chapter 7 pscy

The organization and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories is called _____. A) encoding B) memory process C) constructive process D) pneumonic process

c

Your textbook author summarizes specific study tips compiled from memory research. These tips include all the following EXCEPT _____. A) reduce interference B) employ massed practice C) use mnemonics D) review information by sometimes starting in the middle sections of a chapter

b

_____ devices improve memory by encoding items in a special way. A) Eidetic imagery B) Mnemonic C) Reverberating circuit D) ECS

b

_____ interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information. A) Novel B) Retroactive C) Forward-acting D) Proactive

b

The memory subsystem that stores unconscious procedural skills, simple classically conditioned responses, and priming is called _____ memory. A) primary/unconscious B) Freudian unconscious C) implicit/nondeclarative D) nonverbal unconscious

c

Which of the following statements about culture and memory is ACCURATE? A) Culture affects both the "software" and "hardware" components of memory. B) Preliterate cultures recall orally presented stories better than literate cultures. C) Both the recency and primacy effects strongly influence memory in all cultures, regardless of schooling. D) All of these options are accurate.

b

The tendency to remember previous sad events when feeling sad in the present is an example of _____ memory. A) pessimistic B) mood congruent C) context dependent D) emotion-focused

b

The two brain areas that are MOST active when encoding pictorial information are the _____. A) hypothalamus and cerebral cortex B) parahippocampal cortex and right prefrontal cortex C) parasympathetic and sympathetic systems D) neocortex and limbic system

b

This is a vivid memory of circumstances associated with strongly emotional or surprise events that triggers hormone release. A) Photographic memory B) Flashbulb memory C) Eidetic memory D) The Zeigarnik effect

b

Varian is finding it hard to learn Greek in his first year of college because he took Latin in his last two years of high school. This is an example of _____. A) motivated forgetting B) proactive interference C) retroactive interference D) temporary amnesia

b

What is the purpose stated in your text of long-term memory? A) to facilitate language abilities B) to store information for long periods of time C) to encode data for later retrieval D) to engage our objective judgment systems

b

Which of the following is TRUE regarding short-term memory? A) It has a relatively large capacity. B) It contains conscious thought, reasoning and perception C) It maintains information for a few seconds or less. D) It receives information only from sensory memory.

b

With regard to memory, tying shoes requires the use of your _____. A) semantic memory B) procedural memory C) episodic memory D) explicit memory

b

The leading cause of neurological disorders (including memory loss) among Americans between the ages of 15 and 25 is ________. A) dementia B) drug and alcohol use C) traumatic brain injury D) both b and c

c

The process that changes the brain in a fixed and stable way that establishes events in a long term memory is called ______. A) aggregation B) empactation C) consolidation D) fixing

c

This is an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience. A) Intellect B) Cognition C) Memory D) Perception

c

Your general knowledge of what you have learned so far in this course is called _____. A)nondeclarative memory B)implicit memory C)semantic memory D)episodic memory

c

Yu-Wai just met a woman he feels attracted to. He keeps saying her name over and over to himself to make sure he doesn't forget it. Yu-Wai is using _____ to keep this woman's name in _____ memory. A) mnemonics; long-term memory B) a reverberating circuit; sensory memory C) maintenance rehearsal; short-term memory D) selective attention; short-term memory

c

_____ interference occurs when old information interferes with the recall of new information. A) Prior B) Anterograde C) Proactive D) Retroactive

c

_____ theory suggests that memory is like any other biological process that deteriorates over time. A) Deterioration B) Biological forgetting C) Decay D) None of these options

c

_____ theory suggests that people block memories that could cause pain, threat, or embarrassment. A) Blockage B) Interference C) Motivated forgetting D) Defensiveness

c

_______ rehearsal results in a more lasting memory and promotes the transfer of information to long-term memory compared to _______ rehearsal. A) Permanent; condensed B) Condensed; permanent C) Elaborative; maintenance D) Maintenance; elaborative

c

According to Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve, forgetting _____. A) is initially rapid, then slows B) is initially slow, then speeds C) occurs at a steady rate over time D) occurs rapidly in children and older adults, but slower in young adults

a

An assailant entered a classroom and attacked the professor during class! Of course, it was staged for a learning experience so the professor said, "What did he look like? I only noticed he was really tall," even though he was actually rather short. When questioned by the police, most students described the assailant as being really tall, which is known as _______. A) misinformation effect B) sleeper effect C) source amnesia D) the double bind

a

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to _____ after an injury. A) form new memories B) recall old memories C) remember where you live D) recall your grade point average

a

Cross-cultural studies suggest where formal schooling as a rule people _____________. A) learn memory strategies that help them remember lists B) learn nonverbal information C) learn spatial tasks D) learn information presented last (recency effect)

a

If you learn something while under the influence of caffeine, you recall it better when you are using caffeine again, which is known as ______. A) state-dependent memory B) trait-dependent memory C) context-dependent memory D) the double bind

