Chapter Four Quiz Questions

The olfactory epithelium contains about _____ olfactory receptor neurons. 10,000 1 million 10 million 1 billion

10 million

Sounds above _____ can lead to hearing damage. 20 dB 40 dB 70 dB 85 dB

85 dB

_____ transmit a sharp, sudden pain whereas _____ transmit throbbing, dull pain that lingers long after the injury. A-delta fibers; D fibers D fibers; A-delta fibers C fibers; A-delta fibers A-delta fibers; C fibers

A-delta fibers; C fibers

Days after breaking his nose in a football game, Ben still perceives a dull pain in his nose, due to: A-delta fibers. B-gamma fibers. C fibers. V fibers.

C fibers.

Two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina

Cones detect color, operate under normal daylight conditions, and allow us to focus on fine detail. Rods become active under low-light conditions for night vision

_____ hearing loss is caused by damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve. Conductive Sensorineural Neural Sensory

Sensorineural

The just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity.

Weber's Law

Jim's bag of marbles is half as heavy as Giulio's bag. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates: the color-opponent system. Weber's law. accommodation. sensory adaptation.

Weber's law.

According to Weber's law, a person would be more likely to detect the difference between: a 5 lb. package and a 5 lb. 1 oz. package. a 10 lb. package and a 10 lb. 2 oz. package. a 1 oz. envelope and a 2 oz. envelope. a large cake made with 2 tablespoons of vanilla and a large cake made with 2 ½ tablespoons of vanilla extract.

a 1 oz. envelope and a 2 oz. envelope.

Figure is to ground as _____ is to _____ . closure; proximity looking up; looking down a hot summer; a cold winter a white cloud; blue sky

a white cloud; blue sky

By the age 20 years, people have lost _____ of their taste receptors. the majority very few about half none

about half

the minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus in 50% of the trials.

absolute threshold

The minimal intensity needed to just barely detect a stimulus at least half of the time is referred to as a(n): absolute threshold. minimal threshold. just-noticeable difference. barely noticeable difference.

absolute threshold.

According to gate-control theory, a back massage would most likely reduce Camaryn's physical aches and pains by causing the: release of pain-killing endorphins in her brain. activation of specific neural fibers in her spinal cord. arousal of your autonomic nervous system and the release of adrenaline into her bloodstream. deactivation of the pain receptors on the surface of her skin.

activation of specific neural fibers in her spinal cord.

Jasmine's three-year-old niece Elise is fascinated with her grandmother's outdoor chasing LED Christmas lights and tries to chase them around the house. Elise believes the lights are actually moving, and she is trying to catch them. Elise is experiencing: the waterfall illusion. apparent motion. continuity. hallucinations.

apparent motion.

Current researchers in object recognition: strongly prefer the image-based approach. strongly prefer the parts-based approach. think both the image-based and parts-based approaches are unhelpful. are combining the image-based and parts-based approaches into hybrid models.

are combining the image-based and parts-based approaches into hybrid models.

Smell occurs when molecules enter the nose, and taste occurs when molecules: respond to a taste sensation. are dissolved in saliva. combine with smell. combine with pheromones.

are dissolved in saliva.

Damage to which region of the brain may impair auditory perception? area A1 area V1 area MT area VT

area A1

The psychological experience of pain is the result of neural signals traveling along pathways projecting to many different parts of the brain EXCEPT the: somatosensory cortex. amygdala. frontal lobe. basal ganglia.

basal ganglia.

According to the feature integration theory, people don't need focused attention to detect individual features of an object, but they do need it to: understand how the elements fit together. remember components of the stimulus for description later. describe each of the components. bind those individual features together to form a whole.

bind those individual features together to form a whole.

Dr. Ambroise is interested in how people combine elements of their visual perception rather than seeing the elements as separate. She is interested in studying the: binding problem. blind spot. fundamental attribution error illusory correlation.

binding problem

The area where the optic nerve leaves the retina is referred to as the: blind spot. optic chiasm. ganglion bundle. fovea.

blind spot.

The amplitude of a light wave corresponds to its: color. hue. purity. brightness.

brightness.

A participant is shown a black "8" and a gold "6." When asked to describe the visual display, she responds that she saw a gold "8" and a black "6", illustrating a(n) form of _____ that is MOST likely caused by _____ . color blindness; genetics. agnosia; hippocampal impairments. illusory conjunction; occipital lobe deficits illusory conjunction; lack of focused attention.

color blindness; genetics.

Timbre corresponds to differences in the _____ of sound waves. complexity intensity frequency amplitude

complexity

Humans lack visual clarity in peripheral vision. This is due to the small number of _____ located there. ganglion cells rods cones bipolar cells

cones

Which receptor cells MOST directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light? rods bipolar cells cones feature detectors

cones

Sensation is to _____ as perception is to _____ . encoding; detection detection; interpretation interpretation; organization organization; accommodation

detection; interpretation

Damage to the fovea would probably LEAST affect visual sensitivity to _____ stimuli. brilliantly colored finely detailed dimly illuminated highly familiar

dimly illuminated

Monocular depth cues rely on the relationship between _____ and _____ . memory; vision visual image; retinal image vision; audition distance; size

distance; size

Jane has the flu and is experiencing a fever, aches, and an upset stomach. If Jane were to stub her toe on the way to the bathroom, she is likely to: experience the pain as greater than if she was not sick. experience the pain as less than if she was not sick. have a sudden increase in the symptoms associated with her flu. have a sudden decrease in the symptoms associated with her flu.

experience the pain as less than if she was not sick.

