chapter 9 anatomy

The reason the risk of fractures increases with age is

bone mass decreases and bones become weaker

The type of joint that connects the fingers and toes with the metacarples and metatarseles is:

An ellipsodial joint, a biaxial joint, synovial joint

The tough outer layer of fibrocartilage on the intervertebral discs is the

Anulus fibrosis

Abduction and adduction always refer to movements of the

Appendicular skeleton

Movements that occur at the shoulder and the hip represent the actions that occur at the

Ball-and-socket joint

The shoulder and hip joints are examples of:

Ball-and-socket joints

Small, synovial-filled pockets that form where a tendon or ligament rubs against other flushes are called

Bursae

Movements of the vertebral column are limited to

Flexion and extension, lateral flexion, rotation

The joints between the superior and inferior articulations of adjacent vertebrae are

Gliding

The type of Synarthrosis that binds each tooth to the surrounding bony socket is a

Gomphosis

The knee functions as a

Hinge joint

The extremely stable joint that is almost completely enclosed in a bony socket is the

Hip joint

The functions of synovial fluid that fill the joint cavity are:

It nourishes the chondrocytes, provides lubrication, acts as a shock absorber

The joint that resembles three separate joints with no single unified capsule or common synovial cavity is the

Knee

Arthritis encompasses all the rheumatic diseases that affect

Mistaken immune responses, synovial joints, collagen formation

The condition resulting from the cumulative wear and tear at joint surfaces or form genetic factors affecting collagen formation is

Osteoarthritis

The amphiarthrotic articulation that limits movements between the two pelvic bones is the:

Pubic symphysis

Joints, or articulations, are classified on the basis of their degree of movement. No movement to slightly moveable:

Synthrosis, diathrosis, synarthrosis

The elbow joint is quite stable because

The bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock, the articular capsule is very thick, the capsule is reinforced by stout ligaments

the reason the points of contact in the knee joint are constantly changing is

The rounded femoral condocytes roll across the top of the tibia

The parts of the vertebral column that do not contain intervertebral discs are:

The sacrum, the coccyx, first and second cervical vertebrae

The reason that the elbow and knee are called hinge joints is

They permit angular movement in a single plane

The primary functions of menisci in synovial joints are:

To subdivide a synovial cavity, to channel flow of synovial fluid, to allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces

A totally rigid immovable joint resulting from fusion of bones is

Synthrosis

The popliteal ligaments extend between the femur and the heads off the tibia and fibula reinforce the

Back of the knee joint

Localized thickenings of a joint capsule are called

Accessory ligaments

The process that appears to encourage the repair of an injured joint by improving circulation of synovial fluid is called

Continuous passive motion

A movement that reduces the angle between the articulating elements is

Flexion

Flexion is defined as the movement that

Decreases the angle between articulating elements

Examples of monaxial joints, which permit angular movements in a single plane, are the:

Elbow and knee joints

The radial collateral, annular, and ulnar collateral ligaments provide stability for the

Elbow joint

The type of joint that connects the fingers and toes with the metacarples and metatarsals is an

Ellipsoidal joint

The joint that permits the greatest range of of motion of any joint in the body is the

Scapulohumeral joint

The joint that permits the greatest range of motion of any joint in the body is the:

Shoulder joint

The subacrominal bursa and the subcoracoid bursa reduce friction at the

Shoulder joint

Movement in the wrist and hand in which the palm is turned forward is

Supination

A synarthrotic joint found only between the bones of the skull is a

Suture

Knee

Synovial joint

Diarthrotic joints that permit a wide range of motion are called

Synovial joints