a

In sensory memory, the approximate duration of a visual image is about _____, and the approximate duration of auditory echoic memory is up to _____. A) 1/2 second; 2-4 seconds B) 1 second; 1 minute C) several seconds; 1/4 second D) 1/2 minute; 2-4 minutes

a

In the three-stage memory model, which of the following is the CORRECT memory pathway? A) Sensory memory → STM → LTM B) STM → LTM → perceptual memory C) Sensory memory → perceptual memory → working memory D) Sensory memory → STM → LTM → perceptual memory

a

Prior exposure to a stimulus that facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information even when there is no conscious memory of the exposure is called _____. A) priming B) unconscious coding C) primary processing D) declarative memory

a

Recognition is the process of _____. A) retrieving a memory using a specific cue B) matching the way information is encoded and later retrieved in LTM C) using a general cue to search the contents of STM D) stimulating the recall and retrieval of information in STM

a

Research on humans and lab animals suggests that injections of _____ or stimulation of _____ increases the encoding and storage of new information. A) epinephrine and cortisol; the amygdala B) serotonin and dopamine; the cerebellum C) testosterone; the gonads D) endorphins; Broca's area

a

Researchers have demonstrated that it is _____ to create false memories. A) relatively easy B) moderately difficult C) rarely possible D) never possible

a

Sleep is important for memory because _____. A) we process and store information new memories B) we shape important memories C) learning while drowsy reduces conscious interference D) all of these options

a

The _____ approach suggests that a deeper analysis of meaning enables you to improve long-term memory. A) levels of processing B) episodic processing C) semantic processing D) x

a

The three steps in memory processing are _____. A) encoding, storage, retrieval B) translations, maintenance, transmittal C) dictation, capturing, regurgitation D) encrypting, sensory retention, neural processing

a

This is an encoding technique linking new information to previously stored material in LTM. A) Elaborative rehearsal B) Shallow processing C) Maintenance rehearsal D) Hierarchical encoding

a

This is the subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences. A)Explicit/declarative memory B)Sensory memory C)Reverberating circuitry D)Implicit memory

a

_____ is the process of grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit in order to store more information in _____. A) Chunking; short-term memory B) Cheating; your wallet or purse C) Collecting; long-term memory D) Dual-coding; sensory memory

a

_______ attention improves encoding whereas ______ attention interferes with encoding. A) Selective; divided B) Divided; selective C) Discrimination; inhibitory D) Inhibitory; discrimination

a

The method of loci, peg-word system, and substitute word system are all examples of _____. A) ways students try to cheat on exams B) mnemonic devices C) eidetic imagery D) a photographic memory

b

The serial position effect suggests that people will remember _____ items better than _____ items on a list. A) middle and end; beginning B) beginning and end; middle C) beginning; middle or end D) end; middle or beginning

b

An essay test requires the use of _____ because you must use very general retrieval cues to search the contents of your LTM. A) the encoding specificity principle B) recall C) recognition D) all of these options

b

Distributed practice is a learning technique in which _____. A) subjects are distributed across equal study sessions B) learning sessions alternate with non-learning rest periods C) learning decays faster than it can be distributed D) several students study together, distributing various subjects according to their individual strengths

b

Ebbinghaus found that he could remember _____ percent of a list of nonsense syllables an hour after learning the list perfectly, _____ percent a day later, and _____ percent a week later. A) 10; 20; 30 B) 44; 35; 21 C) 99; 90; 10 D) 50; 49; 48

b

Loss of memory for events before an injury is called _____ amnesia. A) Alzheimer's B) retrograde C) anterograde D) retroactive

b

Relearning is the process of learning material _____, which usually takes _____ time than original learning. A) over and over again; much more B) a second time; less C) similar to other material; less D) that is very complex; more

b

A progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss that occurs most commonly in the elderly is called _____. A) sentinence B) dementiation C) Alzheimer's disease D) age-related amnesia

c

A retrieval failure that involves a sensation of knowing something, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it is called _____. A) reintegration B) regressed repression C) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon D) state-dependent forgetting

c

Cramming is another term for _____, which is an inefficient form of studying. A) serial studying B) buddy studying C) massed practice D) priming

c

If you erroneously recall the reading the word "sleep" on a list of words like "snooze, nap, rest, wake, and doze," you are probably _____. A) suffering from the sleeper effect B) experiencing anterograde amnesia C) constructing a false memory D) experiencing early signs of Alzheimer's disease

c

In answering this question, the correct multiple choice option may serve as a _____ for recalling accurate information from your long-term memory. A) specificity code B) priming pump C) retrieval cue D) flashbulb stimulus

c

James uses the _____ mnemonic device for remembering that the names of the Great lakes start with the letters in HOMES. A) peg word B) word association C) acronym D) method of loci

c

Jamie heard about a divorce that was published in the RAG MAG, which she does not believe is very reliable. However, over time, she forgot where she heard about the divorce. The fact that she later came to believe the story was true is known as _______. A) the misinformation effect B) the information effect C) the sleeper effect D) source amnesia

