Investigation

Microscopic scene

A crime scene viewed in terms of specific objects and pieces of evidence associated with the crime, such as knives, guns, hairs, fibers, and biological fluids.

Arrest warrant

A judicial order commanding the person to whom it is issued or some other person to arrest a particular individual and bring that person to court

Zone/quadrant search pattern

A search pattern that requires an area be divided into four large quadrants, each of which is divided up and then searched using other search patterns. Rarely employed

hemorrhage

A significant injury causing extensive bleeding into the surrounding tissue

Vehicle Canvass

A systematic approach to documenting every vehicle in the immediate vicinity of a crime as a means of locating the suspect's vehicle.

affidavit

A written statement of the information known to the officer that serves as the basis for the issuance of the warrant

Latent prints

1. Can broadly refer to any fingerprint found at the scene or elsewhere on an item of interest 2. Can refer specifically to a fingerprint at the scene which is hidden or unseen to the eye.

bullying

Aggressive behavior or intentional harm by an individual or group repeated over time that involves an imbalance of power

Locard's Exchange Principle

All crime scenes are searched on the basis of Locards ______ principle, which asserts that when perpetrators come into contact with the scene, they will leave something of themselves and take something from the scene.

Belief abduction occurred Imminent danger of death Victim descriptive info Victim is under 18 Victim entered into NCIC

Amber alert requirments

neighborhood canvass

An attempt to locate witnesses who may have heard, seen, or smelled something of investigative importance.

Federal exclusion rule

Any evidence unreasonably obtained by federal LEO could no longer be admissible in federal prosecutions.

evidence

Anything that tends logically to prove or disprove a fact at issue in a judicial case or controversy

Crime Scene Sketch

Basic diagram of the scene showing important points, such as the locations where various pieces of physical evidence were located

sexually indiscriminate child molester

Child molester is a "try-sexual" willing to try anything sexual. Main criteria for victims is that they be new and different. Most likely to have multiple victims.

Inadequate child molester

Child molester possible suffering from psychosis, personality disorder, mental retardation, or senility. Often a social misfit or loner. Becomes sexually involved with children out of insecurity or curiosity. Finds children to be non threatening objects. Results from built up impulses.

Morally Indiscriminate Child Molester

Child molester that is an user and abuser of people. Lies cheats and steals whenever he can get away with it. Impulsive person who lacks conscience

Preferential Child Molester

Child molester who has a definite sexual preference for children. Involved in sexual rituals or patterns. Most have age and gender preferences.

regressed child molester

Child molester who has poor coping skills, he turns to children as a sexual substitute for the preferred sex partner. Main victim criteria is availability

corpus delicti

Combination of all elements of the crime

manslaughter

Criminal homicide that is committed under circumstances not severe enough to constitute murder but that cannot be classified as either justifiable or excusable homicide.

Biometrics

Defined as the measurable and automated physiological or behavioral characteristics that can be used to verify the identity of an individual.

Anthropometry

Developed by Alphonse Bertillion, (father of criminal identification). It was based on the "fact that every human being differs from every other one in the exact measurements in their body"

caliber

Diameter of a bullet

bore

Diameter of the barrels interior between its opposing high sides or lands.

Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in court

testimony

Evidence presented orally by witnesses during trials or before grand juries.

Tracing Evidence

Evidence that helps identify and locate the suspect.

