Chapters 23-26
which one of these is not a mammal
amphibian
phylogenetic systematics produce branching diagrams called
cladograms
which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive
class
what are spherical-shaped bacteria called
cocci
what sexual process does a paramecium employ
conjugation
where would you likely find euryarchaeota bacteria
cow digestive tract
which classification level contains the greatest number of species?
domain
Which protist clade (supergroup) is characterized by their greatly modified mitochondria
excavates
Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive?
genus
which of the following is missing in the cell walls of archaea but not in bacteria
peptidogycan
According to the progressive hypothesis, viruses may have originated as mobile genetic elements such as
plasmids
within ciliates, what do the micronuclei control
reproduction
The novel traits that evolve and remain present in a descendant organism are referred to as
shared derived characters
What does ssDNA stand for
single stranded DNA
________ is the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
systematics
the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as
systematics
why is a new diatom cell slightly smaller than its parent cell
the newly synthesized half of the shell fits inside the original one
A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:
monophyletic
A monophyletic group is defined by
shares derived characters
an example of homologous structure is the wing of a bat and the
arm of a human
Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first:
attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell
how are achaea found in the dead sea classified
extreme halophiles
what was likely engulfed by another, larger cell that eventually evolved into mitochondria
aerobic bacteria
Scientists are now grouping reptiles with birds and mammals because they are all vertebrates that have a
amniotic egg
which statement about bioremediation is false
Very few species of bacteria are used to clean up various forms of pollution.
which is the only prokaryote to carry on photosynthesis that generate oxygen
cyanobacteria
Diplomonads belong to which of the following group of eukaryotes
excavates
Members of which protist group is one of the fossilized deposits in the unique geological formation of the White Cliffs of Dover?
foraminiferans
Humans, as well as all other mammals, have hair. Hair, then, would be considered to be a(n):
ancestral character
most protists are
aquatic
which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria
bacilli
The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is known as:
phylogeny
unikonts also have a _______ that has major evolutionary significance
triple-gene fusion
Which of the following typically occurs all at once and results in rapid cell lysis
phage release
What are the viruses that attack bacteria
phages
The genome of most plant viruses consists of what kind of RNA?
ssRNA
An example of homoplastic structures is the wing of a butterfly and
wing of a bird
what bacterial process is involved in the production of cheese and yogurt
fermentation
the cause of your strep throat is from what type of bacteria
gram-positive bacteria
what group of protists likely gave rise to land plants
green algae
bacterial conjugation is related to
horizontal gene transfer
what type of symbiotic relationship occurs between a ruminant and the bacteria in its digestive tract
mutualism
What is the correct unit of measurement for the size of most viruses?
nanometers
Which statement about viruses is false?
Viruses can manufacture proteins
What is considered a fundamental evolutionary divergence?
distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Molecular evidence indicating less than 50% shared genes was the basis for:
dividing the prokaryotes into 2 domains, Bacteria and Archaea
How are cyanobacteria classified (based on their mode of nutrition)?
photoautotrophs
after kingdom, what is the next taxon by which organisms are grouped
phylum
horizontal gene transfer greatly contributes to the rapid evolution that takes place in prokaryotes
true
taxonomy is the science of
naming, describing, classifying organisms
Which is not one of the characteristics of a population?
Demographic range
how do some bacteria respond to adverse environmental conditions
bacteria form endospores
What is a prophage
it is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA
When a virus penetrates the host plasma membrane and moves into the cytoplasm it is called
penetration
why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria
penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacterias outer membrane
What is the purpose of sex pili
To transmit DNA between bacteria
Retroviruses have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate
True
Linnaeus simplified scientific classification by developing:
binomial system of nomenclature
a bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a
chemoautotroph
which protist group is characterized by having a micronucleus and a macronucleus
ciliates
some protists consist of a single sell with multiple nuclei. this condition is known as
coenocytic
which protist group possess a crystalline rod in the flagella
euglenoids
pseudopodia are used by amoeba for ingesting food as well as for
locomotion
A virus is a very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host.
