Chapter 9- Anatomy

Plantar flexion

Bottom of foot directed downward

Stimulus

Causes change in activity of a structure

Cardiac muscle

Cells branch frequently

True

Tetanic contraction is caused by a series of rapid stimuli

Skeletal muscle

Voluntary

Atrophy

Wasting away

True

If muscle cells are stimulated repeatedly without adequate periods of rest, the strength of the muscle contraction will decrease resulting in fatigue.

True

In a laboratory setting, a single muscle fiber can be isolated and subjected to stimuli of varying intensities so that it can be studied.

True

In most cases, isotonic contraction of a muscle produces movement at a joint.

Joint

In most cases, isotonic contraction of muscle produces movement at a/an:

Tetanus

Individual contractions "melt" together to produce a sustained contraction or:

Smooth muscle

Involuntary

True

Isotonic contraction is an example of a contraction used while walking.

Cardiac muscle

Keeps blood circulating through its vessels

Myofilaments

Microscopic threadlike structures found in skeletal muscle fibers

True

A bone of insertion moves toward the bone of origin.

False

A condition in which the body temerature is drastically low is referred to as hyperthermia

Hypothermia

A decrease in temperature, a condition known as _____ will drastically affect cellular activty and normal body function.

True

A motor neuron together with the cells it innervates is called a motor unit

Flexion

A movement that makes the angle between two bones smaller is:

True

A nervous system disorder that shuts off impulses to certain skeletal muscles may result in paralysis

Poliomyelitis

A viral infection of the nerves that controls skeletal muscle movement is known as ______

Thin and thick myofilaments move toward each other to cause muscle contraction

According to the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction

False

An adequate stimulus will contract a muscle cell completely becasue of the "must" theory

Tendons

Anchor muscles to bones

Insertion

As a rule, only the ______ bone moves

Antagonist

As prime movers contract, other muscles called _____ relax

Skeletal muscle

Attaches to bone

Origin

Attachment to more stationary bone

Insertion

Attachment to the more moveable bone

Sarcomere

Basic functional unit of skeletal muscle

Atrophy

Benefits of regular exercise include all of the following except

Fibromyoma

Benign tumor of smooth muscle

Smooth muscle

Moves food into the stomach

Abduction

Moving a part away from the midline is

Adduction

Moving a part toward the midline is

Insertion

Muscle attachment to the more movable bone

Strength Training

Muscle hypertrophy can be best enhanced by a program of:

Myalgia

Muscle strains are characterized by _____.

Pulling

Muscles move bones by ________ on them.

Smooth muscle

Nonstriated

Prime Mover

Of all the muscles contracting simultaneously, the one mainly responsible for producing a particular movement is called the ___ ____ for that movement.

Disuse Atrophy

Prolonged inactivity causes muscles to shrink in mass, a condition called

Myosin

Protein that forms thick myofilaments

Actin

Protein that forms thin myofilaments

Isometric

Pushing against a wall is an example which type of contraction

Body

The muscle unit excluding the ends

False

The point of contact between the nerve ending and the muscle fiber is called a motor neuron.

Rotating

When you move your head from side to side as in shaking your head "no" you are ______ a muscle group

Muscle length remains the same

Which of the following occurs during isometric exercises?

It decreases the size of a muscle

Which of the following statements about muscle atrophy is true?

It causes lactic acid buildup and soreness in muscles.

Which of the following statements about oxygen debt is true

Its attachments to the more stationary bone is called the origin. & Its attachment to the more moveable bone is called its insertion.

Which of the following statements about skeletal muscle contraction is true?

Muscle Tone

___ ______ maintains body posture by counteracting the pull of gravity.

Muscular Dystrophy

_____ is a group of genetic diseases characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle tissues.

Myasthenia Gravis

_____ is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks muscle cells at the neuromuscular junction

Pronation

______ occurs when you turn the palm of your hand from an anteior to posterior positinon.

Smooth muscle

Hollow internal organs

Cardiac muscle

Composes bulk of heart

Tendon

Connective tissue-attaches muscle to bone

Myoglobin

Crush injuries can cause ______ to accumulate in the blood and result in kidney failure

True

If a muscle is overworked without sufficient rest, the result will be a decrease in muscle strength and fatigue

Flexion

Deceases angle between two bones-bending

False

Dorsiflexion occurs when you turn the palm of your hand from an anterior to a posterior position

Foot Movements

Dorsiflexion refers to

Muscle fibers

Elongated contractile cells of muscle tissue

Aerobic Training

Endurance training is also known as

ATP

Energy required to produce a muscle contraction is obtained from _____.

False

Exercise may cause an increase in muscle size called atrophy

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs

False

Smooth muscles bring about movements by pulling on bones across movable joints

Skeletal muscle

Striated

Insertion, Origin

The ______ bone moves toward the _____ bone

Synergist

The biceps brachii is the prime mover during flexing, and the brachialis is its helper or _____ muscle.

False

The depletion of oxygen in muscle cells during vigorous and prolonged exercise is known as fatigue

True

The minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract is called the threshold stimulus

Supination

Turning the palm of hand upward

In isolated muscles prepared for research

Twitch contractions easily can be seen:

Skeletal muscle

Used to maintain posture

Smooth muscle

Visceral muscle

Isotonic

Walking is an example of which type of contraction?

Tonic Contraction

We are able to maintain our body position because of a specialized type of skeletal muscle contraction called ____ ______

It shows an "all or none" response

What happens if a given muscle cell is stimulated by a threshold stimulus

Twitch

What is a quick, jerky response of a given muscle to a single stimulus called?

Abduction

What is the movement of a part away from the midline of the body called

Isometric

When a muscle contracts and no movement results, the contraction is:

True

When a part is moved toward the midline, it is called adduction

False

When oxygen supplies run low, muscle cells produce ATP and other waste products during contraction

False

When the angle between two bones becomes smaller, it is called extension