Analysis Comparison Evaluation Verification

Fingerprint examiners follow the ACE-V guidelines

Bow street runners

First modern detective force

1. Find the truth 2. Establish a crime was committed 3. Identify and apprehend suspect 4. Recover stolen property 5. Assist in prosecution

Five objectives of the investigative process

1. Obtain valuable facts 2. To eliminate the innocent 3. To identify the guilty 4. To obtain a confession

Four commonly recognized objectives in the interrogation process

1. Boundary determination 2. Choice of search patterns 3. Instruction of personnel 4. Coordination

Four major considerations dominate the crime scene search

minutiae

Friction ridges that touched the surface in which the print was found

Jurisdiction

Geographic area and the laws for which an agency has enforcement responsibility

Metropolitan Police Act

In 1829, owing large measure to the efforts of Sir Robert Peel, Parlinent passed the ______ _____ ____

Counterfeiting

In 1865 congress created the US Secret Service to combat _______. In 1903 the previously informal agreement of protecting the president was made a permanent responsibility

Chicago

In 1884 ______ established this countries first municipal Criminal Identification Bureau

Speaking picture

In 1888 Bertillion producers the portrait parle or ____ ______. This combines full face -!; profile photographs of each criminal and body measurements on a single card

Sir Francis Galton

In 1892 _____ publishes the first definitive book on dactylography, Finger Prints. It presented statistical proof of the uniqueness of fingerprints and outlined principles of IDing fingerprints

Pennsylvania

In 1905 Samuel Pennypacker signed legislation creating the _____ state police force, which was the prototype for modern state police organizations. They were regarded as strike-busters on management's side

FBI, then Bureau of Investigations

In 1908 US attorney General Charles Bonaparte creates the embryo of what would be the _____

NCIC (National Crime Information Center)

In 1967 _____ was made operational by the FBI, providing data on wanted persons and stolen items from all 50 states

Rogues Gallery

In Nov. 1857 the NYPD set up a ____ ______ - photographs of known offenders arranged by criminal speciality and height.

Emergency

In all cases of exigency circumstances, there must be an ______\ that justifies the warrantless search

Mulberry Street Morning Parade

Instituted by Chief Detective Thomas Byrnes in New York City in the late 1800s, an innovative approach to criminal identification in which all new arrestees were marched each morning before detectives so that the detectives could make notes and later recognize the criminals.

80%

It is estimated that ____ of all people will confess to a crime

felonious homicide

Killings that are treated and punished as crimes; includes murder and manslaughter.

Inventory

LEO have not only the right but also the responsibility to _____ property taken from a person arrested

substantive criminal law

Laws that deal with those elements that describe and define a crime

procedural criminal law

Laws that deal with what can and cannot be done with, it to people during an investigation

1. Warrant 2. Consent 3. Incident to arrest 4. Of a motor vehicle 5. Emergency exists 6. To conduct an inventory

Legal searches and seizures can be made when

Furrows

Low area between the ridges, sort of miniature valleys

Biometrics

Methods of analyzing biological data

scald burn

Most common type of burn injury to a child. Caused by contact with hot liquids

1. Warrant 2. Crime in front of an officer 3. Officer has PC that the subject committed a felony 4. In statutorily created instances

Most jurisdictions allow an arrest in four circumstances

Dentition

Natural arrangement of a persons natural and artificial teeth

contact burn

Occurs when a child's skin comes into contact with a flame or a hot solid object

Physical Stereotyping

Occurs when an officer expects that the robber will fit a preconceived description; can result in the escape of a suspect or harm to the officer.

action stereotyping

Occurs when the officers' expectations are set to see one thing, which closes their minds to other eventualities.

1. It goes undetected 2. Be detected but not reported 3. Come to the attention of police

Once a criminal offense has been committed, three immediate outcome are possible

Seduction pattern

Pattern used by the preferential child molester where the suspect courts the victim with attention, affection, and gifts. Does this over time to lower their inhibitions.

Introverted pattern

Pattern used by the preferential child molester where the suspect has a preference for children but lacks interpersonal skills necessary to seduce them. Engages in minimal amount of verbal communication. Hangs out at playgrounds. More likely to molest his own children.

