses occur between AXod axons of postsynaptic cells and axons of presynaptic cells. A. Axodendritic B. Axosomatic C. Myoneural D. Axoaxonic

A. Axodendritic

81. Relaxation of cerebral blood vessels would be stimulated by excessive activity A. nitric oxide B. Ach C. norepinephrine relananonnimc D. glutamate

A. nitric oxide

85. Excitotoxicity is caused by A. insufficient synaptic release of glutamate. B. excessive synaptie release of glutamate. C. GABA inhibition. D. insufficient synaptic release of Ach.

B. Excessive synatpic release of glut

57. Cholinergic fibers use as the neurotransmitter. A. norepinephrine Choae B. acetyleholine C. dopamine D. serotonin

B. acetyleholine

7. Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? A. motor or efferent B. interneuron or association C. multipolar D. sensory afferent

C. multipolar

11. What structure is found around PNS axons that is NOT found around CNS axons? A. nodes of Ranvier B. myelin sheath C. neurilemma D. plasma membrane

C. neurilemma

39. Chemicals that stimulate action potentials in postsynaptic cells are called A. hormones. B. enzymes. C. neurotransmitters. D. neurotrophins

C. neurotransmitters.

66. Addictive drugs, as well as nicotine activate dopamine release in the A. nucleus accumbens. nuoleus B. corpus striatum. C. basal nuclei. D. corpus callosum.

, A. nucleus accumbens.

4. Retrograde transport A. moves toward the cell body. B. moves membranes, vesicles, and viruses. C. uses molecular motor proteins of dynein. D. All of the choices are correct.

D. All of the choices are correct.

76. Which of the following are natural analgesics? A. endorphins B. enkephalins anal C. dynorphins D. All of the ehoices are correet.

D. All of the ehoices are correet.

25. The membrane of resting ood nerve cells is more permeable to ions than ions.A.sodium, potassium B. calcium, potassium C. potassium, sodium D chloride, potassium

C. potassium, sodium

10. Cells supporting neuron cell bodies in ganglia are termed A. astrocytes. B. ependymal cells C. satellite cells. D. Schwann cells

C. satellite cells.

51. Which of the following is NOT true of EPSPS? A. they are graded responses B. they are capable of summation C. they have a refractory period D. they are initiated by neurotransmitters

C. they have a refractory period

58. Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid A. alanine. B. glycine. C. tryptophan. D. serine.

C. tryptophan.

47. Neurotransmitters A. are released by endocytosis. C. usually regulate ion channels. B. all bind to the same receptor. D. are actively transported across the synaptic cleft.

C. usually regulate ion channels.

62. Epinephrine degradation by the A. acetylcholinesterase, Achase. COMT. de grade postsynaptic cells is catalyzed by B. monoamine oxidase, MAO. C.catechol-O-methyltransferase, D. adenylate cyclase.

C.catechol-O-methyltransferase, COMT.

45. Neurotransmitter release would be inhibited by toxin= A. stimulating repolarization of the axon terminal. B. blocking Ca influx in the axon terminal. C. blocking repolarization of the axon terminal. D. stimulating protein kinase activity

. B. blocking Ca influx in the axon terminal.

. 71. Benzodiazepines act by increasing activity. A. GABA B. glutamate Benzogaba C. Ach D. enkephalin

. B. glutamic acid.

70. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials a produced by KCirartonygut A. glycine. B. glutamic acid. C. gamma-aminobutyric acid. D. benzodiazepines.

. B. glutamic acid.

A nigrostriatal. 64. The dopamine system may be involved in emotional reward and drug addiction. B. mesolimbie drug addichon mesotmat C. amygdala D. dentate

. B. mesolimbie

Asin 30. The mechanism that allows many Na ions to move into the axon A. negative feedback. B. positive feedback. Ç. equilibrium feedback D. None of the choices are correct.

. B. positive feedback.

