Chapter 7
The most important outputs of the Krebs cycle for cellular respiration are ________ .
10 reduced coenzymes
How many ATP are spent before a glucose molecule can be broken down to release energy?
2
Electron transfer phosphorylation yields ____ ATPs.
32
How many net ATP are generated in aerobic respiration?
32
How many total ATP molecules are produced per molecule of glucose broken down during glycolysis?
4
During aerobic respiration, about ________ of cellular energy is lost as heat.
60%
Most eukaryotes make _____ by ______ which breaks down organic molecules such as carbohydrates. ______ begins with _______, a reaction that converts one molecule of ________ to two molecules of ______. Aerobic respiration ends in the ______ and yields about _____ molecules of ATP per _____ . An alternate pathway, _____, is common in microorganism and does not require _____. It also begins with _____ but produces only _____ molecules of ATP.
ATP, aerobic respiration, aerobic respiration, glycolysis, glucose, pyruvate, mitochondria, 36, glucose, fermentation, oxygen,glycolysis, two.
As many as 18 ATP may be generated by aerobic respiration.
F
Energy flows from photosynthesis to anaerobic respiration in a one-way direction.
F
What is the correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below? I.glycolysis II.electron transport chain III.Krebs cycle
I, III, II
During the third stage of aerobic respiration, electrons and hydrogen ions released by the reactions of the first two stages are picked up by ____.
O2 and ATP
In the breakdown of glucose, a phosphorylated six-carbon compound is split into two three-carbon compounds, which are named ____.
PGAL
Fermentation begins with glycolysis.
T
The Kreb's Cycle is the second step in aerobic respiration.
T
In the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol, what is produced?
acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide
The driving force behind ATP formation during the third stage of aerobic respiration is (are) ________ .
an H+ gradient
Life on early Earth existed in conditions.
anaerobic
The ability to survive in aerobic conditions requires
antioxidants
________ detoxify free radicals.
antioxidants
Production of ATP from proteins never begins ________ .
at glycolysis
The breakdown of ____ into cellular energy can involve glycolysis.
carbohydrates and fats
Bakers use alcoholic fermentation to produce ____, which causes dough to rise.
carbon dioxide
Aerobic respiration produces ________ and ________ .
carbon dioxide; water
What is lost when acetyl-CoA enters into the Krebs cycle?
coenzyme A
Glycolysis occurs in the ________ of cells.
cytoplasm
Where in a cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
White muscle fibers undergo lactate fermentation because they contain ________ .
few mitchondria
Which molecule is a six carbon compound?
fructose-1, 6-biphosphate
Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of NAD+ and ____.
glucose
Which of the following has the greatest total energy?
glucose
Pyruvate is the end product of ____.
glycolysis
Free radicals first damage the
mitochondrion
Mitochondrial illnesses especially affect ________ cells.
nerve
What type of cells is especially impacted by defects in the mitochondria?
nerve cells
Fermentation results in the production of ________ extra ATP in addition to that produced by glycolysis.
no
Substrate-level phosphorylation ____.
occurs during glycolysis
The final step of the Krebs cycle regenerates ____.
oxaloacetate
Aerobic respiration ________ organic compounds to form ATP.
oxidizes
The energy used to generate most of the ATP formed in aerobic respiration is released when electrons are passed from NADH along a chain to ____.
oxygen
For animals, the final hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration is ____.
oxygen
The breakdown of ____ for energy production results in the formation of ammonia as a waste product.
proteins
Lactate fermentation transfers the electrons and hydrogen ions carried by NADH directly to ____.
pyruvate
The ________ produced by glycolysis is used in the next stage of respiration.
pyruvate
Fats provide more energy than carbohydrates because they ____.
require more oxidation reactions to breakdown fully
Compared to aerobic respiration, fermentation produces ________ ATP molecules.
significantly fewer
During the Krebs cycle, ____.
substrate-level phosphorylation occurs
During which phase of aerobic respiration is FADH2 produced?
the Krebs cycle
The Krebs cycle occurs ________ in order to fully break down glucose.
two times
In addition to ATP, the final stage of aerobic respiration also produces ________ .
water
When glucose is used as the energy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced in ____.
electron transfer phosphorylation
Aerobic respiration ____.
evolved and enabled living organisms to utilize energy stored in glucose most efficiently
If fermentation pathways follow glycolysis, ____.
the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will (depending on the organism) be used to reduce pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO2
In the mitochondria, hydrogen is actively pumped ___.
to the intermembrane space