Sadistic pattern

Pattern used by the preferential child molester where the suspect is aroused by the child's pain or suffering. Aroused by the victims response to the infliction of pain or suffering.

follow-up investigation

Police effort expended after the initial incident report is completed until the case is ready for prosecution

Ridges

Raised portions of the finger skin, atop which are minuscule sweat pores.

corpus delicti evidence

Refers to evidence that establishes that a crime actually occurred and elements of the crime have been fulfilled

Moveable vehicle rule

Rule created from Carroll vs US, If there was PC to get a warrant, but because the vehicle was movable, a warrantless search is justifiable

Rule of Inclusiveness

Rule that dictates that every available piece of evidence be obtained and, where there is a question as to whether a particular item constitutes evidence, be defined as such

The pie/ wheel search

Search pattern that divides the area into a number of pie shaped sections, usually six. Rarely employed

Spiral search pattern

Search technique usually employed in outdor searches by one officer. The searcher walks in slightly decreasing, less than concentric circles from the outermost portion to the central point

Investigator

Someone who systematically gathers, documents, and evaluates evidence and information.

Macroscopic scene

The "large view" of a crime scene, including things such as locations, the victim's body, cars, and buildings.

Lyon

The Frenchmen Edmond Locard established the first forensic laboratory in ____ in 1910

preliminary investigation

The actions taken by the first officer to arrive at the scene of a crime after its detection and reporting.

proof

The combination of all facts, of all the evidence, in determining the guilt or innocence of a person accused of a crime

crime

The commission (doing) of any act that is prohibited or the omission (failing to do) of any act that is required by the penal code of an organized political state

Algor Mortis

The cooling of the body after death

1. The Spiral 2. The strip/line search 3. The grid search 4. Zone/ quadrant search 5. Pie/ wheel search

The five basic crime scene search patterns

Cheiloscopy

The furrows of the human lips used for individual identification.

Forensic Odontology

The intersection of dentistry with criminal and civil laws

murder

The killing of any human being by another with malice aforethought. .

Primary scene

The location at which the initial offense was committed.

Child abuse

The most common cause of child deaths is ______ ______, often perpetrated by the parents

incident report

The permanent record of what a police officer learns through his senses and does from the time of arrival to the time of departure from a scene that requires one to be initiated.

Forensic Mapping

The process of taking and recording the precise measurements of items of evidence to be drawn or "fixed" on the sketch

field notes

The shorthand written record made by a police officer from the time he or she arrives at a crime scene until the assignment is completed.

dactylography

The study of fingerprints

Forensic Entomology

The study of the insect associated with a dead body

Detention

The temporary and limited interference with the freedom of a person for investigative purposes

Serial killings

The term ______ ______ means a series of three or more killings, not less than one of which was committed within the US, having common characteristics such as to suggest the reasonable possibility that the crimes were committed by the same actor or actors.

Cognitive disconnect

The thought process of "nothing usually happens" luring a police Officer into a since of security by their own experience.

When the jury is sworn in

The time in which jeopardy attaches in most jurisdictions

1. Relieve LEO of burden of proving the legality of the arrest. 2. There is an independent evaluation of evidence

The two benefits derived from securing a warrant for arrest as opposed to other types of arrest

chain of custody

The witnessed, unbroken, written chronological history of who had the evidence when

Fruits of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine

This provides that evidence obtained from an unreasonable search and seizure cannot be used as the basis for learning about or collecting new admissible evidence not known before.

Coerced-compliant false confession

This type of confession is an act of public capitulation and compliance and by a suspect who knows he or she is innocent but perceives that the short term benefits of confession.

coerced-internalized false confession

This type of confession is that in which innocent but vulnerable suspects confess and come to believe they committed the crime in question

1. Impressions 2. Scrapes 3. Pinching/ shearing

Three categories of tool marks

1. Intention 2. Authority 3. Custody

Three essential ingredients of an atrest

1. Anthropometry 2. Dactylography 3. DNA typing

Three historical approaches to establishing individual identity

Presence Consciousness Attentiveness

Three requirements of being a witness

1. Overall coordination of the scene 2. Forensic services 3. Investigative services

To achieve the objectives of crime scene investigation, work is divided into three major functions:

