Chapters 23-26

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which one of these is not a mammal

amphibian

phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called

cladograms

which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive

class

what are spherical-shaped bacteria called

cocci

what sexual process does a paramecium employ

conjugation

where would you likely find euryarchaeota bacteria

cow digestive tract

which classification level contains the greatest number of species?

domain

Which protist clade (supergroup) is characterized by their greatly modified mitochondria

excavates

Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive?

genus

which of the following is missing in the cell walls of archaea but not in bacteria

peptidogycan

According to the progressive hypothesis, viruses may have originated as mobile genetic elements such as

plasmids

within ciliates, what do the micronuclei control

reproduction

The novel traits that evolve and remain present in a descendant organism are referred to as

shared derived characters

What does ssDNA stand for

single stranded DNA

________ is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

systematics

the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as

systematics

why is a new diatom cell slightly smaller than its parent cell

the newly synthesized half of the shell fits inside the original one

A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:

monophyletic

A monophyletic group is defined by

shares derived characters

an example of homologous structure is the wing of a bat and the

arm of a human

Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first:

attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell

how are achaea found in the dead sea classified

extreme halophiles

what was likely engulfed by another, larger cell that eventually evolved into mitochondria

aerobic bacteria

Scientists are now grouping reptiles with birds and mammals because they are all vertebrates that have a

amniotic egg

which statement about bioremediation is false

Very few species of bacteria are used to clean up various forms of pollution.

which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generate oxygen

cyanobacteria

Diplomonads belong to which of the following group of eukaryotes

excavates

Members of which protist group is one of the fossilized deposits in the unique geological formation of the White Cliffs of Dover?

foraminiferans

Humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. Hair, then, would be considered to be a(n):

ancestral character

most protists are

aquatic

which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria

bacilli

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as:

phylogeny

unikonts also have a _______ that has major evolutionary significance

triple-gene fusion

Which of the following typically occurs all at once and results in rapid cell lysis

phage release

What are the viruses that attack bacteria

phages

The genome of most plant viruses consists of what kind of RNA?

ssRNA

An example of homoplastic structures is the wing of a butterfly and

wing of a bird

what bacterial process is involved in the production of cheese and yogurt

fermentation

the cause of your strep throat is from what type of bacteria

gram-positive bacteria

what group of protists likely gave rise to land plants

green algae

bacterial conjugation is related to

horizontal gene transfer

what type of symbiotic relationship occurs between a ruminant and the bacteria in its digestive tract

mutualism

What is the correct unit of measurement for the size of most viruses?

nanometers

Which statement about viruses is false?

Viruses can manufacture proteins

What is considered a fundamental evolutionary divergence?

distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Molecular evidence indicating less than 50% shared genes was the basis for:

dividing the prokaryotes into 2 domains, Bacteria and Archaea

How are cyanobacteria classified (based on their mode of nutrition)?

photoautotrophs

after kingdom, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped

phylum

horizontal gene transfer greatly contributes to the rapid evolution that takes place in prokaryotes

true

taxonomy is the science of

naming, describing, classifying organisms

Which is not one of the characteristics of a population?

Demographic range

how do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions

bacteria form endospores

What is a prophage

it is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA

When a virus penetrates the host plasma membrane and moves into the cytoplasm it is called

penetration

why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria

penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacterias outer membrane

What is the purpose of sex pili

To transmit DNA between bacteria

Retroviruses have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate

True

Linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing:

binomial system of nomenclature

a bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a

chemoautotroph

which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus

ciliates

some protists consist of a single sell with multiple nuclei. this condition is known as

coenocytic

which protist group possess a crystalline rod in the flagella

euglenoids

pseudopodia are used by amoeba for ingesting food as well as for

locomotion

A virus is a very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host.

true

Lytic reproductive cycles destroy host cells

true

The immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an enveloped virus

true

bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance

true

Due to our increase ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their

evolutionary history

what is the translation of "pseudopodia" a characteristic of the amoebas

false feet

In the late 1970s, Woese argued that there are 2 fundamentally different groups of prokaryotes by demonstrating:

gene codes of ribosomal RNA of different bacteria

Viral proteins can damage host cells by which process

overwhelming the host cell with a large number of viruses

some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a hosts immune system by means of

their capsule or slime layer

in _________, gene swapping takes place between one genome and another within one taxon or between genomes in different taxa.

horizontal gene transfer

what significantly contributes to the rapid evolution of prokaryotes

horizontal gene transfer

Which of the following is the most common structure of a virus

icosahedron

_______ are terrestrial, multicellular, photosynthetic organisms

Plantae

scientists using evolutionary systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree would use:

a combination of ancestral and derived characters

The term "clade" most closely refers to:

a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor

what is commensalism

a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter.

most bacterial cells can keep from bursting in a hypertonic environment because of

a rigid cell wall

the most significant different between archaea and bacteria is the

absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of achaea

Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in

antibiotic resistance

at what stage of the lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses

assembly

Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?

dinoflagellates

which protist group consists of individuals who often have intercellular shells of interlocking plates

dinoflagellates

________ are organisms that have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles

eukarya

which group of protists has a deep oral groove as part of their structure

excavates

another name for horizontal gene transfer is

lateral gene transfer

what are the small circles of DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome

plasmids

which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria

mitochondria and chloroplasts

scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history. This is known as

molecular systematics

Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are:

monophyletic

what is the process that some prokaryotes use to convert ammonia to nitrate, which can then be used by plants and fungi

nitrification

a taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is a

outgroup

which is an anaerobic excavate that is an endosymbiont of animals

parabasilid

which of the following are known for their elaborate courtship

peacock spiders

which hypothesis asserts that viruses are remnants of cellular organisms and evolved from small cells that were parasites in larger cells

regressive hypothesis

_______ are RNA viruses that have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate

retroviruses

what is a chain of round bacteria called

streptococci

How many domains form the three main branches of the tree of life?

three

by what gene-transfer method does a phage transfer bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another, resulting in genetic recombination

transduction

Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of:

strands of RNA

peptidoglycan consists of

sugars crosslinked with proteins

Which characteristics defines a virus?

viruses cannot metabolize

which group of protists includes the dinoflagellates that cause red tide

alveolates

What is the protein coat of a virus called

capsid

The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it

contains a certain prophage DNA

what form of protists locomotion pushes out cytoplasmic extension along the leading edge of the cell

pseudopodia

A study of the genomes of dogs from around the world indicated that:

the dogs closest relative is the gray wolf

what is vertical gene transfer

the transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring during reproduction

conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact

true

which supergroup classification includes some protists, animals, and fungi

unikonts

What is very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host?

virus

Which of the following cause disease and often death

viruses that have only a lytic cycle

what type of protist was responsible for the Irish potato famine in the 1840s

water mold

what is the outcome of the process illustrated in the accompanying figure

2 new genetically identical cells that differ genetically from what they were before

prokaryotes divide using a process called

binary fission

the most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is

binary fission

which statement about biofilms is false

biofilms are usually less than 2 thick

________ are the largest and most complex of all algae

brown algae

How do bacteria move?

by means of a rotating flagella

Which protist group contains the organism trypanosoma, a colorless parasite that can cause African sleeping sickness

excavates

transformation, conjugation, and transduction are forms of vertical gene transfer for prokaryotes

false

small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called

fimbriae

streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of bacteria

gram-negative bacteria

At what stage of the lysogenic cycle would a prophage appear?

integration


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