80. Endocannabinoids are retrograde neurons and diffuse to the neurons and diffuse to the postsynaptic neuron. NTs, meaning they are A released from presynaptic presynaptic neuron. B. released from postsynaptie neurons and diffuse back to the presynaptic cell body C. released from presynaptic D. None of the choices are correct

. B. released from postsynaptie neurons and diffuse back to the neurons and diffuse to the neurons and diffuse postsynaptic presynaptic cell body

ero to noitni TO 32. The minimum depolarization needed to open Na' gates is called the A.repolarization. B. threshold. C refractory period. D. All-or-none law.

. B. threshold.

60. MAO inhibitors may cause hypertensive crisis by a person eating foods rich in Feds-nchtyra A. phenylalanine. B. tyramine. C. glutamic acid. D. tryptophan.

. B. tyramine.

29. Local anesthetics block conduction of action potentials in sensory neurons by A. inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. B. binding to potassium channels. C. binding to sodium channels D. binding to calcium channels.

. C. binding to sodium channels binding calcium channels.

38. In a myelinated axon, Na channels are A. along the whole length of the axon. B every 5 mm. C. concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. D. less numerous at the nodes of Ranvier.

. C. concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.

65. Neuroleptics, which are used to treat schizophrenia, are B. Ach antagonists. A dopamine agonists. Schizophrehiq C. dopamine antagonists. D. glutamate agonists.

. C. dopamine antagonists.

18. Fetal neuron growth requires the actions of a group of chemicals known as A. endorphins. Fetal B. synapsins. C. neurotrophins. D. glutamates.

. C. neurotrophins.

34. The ability of a neuron to transmit charge through its cytoplasm is called cable properties and is very A. good. B. strong. C. poor. D. easy

. C. poor.

33. The period of time when Na channels are recovering from their inactive state and K channels are still open is the A. repolarization. B. absolute refractory period. C. relative refractory period. D. Both repolarization and relative refractory period are correct.

. D. Both repolarization and relative refractory period are correct.

55. Curare is a competitive Ach antagonist at Ach receptors. A. muscarinic B. NMDA C. kainate D. nicotinic

. D. nicotinic

31. An axon will depolarize only if the membrane potential reaches between -70mV and -55mV. This follows the A. All-or-none law. B. recruitment law cduated law. D. threshold law.

A. All-or-none law.

54. is an acetylcholinesterase antagonist used to treat myasthenia gravis A. Neostigmine B. Muscarine C. Naloxone D. Nitric oxide

A. Neostigmine

9. The myelin sheaths of PNS neurons are produced by A. Sehwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells. D. leukocytes.

A. Sehwann cells.

21. The most numerous of all cells of CNS nervous tissue are the A. astrocytes. meraus B. neurons. C. Schwann cells 4strownd D. microglia

A. astrocytes.

41. What type of proteins are present in gap junctions that form water-filled channels between neurons? A. connexons B. myelin C. terminal boutons D. cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

A. connexons

79. The brain produces lipid analgesic neurotransmitters called A. endocannabinoids. cannabiS B. endorphins. C enkephalins. D. nitric oxide.

A. endocannabinoids..

44. Botulism toxin prevents release of Ach, causing A. flaccid paralysis. B. hemiplegia. C. spastic paralysis. D. None of the choices are correct.

A. flaccid paralysis.

40. Chemical synapses A. have a delayed impulse transmission. B. utilize gap junctions. C. occur when two nerve cells are in direct contact with each other D. do not require the release of neurotransmitters.

A. have a delayed impulse transmission.

Which of the following is NOTa structural classification of neurons? A. motor neuron B. bipolar neuron SIA C. multipolar neuron D. pseudomultipolar neuron

A. motor neuron

15. Regeneration of CNS axons may be prevented in part by inhibitory protems ur tue membranes of the A. myelin sheath. regenerahionmyelin B. neurons. C. astrocytes. D. satellite cells.

