Chapter 8: Memory
Recall
can access information without cues
Cerebellum
create implicit memories
Storage
creation of a permanent record of information
Automatic Processing
encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of word; done without conscious awareness
Visual Encoding
encoding of images; can recall images more easily than words alone
Acoustic Encoding
encoding of sounds, words in particular; we remember though song, rhyme, and rhythm
Semantic Encoding
encoding of words and their meaning; better remembered because it involves a deeper level of processing than the shallower visual or acoustic encoding
Flashbulb Memory
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Engram
group of neurons that serve as the physically representation of memory
Declarative Memory
has to do with storage of facts and events we personally experienced
Recognition
identifying information that you have previously learned after encountering it again; process of comparrison
Equipotentiality Hypothesis
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over the memory function
Episodic Memory
information about events we have personally experienced
Encoding
input of information into the memory system
Relearning
involves learning information that you previously learned
Semantic Memory
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
Implicit Memories (non-declarative)
memories that are not part of our consciousness; formed from behaviors
Memory Consolidation
move STM into long-term memory
Hippocampus
normal recognition, spatial memory; project information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other connected memories; memory consolidation
Amygdala
regulates emotions; strongly influenced by stress hormones
Effortful Processing
requires more work and attention to encode information
Prefrontal Cortex
semantic task
Memory
set of process used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
Sensory Memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, and sounds, and tastes; has no impact on our lives
Procedural Memory
stores information about how to do things; memory for skilled actions
Arousal Theory
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories; can also release hormones to strengthen memory
Short-Term Memory (STM)
temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory; also called the working memory; takes sensory information and some times connects that memory to something already in long-term (STM 7 plus or 2 minus)
Self-Reference Effect
tendency for an individual to have a better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
Retrieval
the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Rehearsal
the conscious repetition of information to be remembered
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
the continuous storage of information; has no limits; encompasses all the things you can remember that happened more than just a few minutes ago to all of the things you can remember that happened days, weeks, and years ago
Explicit Memories (Declarative)
those who consciously try to remember and recall