true
Lytic reproductive cycles destroy host cells
true
The immunodeficiency virus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is an enveloped virus
true
bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance
true
Due to our increase ability to analyze DNA sequences and other molecular data of organisms, scientists are more often classifying organisms by their
evolutionary history
what is the translation of "pseudopodia" a characteristic of the amoebas
false feet
In the late 1970s, Woese argued that there are 2 fundamentally different groups of prokaryotes by demonstrating:
gene codes of ribosomal RNA of different bacteria
Viral proteins can damage host cells by which process
overwhelming the host cell with a large number of viruses
some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a hosts immune system by means of
their capsule or slime layer
in _________, gene swapping takes place between one genome and another within one taxon or between genomes in different taxa.
horizontal gene transfer
what significantly contributes to the rapid evolution of prokaryotes
horizontal gene transfer
Which of the following is the most common structure of a virus
icosahedron
_______ are terrestrial, multicellular, photosynthetic organisms
Plantae
scientists using evolutionary systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree would use:
a combination of ancestral and derived characters
The term "clade" most closely refers to:
a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor
what is commensalism
a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter.
most bacterial cells can keep from bursting in a hypertonic environment because of
a rigid cell wall
the most significant different between archaea and bacteria is the
absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of achaea
Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in
antibiotic resistance
at what stage of the lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses
assembly
Members of which group are known to form blooms known as red tides?
dinoflagellates
which protist group consists of individuals who often have intercellular shells of interlocking plates
dinoflagellates
________ are organisms that have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles
eukarya
which group of protists has a deep oral groove as part of their structure
excavates
another name for horizontal gene transfer is
lateral gene transfer
what are the small circles of DNA that exist within the bacterial cytoplasm in addition to the bacterial chromosome
plasmids
which eukaryotic organelles likely arose from symbiotic relationships between larger cells and bacteria
mitochondria and chloroplasts
scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history. This is known as
molecular systematics
Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are:
monophyletic
what is the process that some prokaryotes use to convert ammonia to nitrate, which can then be used by plants and fungi
nitrification
a taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is a
outgroup
which is an anaerobic excavate that is an endosymbiont of animals
parabasilid
which of the following are known for their elaborate courtship
peacock spiders
which hypothesis asserts that viruses are remnants of cellular organisms and evolved from small cells that were parasites in larger cells
regressive hypothesis
_______ are RNA viruses that have a DNA polymerase called reverse transcriptase, which transcribes the RNA genome into a DNA intermediate
retroviruses
what is a chain of round bacteria called
streptococci
How many domains form the three main branches of the tree of life?
three
by what gene-transfer method does a phage transfer bacterial DNA from one bacterium to another, resulting in genetic recombination
transduction
Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of:
strands of RNA
peptidoglycan consists of
sugars crosslinked with proteins
Which characteristics defines a virus?
viruses cannot metabolize
which group of protists includes the dinoflagellates that cause red tide
alveolates
What is the protein coat of a virus called
capsid
The bacterium that causes botulism disease is harmless until it
contains a certain prophage DNA
what form of protists locomotion pushes out cytoplasmic extension along the leading edge of the cell
pseudopodia
A study of the genomes of dogs from around the world indicated that:
the dogs closest relative is the gray wolf
what is vertical gene transfer
the transmission of genetic material from parents to offspring during reproduction
conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact
true
which supergroup classification includes some protists, animals, and fungi
unikonts
What is very small infective agent that consists of a core of nucleic acid and is dependent on a living host?
virus
Which of the following cause disease and often death
viruses that have only a lytic cycle
what type of protist was responsible for the Irish potato famine in the 1840s
water mold
what is the outcome of the process illustrated in the accompanying figure
2 new genetically identical cells that differ genetically from what they were before
prokaryotes divide using a process called
binary fission
the most common mode of reproduction in bacteria is
binary fission
which statement about biofilms is false
biofilms are usually less than 2 thick
________ are the largest and most complex of all algae
brown algae
How do bacteria move?
by means of a rotating flagella
Which protist group contains the organism trypanosoma, a colorless parasite that can cause African sleeping sickness
excavates
transformation, conjugation, and transduction are forms of vertical gene transfer for prokaryotes
false
small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called
fimbriae
streptococci, the bacteria responsible for strep throat infections, is classified within which group of bacteria
gram-negative bacteria
At what stage of the lysogenic cycle would a prophage appear?
integration