Surface impressions

Two dimensional, have a length and width and lack any appreciable height. Often called prints or residual prints

belt and electrical cord

Two most used instruments of child abuse

Calvin Goddard

US physician who had served in the army during WWI, is the person considered most responsible for raising firearms identification to a science and for perfecting the bullet comparison microscope

Cyberbullying

Using the internet, cell phone, or other technology to harass another person

Grid Search

Variation of strip/line search pattern. After completing the strip pattern, the searchers double back perpendicularly across the area being examined

Brady violation

When a prosecutor or police officer fails to disclose exculpatory evidence

Search warrant

Written order, in the name of the state, signed by a judicial officer, exercising proper authority, and directing a LEO to search for certain specific property and to bring it before a court

microbial communities

_____ ___ tick along in a predictable, clocklike succession following death. Characteristics allows forensic scientists to reliably estimate PMI within 2 to 4 days.

Edward Henry

_____ ____ instituted Bertillion's system with the addition of fingerprints to the cards. In 1900's his system was adopted in England. He published the Classification of Use of Finger Prints and was appointed assistant police commissioner of London, and because commissioner two years later

Interviews

_____ are conducted in criminal cases for the purpose of gathering information from people who have, or may have knowledge needed in the investigation

Competency

_____ refers to a witnesses personal qualifications for testifying in court

Forensic science

______ _____ draws from diverse disciplines, such as geology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics to study physical evidence of a crime

The Harrison Act (1914)

______ ______ made the distribution of non medical drugs a federal crime. Enforcement responsibility was originally given to the IRS. It was then shifted to the Federal Bureau of Narcotics

Privacy

______ is of the utmost importance in conducting interviews

Interrogation

______ is the process of testing gathered information and its application to a particular suspect

livor mortis

a purple or red discoloration of the skin caused by pooling of blood after death

Strip/line search pattern

a search pattern often used outside by several people in which the search area is divided into lanes that are searched by one or more people in both directions until the entire area has been examined.

Patent prints

are transferred from the friction ridges on fingers by a foreign substance (not a body residue), like blood, paint, or dirt, and are readily visible.

battered child syndrome

clinical term used to describe physically abused children

manual strangulation

produced by pressure of the hand, forearm, or other limb against the neck, compressing the internal structures of the neck

individual characteristics

properties of evidence that can be attributed to a common source with an extremely high degree of certainty

Class Characteristics

properties of evidence that can only be associated with a group and never with a single source

toxicologist

specialist in the study of poisons

Situational Stereotyping

the officer's previous experience with and knowledge of a particular location increases their vulnerability

rigor mortis

the stiffening of the body after death

forensic palynology

the study of pollen and spore evidence to help solve criminal cases

secondary scene

locations of all subsequent connected events

justifiable homicide

necessary killing of another person in performance of a legal duty or exercise of legal right when the slayer was not at fault

voluntary false confession

occurs when an innocent person confesses without being prompted by the police

Plastic prints

prints created when the finger touches a soft material like soap or putty

interview

(IA) The _______ is a primary source of investigative data, and as such, it's importance should not be underestimated

Preperation

(IA) ______ is the key to conducting a successful investigative interview

situational child molester

does not have a true sexual preference for children, but engages in sex with children with varied and sometimes complex reasons. Sex with children may range from a "once in a lifetime" act to a long-term pattern of behavior. This _______ _________ ________ usually has fewer numbers of different child victims. Vulnerable individuals such as the elderly, sick or the disabled may also be at a risk of sexual victimization.

Henry Goddard

first person to use physical analysis to connect a bullet to the murder weapon.. was one of the first bow street runners

Blunt force trauma

injuries derived from forces transmitted by objects that have relatively broad surfaces, with thick or round surfaces.

Associative Evidence

items that may associate a victim or suspect with a scene or each other;