Sherlock the dog takes his job of protecting his owners' home very seriously. He sits at the window all day and barks whenever he perceives a threat. However, he often barks at innocuous things like the rustling of the wind or a car door shutting a block away. In terms of detecting threats, Sherlock makes many _____ due to a _____ decision criterion. misses; liberal misses; conservative false alarms; liberal false alarms; conservative

false alarms; liberal

When Mahir looks at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock, certain brain cells in his visual cortex are more responsive than when the clock hands show 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of: sensory interaction. feature detection. perceptual adaptation. accommodation.

feature detection.

Taste and smell combine to cause you to experience: flavor. gustation. olfaction. taste transduction.

flavor.

Loudness is to amplitude as pitch is to: brightness. rhythm. hue. frequency.

frequency.

The color afterimage effect can be explained by the color-opponent system, in that _____ cells are inhibited by _____ cells. green; blue red; yellow green; red yellow; green

green; red

A cochlear implant mimics the function of the: oval window. basilar membrane. auditory nerve. hair cells.

hair cells.

The place code is specialized to detect sounds of _____ frequencies and the temporal code is specialized for sounds of _____ frequencies. high; low low; high sound; light light; sound

high; low

The binding problem of perception is concerned with: how our perceptions are bound to our minds. how many books an individual can read at one time. how we perceive unified objects rather than free-floating features. how perceptions relate to the objects that generate them.

how we perceive unified objects rather than free-floating features.

Ahmad is taking a test, and he doesn't notice that his classmate comes in ten minutes late, wearing pajamas and slippers. Ahmad may have demonstrated: change blindness. inattentional blindness. illusory conjunction. divided attention.

inattentional blindness

Franklin has problems with his balance. His problems are probably due to difficulties with his: olfactory receptors. pinna. middle ear. inner ear.

inner ear.

We maintain our balance through the detection of movement of the fluid in our _____ by _____. inner ear; hair cells vestibular system; olfactory receptor neurons middle ear; the cochlea cochlea; A-delta fibers

inner ear; hair cells

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by the: iris. retina. optic nerve. feature detectors.

iris.

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. Maria apparently has a _____ than does Jennifer. lower absolute threshold higher absolute threshold smaller just-noticeable difference larger just-noticeable difference

larger just-noticeable difference

Visual-form agnosia is most associated with impaired functioning in the: lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus. dorsal stream of visual processing. entire V1. optic chasm.

lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.

Following the flow of visual information from the retina to the brain, encoded information travels along the optic nerve to the _____ of the thalamus and then to the _____ in the occipital lobe. lateral geniculate nucleus; primary visual cortex lateral geniculate nucleus; optic chiasm retina; lateral geniculate nucleus hippocampus; thalamus

lateral geniculate nucleus; primary visual cortex

Touch sensations on the right side of the body are represented in the _____ half of the brain, whereas sensations on the left side of the body are represented in the _____ half of the brain. right; right right; left left; right left; left

left; right

Cones are: more light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than rods. less light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than rods. more light-sensitive and less color-sensitive than rods. less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than rods.

less light-sensitive and more color-sensitive than rods.

Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the: vestibular sacs. inner ear. cochlea. middle ear

middle ear

Proponents of the _____ say that there are specialized areas of the brain for detecting different stimuli, such as human faces or houses or even body parts. distributed representation view modular view dualist view monist view

modular view

If your visual perception doesn't match with your vestibular input, you may experience: synesthesia. motion sickness. referred pain. clumsiness.

motion sickness.

A criticism of the James-Lange theory of emotion is that: non-emotional stimuli can produce physiological arousal. emotion often is experienced before physiological arousal. emotion is not associated with physiological arousal. emotion is too separated from physiological arousal for the latter to cause the former.

non-emotional stimuli can produce physiological arousal.

Which would play a role in quickly alerting someone to a gas leak in his or her home? bipolar cells olfactory receptors feature detectors basilar membrane

olfactory receptors

If you take a(n) _____ approach to object recognition, you would suggest that you can identify objects based on their components, called _____ . image-based; geons image-based; templates parts-based; geodes parts-based; templates

parts-based; templates

After a sensation registers in your central nervous system, perception takes place at the level of your brain: the organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation.

perception

Declan is able to recognize his friend even though she has changed her hair color. This is due to: perceptual constancy. proximity. closure. figure-ground relationships.

perceptual constancy.

