chapter 8- Joints - Types of Movement

True

Bending at the waist to one side is usually called lateral flexion of the vertebral column, rather than abduction.

medial excursion

returns the mandible to the midline position.

reposition

returns the thumb and little finger to the neutral, anatomical position.

Elavation

shrugging shoulders

plantar flexion

The exceptions to defining flexion and extension in relation to the coronal plane are the knee and foot. At the knee, flexion moves (bends) the leg in a posterior direction, and extension moves (straightens) it in an anterior direction

supination and pronation

The head of the radius rotates against the radial notch of the ulna during s

subluxation

is a partial dislocation.

active range of motion

is the amount of movement that can be accomplished by contracting the muscles that normally act across a joint.

passive range of motion

is the amount of movement that can be accomplished when the structures that meet at the joint are moved by an outside force, as when a therapist holds on to a patient's forearm and moves it toward the arm, flexing the elbow joint.

Rotation

is the turning of a structure around its long axis, as in rotating the head, the humerus, or the entire body

True

In the hand, abduction spreads the fingers apart, away from the midline of the hand, and adduction brings them back together

true

Jutting out the jaw and hunching the shoulders are examples of protraction.

true

Pulling the jaw back and pinching or pulling the scapulae back toward the vertebral column illustrate retraction.

tru

Sometimes inversion of the foot is called supination, and eversion is called pronation.

Circular Movements

_______________ involve rotating a structure around an axis or moving the structure in an arc.

elavation

closing mandible

hyperextention

define _________ as the normal movement of structures, except the leg, into the space posterior to the anatomical position.

range of motion

describes the amount of mobility that can be demonstrated in a given joint.

types of joint movement

gliding, angular, circular, special, and combination movements.

Circumduction

is a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Protraction

is a gliding motion that moves a structure in an ante- rior direction

Flexion

is movement of a body part anterior to the coronal plane, or in the anterior direction.

Extension

is movement of a body part posterior to the coronal plane, or in the posterior direction.

opposition

is movement of the thumb and little finger (figure 8.25). It occurs when these two digits are brought toward each other across the palm of the hand.

lateral excursion

is moving the mandible to either the right or the left of the midline (figure 8.24), as occurs when grinding the teeth or chewing.

supination

is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly in relation to the anatomical position. The palm of the hand faces superiorly if the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees.

pronation

is rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly in relation to the anatomical position. The palm of the hand faces inferiorly if the elbow is flexed to 90 degrees.

hyperextention

is usually defined as abnormal, forced exten- sion of a joint beyond its normal range of motion. For example, if a person attempts to break a fall by putting out a hand, the force of the fall directed into the hand and wrist may cause hyperextension of the wrist and result in a sprained joint or broken bone.

angular movement

one part of a linear structure, such as the trunk or a limb, bends relative to another part of the structure, thereby changing the angle between the two parts. They also involve the movement of a solid rod, such as a limb, that is attached at one end to the body so that the angle at which it meets the body changes. flexion and extension and abduction and adduction are common types of this type of movement.

depression

opening mandible

pronation and supination

refer to the unique rotation of the forearm

gliding movement

simplest of all the types of movement. These movements occur in plane joints between two flat or nearly flat surfaces that slide or glide over each other. These joints often allow only slight movement, such as that occurring between carpal bones.

depression

moves a structure inferiorly

Elevation

moves a structure superiorly;

Retraction

moves the structure back to the anatomical position or even more posteriorly.

sprain

occurs when ligaments are damaged.

dislocation or luxation

of a joint occurs when the articulating surfaces of the bones are moved out of proper alignment.

lateral rotation

of the humerus moves the hand away from the body.

medial rotation

of the humerus with the forearm flexed brings the hand toward the body.

eversion

turns the ankle so that the plantar surface faces laterally, with the weight on the inside edge of the foot (rolling in)

inversion

turns the ankle so that the plantar surface of the foot faces medially, toward the opposite foot, with the weight on the outside edge of the foot (rolling out).

Adduction

(to bring together) is movement toward the midline.

Abduction

(to take away) is movement away from the midline;

pronation

, the radius and ulna cross; in supination, they are parallel.

true

1. Shape of the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joint 2. Amount and shape of cartilage covering those articular surfaces 3. Strength and location of ligaments and tendons surrounding the joint 4. Strength and location of the muscles associated with the joint 5. Amount of fluid in and around the joint 6. Amount of pain in and around the joint 7. Amount of use or disuse the joint has received over time

True

Abduction of the head which involves tilting the head to one side, is commonly called lateral flexion of the neck.

True

Abduction of the thumb moves it anteriorly, away from the palm.

True

Abduction of the wrist, which is sometimes called radial deviation, moves the hand away from the midline of the body.

True

The exceptions to defining flexion and extension in relation to the coronal plane are the knee and foot. At the knee, flexion moves (bends) the leg in a posterior direction, and extension moves (straightens) it in an anterior direction

True

adduction of the wrist, sometimes called ulnar devia- tion, moves the hand toward the midline.

True

adduction of the wrist, sometimes called ulnar deviation, moves the hand toward the midline.

dorsiflexion

movement of the foot toward the shin, as when walking on the heels, is called ________