A. myelin sheath.

14. White matter is A. myelinated axons in the CNS. B. myelinated axons in the PNS. C. nonmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites in the CNS. D. nonmyelinated axons in the CNS.

A. myelinated axons in the CNS.

63. What NT used by neurons with cell bodies in the raphe nuclei along the midline of the brainstem? A. serotonin B. dopamine C. glycine D. GABA

A. serotonin

50. Muscarinic Ach receptors are found in all of the following locations EXCEPT A. skeletal musele smooth muscle MUS-Skeletnl C cardiac muscle D. glands

A. skeletal musele

72. Which poison inhibits glycing receptors? A. strychnine B. curare poison-stry C. tetrodotoxin D. All of the choices are correct.

A. strychnine

1. The brain and spinal cord comprise the A.central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves.

A.central nervous system.

77. The most abundant neuropeptide in the brain is A/ neuropeptide Y B. neuropeptide z C. substance P D. CCK

A/ neuropeptide Y

5. Sensory neurons A. are multipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS B. are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward the CNS. C. are bipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS. D. are multipolar and carry impulses away from the CNS.

B. are pseudounipolar and carry impulses toward CNS.

56. What portion of the neuron is NOT involved in integration? A. cell body B. axon C. dendrites D. axon hillock

B. axon

53. Acetylcholine can induce hyperpolarization by A. binding to nicotinic receptors. B. binding to musearinic receptors. C. binding to a-adrenergic receptors. D. binding to b-adrenergic receptors.

B. binding to musearinic receptors.

59. Monoamine NTs are degraded by A. acetylcholinesterase. C. catechol-O-methyltransferase. B. monoamine oxidase. D. adenylate cyclase.

B. monoamine oxidase.

69. Which of the following is NoT Savpe of glutamate receptor? mutesmalgres A. NMDA receptor B. muscarinic receptor C. kainate receptor D. All of the choices are correct.

B. muscarinic receptor

75. The normal effect of b-endorphin can be blocked by A. curare. B. naloxone. C.muscarine. b-endorphin D. nicotine

B. naloxone.

52. Acetylcholine usually induces an excitatory postsynaptic potential when binding to receptors and an inhibitory postsynaptic potential when binding to receptors. A. NMDA, nicotinic B. nicotinie, muscarinie C. muscarinic, NMDA D. muscarinic, nicotinic

B. nicotinie, muscarinie

13. The gap of exposed axon in the myelin sheath is the A. neurilemma B. node of Ranvier. C. sheath of Schwann. D. white matter.

B. node of Ranvier.

84. Spatial summation A. occurs when a single neuron releases neurotransmitter rapidly. B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptie C. only involves excitatory postsynaptic potentials. D. only involves inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.

B. occurs because of the convergence of many neurons on a single postsynaptic cell

8. The myelin eaths of CNS neurons are produced by A. Schwann cells. B. oligodendrocytes. C. ependymal cells D. leukocytes.

B. oligodendrocytes.

36. Conduction of an action potential in a myelinated axon is called A. point to point conduction. B. saltatory conduction. C. refractory conduction. conduct D. cable conduction

B. saltatory conduction.

82. Nitric oxide C. is produced from L-asparagine A. is a chemical messenger activating adenylate cyclase. B. stimulates the dilation of blood vessels. D. All of the choices are correct

B. stimulates the dilation blood vessels

26. Ion channels that open in response to depolarization are reshingpS called A. ion-gated channels. B. voltage-gated channels. C. stimulation-gated channels. D. potential-gated channels.