After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged, Josko experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Josko's hearing loss is best explained by the _____ code mechanism of the ear to encode sound-wave frequencies. place opponent-process temporal frequency

place

The sense of touch includes the four types of receptors that are sensitive to: pleasure, pain, warmth, and cold. temperature, touch, tickle, and pressure. wetness, pain, hot, and cold. pressure, texture, pattern, and vibration.

pressure, texture, pattern, and vibration.

Accommodation refers to the: diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus. constant eye movements that allow the retina to continuously detect stimuli. process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus images on the retina. process by which stimuli are changed into neural messages.

process by which the lens changes shape in order to focus images on the retina.

Alberto is missing the kind of cone that responds to the longest wavelength of visible light. Alberto and others with this type of color blindness have trouble perceiving: yellow. blue. red. black.

red.

With _____, internal and external sensory information converge on the same spinal nerve. B-gamma fibers A-delta fibers referred pain gate-control pain

referred pain

Margaret is experiencing pains in her abdomen and goes to the doctor, who tells her that she has suffered a mild heart attack. Margaret's experience of pain in her abdomen and not in her chest is an example of: referred pain. gate-control theory. the activation of A-delta fibers. synesthesia.

referred pain.

In a landscape, artists often paint distant objects, such as trees, closer to the top of the canvas than nearby objects, like flowers. This is an example of the use of a distance cue known as: linear perspective. texture gradient. relative height. interposition.

relative height.

simple stimulation of a sense organ. It is the basic registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, or taste as parts of your body interact with the physical world.

sensation

The registration of light, sound, pressure, odor, or taste as the human body interacts with the physical world is called: priming. perception. synesthesia. sensation.

sensation.

After listening to his high-volume car stereo for 15 minutes, Ben fails to realize that the music is loud. This best illustrates: accommodation. Weber's law. sensory adaptation. signal detection.

sensory adaptation.

The human sensory systems are designed to detect changes in stimulation rather than to detect constancies. This is easily demonstrated by the process of: sensory adaptation. accommodation. signal detection synesthesia.

sensory adaptation.

When Lorna puts on a hat in the morning, she notices it is there. As the day goes on, she forgets that she is wearing it. This demonstrates the process of: synesthesia. accommodation. signal detection. sensory adaptation.

sensory adaptation.

Perception is the process by which: the stimulus of a sense organ is detected. stimulus energies are transformed into neural activity. sensory input is organized, identified, and interpreted. nerve cells respond to specific features of a stimulus.

sensory input is organized, identified, and interpreted.

Recent research has shown a relation between response to human pheromones and: sexual orientation. monogamy. aggression. happiness.

sexual orientation

Vasinda can easily read signs that are distant, but words on a page appear blurred to her. Vasinda probably has: shorter-than-normal eyeballs. smaller-than-normal feature detectors. longer-than-normal eyeballs. larger-than-normal feature detectors.

shorter-than-normal eyeballs.

The initial approach to measuring individual differences in sensation was the use of absolute thresholds. Today we use a more sophisticated approach that takes the "noise" in the observer's environment into account. What is this approach called? signal detection theory place theory Weber's theory adaptation theory

signal detection theory

Which theory would suggest that watching a horror movie late at night could lower your absolute threshold for sound as you subsequently tried to fall asleep? gate-control theory opponent process theory frequency theory signal detection theory

signal detection theory

Which is NOT a monocular cue for depth? linear perspective similarity interposition texture gradient

similarity

Unlike the other senses, humans' sense of _____ is closely related to emotional and social behavior. smell touch sight taste

smell

Devon avoids certain types of lettuce because she thinks they are too bitter, and if she is served these types of lettuce in a salad she will either avoid them completely or will separate them from other parts of the salad. This behavior indicates that Devon may be a: taster. nontaster. supertaster. olfacter.

supertaster.

At the cerebral cortex level, sound is processed in the: frontal lobes. temporal lobes. occipital lobes. parietal lobes.

temporal lobes.

Which structure involved in hearing corresponds MOST closely in function to the photoreceptors in the retina for vision? the cochlea the pinna the hair cells the ossicles

the hair cells

A psychophysicist would be most directly concerned with: a person's psychological reactions to stress. the effects of genetics on the endocrine system. the effect of neurotransmitters on depression. the relationship between the wavelength of light and the experience of color.

the relationship between the wavelength of light and the experience of color.

For the sense of taste, _____ occurs at the taste buds. flavor sensation perception transduction

transduction

The local fire department sounds the 12 o'clock whistle. The process by which your ears convert the sound waves from the siren into neural impulses is an example of: accommodation. absolute threshold. transduction. sensory adaptation.

transduction.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) activates _____ taste receptors. umami bitter sour sweet

umami

Brightness is to amplitude as hue is to: purity. pitch. color. wavelength.

wavelength.

The dorsal stream of visual processing is to the ventral stream of visual processing as: below is to above. why is to where. left is to right. where is to what.

where is to what.

When light is combined in color mixing, combining all light waves in the visual spectrum produces the perception of _____. white gray black afterimage

white

Which area would have the largest topographical representation in the somatosensory cortex? your left hip your lower back your lips your right calf

your lips