c

June uses the _____ mnemonic device for remembering the order of the ossicles because she can see a mallet hitting a bun, a shoe sitting on an anvil, and a pair of stirrups hanging from a tree. A) word association B) method of loci C) peg word D) substitute word

c

Knowledge of facts and the relationships between them is called _____ memory, whereas knowledge of events is called _____ memory. A)informative; autobiographical B)factual; landmark C)semantic; episodic D)acquired; innate

c

Loss of memory as a result of brain injury or trauma is called _____. A) morbid forgetting B) retrieval failure C) amnesia D) Alzheimer's disease

c

Memory tends to be _____. A) localized in the brain B) distributed throughout the brain C) localized, and distributed throughout the brain D) located only in the cortex

c

Studying information even after you think you already know it _____. A) is a waste of time B) creates retroactive interference C) is an effective strategy called overlearning D) is a mnemonic device

c

The encoding specificity principle says that information retrieval is improved when _____. A) both maintenance and elaborative rehearsal are used B) reverberating circuits consolidate information C) conditions of recovery are similar to encoding conditions D) long-term potentiation is accessed

c

71. What are reasons offered in your text as to why we shape, rearrange, and distort our memories? A) Logic B) Consistency C) Social support D) Both a and b E) All of the above

d

According to the serial position effect, to increase the chance that you will be remembered by your host when introduced at a crowded party, you should try to be introduced _____. A) seventh B) in the middle C) fourth D) either first or last

d

Encoding failure is likely due to _____. A) a problem with STM B) a failure of sensory memory C) momentary inaccessibility D) deciding the information wasn't important enough to transfer to LTM

d

Forgetting the actual origination of a memory is called _____. A) retrograde amnesia B) forgetting something C) anterograde amnesia D) source amnesia

d

Generating personal examples of a concept, expanding on information, actively questioning new information, and looking for meaningfulness are all methods of _____ rehearsal. A) maintenance B) encoding C) chunking D) elaborative

d

Implicit/nondeclarative memory is learned _____. A) unintentionally or unconsciously B) through repetition C) via classical conditioning D) all of these options

d

In a computer model of memory, _____ would happen at the keyboard, _____ on the monitor, and _____ on the hard drive. A) retrieval, storage, encoding B) encoding, storage, retrieval C) storage, encoding, retrieval D) encoding, retrieval, storage

d

Long-term potentiation is a result of _____. A) repeated practice that builds neural pathways B) an increase in the number of dendrite connections with other neurons C) an increase in the release of neurotransmitters D) all of these options

d

Miguel has an average memory capacity. Which of the following lists is the MOST likely to forget? A) IBM, CBS, FBI, CIA, NBC, ABC, ESP B) Karen, Kathy, Katie, Keith, Kevin, Kim, C) 123, 456, 789, 987, 654, 321 D) ZKQ, LMP, TSC, XRJ

d

Nanette highlights the margin-definition of terms in her psychology textbook; Nathan thinks about how each term applies to his own life or to other concepts in the chapter. Nathan is more likely to recall and use the terms better on an essay exam because _____. A) he used dual-coding and Nanette did not B) Nanette obviously isn't interested in psychology C) he used maintenance rehearsal and Nanette did not D) he processed the terms at a deeper level than did Nanette

d

Short-term memory receives information from _____ memory. A) sensory B) sensory and working C) long-term D) sensory and long-term

d

The lobe(s) that take(s) the heaviest hit in a TBI is/are the _______ lobe(s). A) frontal B) temporal C) occipital D) both a and b E) all of the above

d

The process of repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory is called _____. A) rote memorization B) mnemonic memory C) a reverberating circuit D) maintenance rehearsal

d

The two major systems of long-term memory are _____. A)explicit and declarative B)semantic and episodic C)implicit and nondeclarative D)explicit and implicit

d

This explains why you can recall what someone said several seconds ago, even if you were absorbed in another task when they first said it. A) Instant recall B) Phonosonic memory C) Auditory recall D) Echoic memory

d

This is an example of episodic memory or (personally experienced events). A)Freud is considered the father of psychology. B)Your age on your last birthday C)The sports scores from this week's newspaper D)The event leading up to your high school graduation

d

To remember the pathway for vision you imagine yourself walking into your house, noting the cornea peephole in the front door, the entryway fishbowl full of aqueous humor, and a pupil seated in your living room handing you a lens as you enter the dining room where glasses filled with vitreous humor rest on a retinal tablecloth with pictures of rods and cones. This is an example of _____. A) a psychotic breakdown B) using acronyms C) using peg words D) the method of loci mnemonic device

d

Your vivid memory of what you were doing when you learned about the attack on the World Trade Center is an example of _____. A) the encoding specificity principle B) long-term potentiation C) latent learning D) a flashbulb memory

d

_____ theory suggests that forgetting is due to a momentary inability to recall permanently stored information due to interference, faulty cues, or emotional states. A) Decay B) Selective forgetting C) Retroactive forgetting D) Retrieval failure

d

_____ theory suggests that we forget things because other information is blocking its storage or retrieval. A) Recall B) Proactive forgetting C) Blockage D) Interference

d