Chapter Nine: Human Development

The Monitoring the Future study found that in 2016 approximately _____percent of high school seniors reported having five alcoholic drinks in a row in the past two weeks.

16

"I'm fat," says 17-year-old Keli to her boyfriend, who is also 17 years old. There is some truth to Keli's statement because the average 17-year-old girl has _____ times the percentage of body fat as a 17-year-old boy.

2

Overall, in the United States criminal justice system, approximately _____of confessions are later determined to be false and this is more common if the individual is younger than 20 years old.

20%

According to a recent longitudinal study conducted by Miech and colleagues (2016), approximately _____ percent of high school seniors in 2016 reported experimenting with marijuana in the last year.

35

A 2013 United States study found that 24 percent of women aged 18 to 25 had engaged in binge alcohol drinking in the past month and these women averaged _____ binge episodes per month

4

The Monitoring the Future study found that in 2016 approximately _____ percent of high school seniors reported smoking marijuana every day.

6

In the United States those between the ages of 18 and 25 average _____ jobs.

7

Recently a study conducted by Esser and colleagues (2017) found that approximately _____ people under the age of 21 die in the United States every year from drinking too much alcohol.

860

According to research by J. Martin et al. (2018), about _____ percent of teen mothers are unwed.

91

How does puberty begin?

Biochemical signals are sent from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland to the adrenal glands to the gonads, increasing hormones that cause rapid growth and sexual maturation.

The term _____ refers to when couples live together, then break up, and then get back together.

Churning

Terms for intimacy include all of the following EXCEPT:

Dating

Research on personality among emerging adults reveals that it is influenced by many factors but is not influenced be ___________________.

Development choice

T/F: The limbic system increases LAST, causing strong emotional reactions; the prefrontal cortex does not reach full maturation until the mid-20s.

Fasle, The limbic system increases first, causing strong emotional reactions; the prefrontal cortex does not reach full maturation until the mid-20s.

Who starts puberty first? Boys or girls?

Girls generally begin and end puberty before boys do, although the time gap in sexual maturity is less than the two-year gap in height.

Which statement about thought and understanding is TRUE?

Instead of dual processing, adult thought is dialectical, which means that adults can consider and integrate opposite and conflicting ideas.

Define menarche

Menarche is a girl's first menstrual period, signaling that she has begun ovulation.

A recent study found that Chinese teenagers have lower reported self-esteem compared to earlier adolescent cohorts. What is one possible explanation for this trend?

Most Chinese youth do not have siblings or extended family and therefore lack social connection.

Which statement is TRUE about adolescent criminal activity?

Most adolescents have broken the law at least once before the age of 20.

_____ is NOT a component of family closeness.

Proximity

What is puberty?

Puberty refers to the various changes that transform a child's body into an adult one

Which person is the LEAST likely to express a religious identity?

Raul, who was raised Christian and is converting to the Sikh religion

Robert, who is 23 years old, and his little brother Danny, who is 15 years old, are having a contest running upstairs. What is the likely outcome?

Robert will win.

Important aspects of close human connections in relationships include all of the following EXCEPT:

Self-silencing.

Which is among the body changes in adolescence that increase physical endurance?

The heart doubles in size.

_____ is a common source for information about sex that is used by adolescents.

The internet

"Gender identity" refers to:

a person's self-definition as male, female, or transgender.

Which substance has been identified as a harmful carcinogen in e-cigarettes?

benzene

When does puberty normally start?

between ages 8 and 14.

Risk-taking is:

biological

Jade works an eight-hour shift during the day and then sleeps approximately eight hours every night. She then repeats the process when she wakes up. What is this day-night cycle of biological activity called that occurs approximately every 24 hours?

circadian rhythm

The egocentrism that is typically seen in adolescence lessens in emerging adulthood because:

emerging adults are better able to balance personal experience with objective knowledge.

Research on the problem-solving abilities of adolescents and adults of various ages has concluded that:

emerging adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults are better than adolescents at practical problem solving

Which identity was NOT discussed in Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

ethnic

Research has found that sexual orientation is _____ during adolescence.

fluid

A person who adopts his or her parents' values without question or analysis is said to be in:

foreclosure

Psychiatrists and psychologists are able to diagnose what condition, recognized by the DSM-5, when an individual is distressed by their biological sex?

gender dysphoria

For both sexes, the paired sex glands are called the _____.

gonads

According to Erikson, establishing an identity can be especially difficult for those who:

have not successfully resolved their uncertainty and negativity about values, lifestyles, and friendships

Heavy alcohol drinking can impair memory and self-control as it damages what parts of the brain?

hippocampus and prefrontal cortex

Carli has lost interest in her college applications and has stopped attending her future business leaders of America after school club. Carli told her friends "I don't see the point of going." Based on one's understanding of psychosocial development, Carli is likely experiencing:

identity diffusion.

What is Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development?

identity versus role confusion

During the fifth stage of psychosocial development, an adolescent who is confused as to which of the many possible roles to adopt is said to be:

in a crisis of identity versus role confusion.

In general, emerging adults experience:

increasing self-esteem.

Childhood defiance as well as problems early in life with language and learning are risk factors for becoming a(n):

life-course-persistent offender.

Which of these is NOT one of the three signs that predict delinquency? (lying, bullying, stubbornness, shoplifting)

lying

Any deliberate action of self-harm that could have been lethal is referred to as:

parasuicide

Research and clinical practice prefer to use what term when describing a non-completed suicide attempt?

parasuicide

Mr. Sanchez gives the car keys to his son and asks, "Who is going to the movies with you and what time will you be home?" This questioning is an example of:

parental monitoring.

MOST emerging adults today are:

postponing marriage.

Margie is planning her daughter's 16th birthday party and trying not to cry, thinking how her daughter seems to be growing up too fast. She is using the part of her brain that is called the:

prefrontal cortex

The pubertal growth spurt:

proceeds from the extremities to the core.

Fifteen-year-old Greta's parents are active in the Republican Party. Greta's political beliefs will MOST likely:

reflect the beliefs of her parents.

MOST emerging adults limit sexual activity to one steady partner at a time. This is referred to as

serial monogamy.

Traditionally, male friendships centered on _____, while women's friendships were more centered on _____.

sports; intimate and emotional matters

John is impulsive and adventurous, yet sometimes fearful of consequences. Based on his characteristics, what type of family environment would result in John being LESS likely to experiment with drugs?

supportive

Emerging adults who work with groups in which engaging in drug use and risk-taking are normative

tend to view those behaviors as having some positive variables

Jenny is a 22-year-old female. She can expect:

to have developed breasts and hips

Adolescents from 15 to 17 years old are _____ times more likely to break the law than those over the age of 18.

two

Bickering between adolescents and their parents:

usually develops into a sense of understanding.