B. voltage-gated channels

24. The blood-brain barrier results mostly the action of a type of glial cell. A. Ependymal B. Microglia from C. astrocytes D. oligodendrocytes

C. Astrocytes

27. Blocking channels would prevent neuronal depolarization. l A.K B. CI C. Na D. Mg

C. Na

35. Action potentials would be conducted most rapidly by A. a 10 mm diameter myelinated axon. B. a 10 mm diameter unmyelinated axon. C. a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon. D. a 40 mm diameter unmyelinated axon

C. a 40 mm diameter myelinated axon.

23. Which cells are needed for the formation of synapses in the CNS? A. ependymal B. microglin C. astrocytes D. dendrites

C. astrocytes

68. Mutation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor would affect the ability of to regulate neural function. A. Ach B. epinephrine C. glutamate D. nitric oxide

C. glutamate

16. The disease is characterized by destruction of CNS myelin sheaths and the formation of hardened scars. A Parkinson's B. Alzheimer's C. multiple selerosis. p mulhple D. myasthenia gravis

C. multiple selerosis

46. Hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic cell is caused by A. excitatory postsynaptic potentials. B. inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.C. movement of K out of the cell. D. Both inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and movement of K out of the cell are correct.

D. Both inhibitory postsynaptic potentials and movement of K out of the cell are correct. o

43. Synaptic vesicles are docked to the plasma membrane of the axon terminal by a protein complex called A. boutons. B. connexons. C. synaptotagmins. D. SNARE

D. SNARE

12. Action potential transmissien in the PNS is decreased if which cells are Found damaged? A. astrocytes B. microglia C. oligodendrocytes D. Sehwann cells

D. Sehwann cells

83. Which gas(es) can function as a neurotransmitte A. carbon dioxide B. nitric oxide C. carbon monoxide D. both nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.

D. both nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.

49. Acetylcholine A. is always an excitatory neurotransmitter B can bind to adrenergic receptors. C. is an inhibitory neurotransmitter released by motor neurons. D. can bind to nicotinic receptors.

D. can bind to nicotinic receptors.

42. What type of proteins are present at chemical synapses to ensure the close proximity of the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes? A. connexins B. myelin C. terminal boutons D. cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

D. cell adhesion molecules (CAMS)

19. Degeneration of spinal motor neurons in adults grns may be due to a lack of factor. onitodal A. brain-derived neurotrophic B. neurotrophin-3 C. nerve growth D. glial-derived neurotrophie

D. glial-derived neurotrophie

61. Catecholamines activate postsynaptic cells by A. inhibition of adenylate cyclase. B. increased Ca influx into the target cell. C. inhibition of calmodulin. D. increased production of cyelic AMP.

D. increased production of cyelic AMP.

78. Inhibition of neuropeptide Y synthesis would A. induce euphoria. B. induce obesity C stimulate leptin secretion.D. inhibit eating

D. inhibit eating

22. Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes? A. can take up NT from a synapse als B. can stimulate or inhibit neurons C. needed to form synapses in the CNS D. phagocytose foreign material in the CNS E. forms the blood-brain barrier

D. phagocytose foreign material in the CNS

20. Which of the following is NOT a function of neurotrophins? A. maintaining sympathetic ganglion B. sustain neurons that use the NT dopamine dolphihs C. embryonic development of neurons D. regeneration of injured motor neurons

D. regeneration of injured motor neurons

3. Which of the following is NOT true of axonal transport? A. uses molecular motion B. can transport anteroretrograde C can transport retrograde D. results from rhythmic waves of contraction.

D. results from rhythmic waves of contraction.

74. The capacity of synapses for alteration at the molecular level is termed A. synaptic modulation. B. synaptic alteration. C. synaptic capacitance. D. synaptic plasticity.

D. synaptic plasticity.

87. Postsynaptic inhibition is caused by A. Acetylcholine B. GABA C. glycine D.Both GABA and glycine

D.Both GABA and glycine

48. The ane binding of a NT to its receptor protein causes ion channels to open in the post-synaptic A. chemically-regulated gates ding B. voltage-regulated gates C. ligand-regulated gates D.Both chemically-regulated gates and ligand-regulated gates are correct.

D.Both chemically-regulated gates and ligand-regulated gates are correct.

86. Both long-term potentiation and long-term depression requires release of from the postsynaptic neuron membrane. A. CI В. К" С. Са D. Mg

С. Са